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Full text of "Yidishe dikhแนญerins anแนญologye"

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ยฅ_? ยฃ 161ยฃ4 ยฅ1001811 ยฃ^ 1011 ื 1 ยฃ 1 . 6 ยฃ 110 ? 8 ^[ 81 ยฃยฅยฃ 
10869 .ืกื 


8 ^ 1 .ืžยฃื™ 11011 ืก 1811ยฃ ืก ยฅ1 


1118 /ืก ืดืŸืกืžืกืŸ/ .ื”) 11 ) 11 ื” 8 ยฃ66 <{? 1 16 {{ 881 ืกื›[ ืก^ืกืŸื— 18 ):\\:>[ืกืก( 1 1118 )/ืก 1 ื–ืก 11:1 )^~ืŸ 686 ื–ื [ 

1 {) 81111 { 16 ) 1 ืก 1 \[ 1110 { 36 ,) 06 (ืŸ 1 { 18 ืข\ 6 ^ {) 011 โ€ข 161 {) 11110 ) 6 ืขืก 61 ื  11 ) 011 ยง 1 ื– 1 ืขืก 1 


\ ยฃโ‚ฌ 1101 . 1 ืก โ‚ฌ0 1811 ( 1 ( ยฅ11 ยฅ^ ยฃยฅ 8 . 1 ^? ^^ 1 ืฅ [ 111 ยฃ 


?ื•ื™ 

? 1ยฃ ^[ 0ยฃ > 6001 1811 ืกืก ยฅ1 


8ยฃ118 ืก โ‚ฌ11 ^ 88 ^ืŸ^ 1 



51101 ( 1 1ยฃ1.3ยฃ110 ื™ X^1. ยฅ11)1)1511 ^1311^11ยฅ ?110ยฅ11ยฃ5 ื  


0]1511 ( 1 ( ยฅ11 ื–ื[ ยฃ11 ื  01 ^[ ?ืก 5 ^ื–ื[ 111 ? 11ยฃ ื  1 ื–ื[^^ื ยฃ( 1 -ื–ื 

01116ยฅ ; 155 ^ 256-4900 ( 413 ) ยฃื–ื[ 110 ? 3ยฅ ื  โ‚ฌยฃ1 ^^? 3ยฃ ยฅ^^[ ยฃ115 ื  
( 413 ) 256 - 4700 ; 3ยฅ ยฃ-]^^1^ 0111 ^!^^[ 3ยฅ 011 ; 11ยฃ11.0110 ^ 31 @ ยฃ115 ื  

11ยฃยฃ ^ 5 ^ ยฃ5 ^\ื™ 1021 , 7ยฃ11 ื–ื[ 0ยฃ ^ 300 ยฅ1001511 ^^ื–ื[ 10 ^^ื–ื[ ^, 

^]^11ยฃ115^, ]^^ 01002-3375 ^1.5.^. 

ยฉ1999 ยฃ 11 ^ื–ื[ 0 ยฃ ^ 300 ยฅ1001511 ืก^ื–ื[ 10 ื™ื“^ื–ืื  

โ€ข 

]^^1011 311]11ยฃ ^ 3011 0 ื–ื[ 01 ื–ื 
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\ยฅ^5 ?110ยฅ10ยฃ0 3ยฅ: 

1/01/^ ยฃ. โ‚ฌ1131 ื–ื“ 13671 ืก 

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ยฅ077111 1 ื– 1 ) 1 ื– 7 ืก 111 ื– 0 ื– 1011 ื– 7 /[ 56 16 {ื“ ]/ 

111071 ืก 1 ) 1171 ืกยฅ 71 ื–ืก 3633 ื– 1 }{ . 3 ืกื–ืก( 1 ื–ืก 15 ) 1071 ) 001 ื  

/[)[^ืกืก^ืก^ %ืก]/\[ 

166 ื–ยฅ 1 ื– 6 ืก 1 ืกยฅ 

ยฅ1^31:601(3 ยฅ6071 ) 01 ^ ยฅ0071 30713 ื– 

ยฅ(6/1), ยฅ11 ืก 31 ) 367 ืก 
5 /[ 3ยฅ ) 7 ) 63 ื–ืกยฅ ) 367 !)) 07 3 ืกื–ืก 
) 07 ) 1 ืก 1 )) 7 ืกืกยฅ ^ื– 36 ) 7 ) 6 ^[ 6116 ) 607 [ !)) 07 ([ื–ื–ืก]ยฅ 

11 ยฃ ^ 03 05 ื–ื[ 3111ยฃ ืกื–ื[^ 6ยฃ115 ^[ยฃ^[ ืกื–ื[^ 

ื– 1:6 ืก โ‚ฌ6 3 ืกืก 3 33 ) 1 ) 1 ) ยฅ1 1 ืกืกืก) 1 ืกยฅ{ 

โ€ข 

1] ืšืกืก!!!!)^!! ืš 15 ,^[ืกืกืกืšืกืง ืšื  16 ) 1 ืกยง 01 , 6 ืกืก(ืš 1606 ) 1 ืกยง 0 ืš ! 
571x160! 1 ยฃ66 โ€ข 11ยฅ11:7 ืš 016 1156 ) 1 ) ยฅ1 ยฃืก x15^1x360x1 ยฃ ืกืก 1 ืก ^ 

6601 ืŸ 1 ืก 6 ืงืก 1 ืก X165 ยฃ101X1 3 6651ยง;11 67 ยฃ66 110ยฃ66 31ยฃ15ยฃ 
ยฅ666161 ยฃ1363111 15 , 61115316111 ืŸ ยฃืก X361. 


6001^ 0X510^ 6ยฅ 6^60]^ 


111ยฃยฃ -ืก 61 ^ ื–\[ 0 .^. 11.5 11ยฃ ืš ^ 1 ืกยฃืš^ 111 ? 







ืณ!^*ื›ื˜ืขืžื ื 


ืื ื^ื™ืœ 




ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœืณื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื˜ 
ื ืคืืจืฐืืจื˜, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ึพ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืืจืฒื ืคื™ืจ, 
ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื ืื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ื˜ืจืื ืกืจืŸืจื™ื‘ึพ 
ืฆื™ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคืื˜ืืื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ ึพ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื  1 ืณ\^ ื™ืืจื”.ืฉ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ [ 1888 โ€” 1927 ] ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 





ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ื”ื™ืœืข, ืฉืขื“ึพึพื‘ืœืื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืื“ืขืจึพึพื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ โ€”ืดึพ ื ืขืฆื™ ื™ื›ื’ื ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื“ืจืขื ื’ืขืœืขืจ 


^ 3 , 1928 

.ื“ื•ืก 1 ^ 1 11017 ื“ยฃืก .ยฃ 

.%/ . 8 . 0 16 ?ยฃ %ืช 1 } 11ยฃ ื– 1 ื–ยฅ 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ ืœโ™ฆ ืžโ€ข ืฉืžืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืžื•ื™ื–ื ืค ืคื™ื ืŸืข ื—ื•ื’ื“ืขืจืž 
ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืขืงื–ืขืžืคืœืืจืŸโ™ฆ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืื˜ื™ืคึพื–ืขืฆืขืจืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉ* ืงื™ืฉื™ื™- 
ื ืขืฐืกืงืฒ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒ ืคืœืŸ ืดืœืฒื‘ืืจ ืฐืืจืœื“ <ื•ื“ืขื/ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืกื“ 
ื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื ืงืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืดืื“ืฐืขื ืก ืื™ื ื’ืจืฒื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืดโ€ข ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื™ ืฉื™ืงืื’ื. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 
ื ืฒื ืฆืขืŸ ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ืง ืื›ื˜< ื—ืจืคืดื—โ€ข , 



ืืฒืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืขืจื ืื ื“ืขื ืง 




ืคืืชื•ืืจื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืืืœืื ื™ืข ืดื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืกืด ืœืจืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืœ ืฆืœืด 
ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืืœืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืืœืจืฒื›ืขืจ ื ืจืœืคืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก 
ืคืœืŸ ืืœื ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืคืืจ ื ืคืขืจื™ืื“ ืคืœืŸ ืงืจืœื‘ ืฆื• ืคืขืจึพ 
ืฆื™ืง ื™ืืจ ืฉืืคืŸ ( 1888 โ€” 1927 ), ืืœืŸ ืคืœืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจื™ื ืก, ื•ืœืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืœืŸ ื•ืœืืก ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืื˜ืข ืคืœืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืืก 
ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืืœื˜ ืืœื™ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ( 1586 )* 

ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื’ืจืœื™ืกืข ืฆืืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขื— ืœื•ืืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืืœื™ืคึพ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืœืืก ื ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืžืœื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืœืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืœื ื’ 
ืคืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืฒืขื ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืœืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื’ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื ืืขื ื˜ืข ืคืืจ- 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืจื™ื ืก, ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืชืงืœืคื”, ืœืœืืก ืฉืฒืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ืœื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ 
ืฉืืคืœื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ืขืจ ืืจืœื™ืกื’ืขืœืœื™ื–ืŸ ืฆืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจืœื™ืก/ ืื– ืืณืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืฒื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื”ื™ืœื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื›ืขืžืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก* ื“ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื/ ืœืœืืก ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅึพื ื™ืž ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืœืืจืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคืœืŸ ืืœื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืฃ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”^ ืื“ืื ืง ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆึพ 
ืžืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ* ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ืš ืืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”ึพ 
ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ืกื™ืขื”^ ืฐืืก ืืœื ื–ืขืจืข ืžืื“ืขืจื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืœืœืขื’, ืฐืืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืฆืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ืืจืŸ* 

ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืื•ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจืœื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ืด 

ืžื•ื ื’, ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜/ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืืžืœึพืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข. 

ื“ืืก ื‘ื•ืš ื—ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืฒืœืŸโ™ฆ 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืคืืจืคืืกืขืจื™ื ืก/ ื•ื•ืืก 
ื’ืขื—ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ( ื™ืืจื”*)/ ืœื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 


ยฅ11 



ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืื˜ืข ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื ืฒืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸโ™ฆ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ื ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ึพึพืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจโ™ฆ 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืืฆื™ืืœึพื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืืœืื ื“ ืกื•ืŸ^ ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื ืžืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื  ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”*, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉึพ 
ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืื“ืขืจื’ืข 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืกโ™ฆ 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื ืืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืกึพืฆื™ื™ื˜# ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉืž 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืฒื“ืข ื™ืืจึพ 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื  ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”* ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœืขืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื“ืขื 
ื“ื•ืจื‘ืคืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื , ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืืฒืจืืคืขืื™ืฉืข^ ื•ื•ื™ 
ื“ืืก ืจื•ืืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜ ืžื™ืž ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ึพ 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ื”ืื ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœืžื™ืงื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ึพ 
ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื“ื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื, 
ื•ื•ืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข^ ืฐืื 
ื”ืื ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข.> ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•&ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ข 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒืข ื“ื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฑื ื’ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื ืฒื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“* ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ, ืื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืื˜ื™ืฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข, ืคืืจื’ืขึพ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข* 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืืค ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืืฒื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜/ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื™ื ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœื™ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื ืขืžืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืคื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืงืืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืืž ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืฑ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืื ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจโ€ข ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจโ€ข ืกืณืื™ื– ืื ืขืจ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืืงืกืŸ, ื ืขืช ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืžืื’ืŸ ื ืฆืืœ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืงืกืœื™ึพ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื ืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื ืขโ€ข 

ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืคื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ืŸ ืžืื’!ื–ืขืจื™ืืœโ€ข 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืžืขืจื™ื ืก ื”ืื  ืื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื˜ืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืจืื ืืœืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื“ืจื• ื•ื•ืืฐ ืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืจืŸึพื™ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืณ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก, ื”ืื  ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื’ืขึพ 
ื’ืขื ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืœ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸืณ ืื•ืŸ 


ยฅ111 



ืื•ื™ื•โ€ข ื•ื–ื™ืคื™ืœืณ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื•ืณ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ ืื™ืขื™ ืœืขืจืจืณ ืžื™ืจ ืชืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคืขืื˜ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจโ€ข ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืขื˜ืื“ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ื“ืณ ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืคื™ืงืื’ื™ืข ื–ืืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืื‘ืกืืœื•ืืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงืฒืž, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื“ืขืจึพ 
ืฉืฒื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื ืืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฐืฒ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช, ื–ืืœืŸ ืงืื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืŸ* ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸึพืชืงื•ืคื”โ€ข ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื˜ ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“, 
ื•ื•ืื•, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืคืื–ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืกืณื”ืื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ืื•ืŸ ืืณื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจืฒื›ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑึพ 
ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ื ืžืขื’ืœืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืืœืŸ ืงืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืืคื’ืขืฉืคื™ื’ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸโ€ข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื›ื˜ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื, ืฐืื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ื–ืฒ ื–ืืœืŸ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจึพื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžื™ืโ€ข ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ื›ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืืคื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืœืืฅ, ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื, 
ืื™ื ื“ืฑื•ื™ื“ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืฒื˜ืจืื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ื ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ. 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืืขืจืขืจ ืžืื, ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒื–, ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื ืฆื™โ€ข 
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื™ ืฑื ื’ืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ (ืืฒื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš โ€” ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข), 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจึพืขื•ืœื, 
ื•ื•ืื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฆืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืืš 

ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืขโ€ข ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื•-ื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 

ืืคื˜ ื ื’ืจืขืืขืจ ืคืœืืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ืžืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืชืื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืกื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื ื ื›ืœืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข, ืื“ืขืจ 
ืชืงื•ืคื—, ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจื˜. 

ื ืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ึพื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขโ€ข ืืฒื’ื™ืงืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึพ 
ื ื•ืืงืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืืจื ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจื ื ืฒืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืดืฉื‘ืชืด, ืจืื–ืข ื™ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื 
ืดืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ืด, ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. 

ื–ืืœ ื“ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื’ื‘ึพืื•ืจื—ื, ืื– ื ืฆืืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืื ืขืœืข ื˜ืขืžื™ื.'ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขื– 
ืื“ืขืจ ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืชื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื, ืื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื ื ืขืงืกึพ 
ืคืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžืื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื“ืจื•ืงโ€ข ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจื™ื ืก, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืึพ 
ื’ืื‘ืขื, ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื—. 

ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ืคืข, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคืจื™ืงืข. ืืคื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 





ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก ื”^ื ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘^^ืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืœ ืื’ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืฐื™ื ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸื™ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฒื• ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื™ืž ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืกึพืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืฆื• 
ืืฒื ืฆืœื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•&ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคืณื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 

ื•ื•ืืค ืฐืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื—ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜, ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจึพ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืดื•ื•ืฒื‘ืขืจึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉืณ/ ืื“ืขืจ ืดืžืฉืงื˜ืณ'/ ื“ืขื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืณืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืžืืœื™ืงืข ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืŸืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึพ 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื ืคืืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืชึพื‘ืื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืืคื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœืŸ, ืฐืืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืœืขื™ืื ืึพื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืืงืกืคืืจื” ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒื˜, ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืฃึพื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ืืก 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ืžืณื‘ืืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ื›ืœืœื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืฒ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืœืืœืื’ืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ื“ืืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขืงืื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ึพื™ื™ื“ื™ึพ 

ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืŸื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืข ื˜ืขืงืื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืื ืงืืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืžืžืœื ื–ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœืฃืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืฒื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš 
ืคืืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืื ื‘. ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืืณ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกื™ื ื ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข. ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื•ื—ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืื˜ ื“ืื ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒื ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื“ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื** 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืขืด ื ืฒืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืืก ืคืขืœืŸ ื‘ืฒ ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืฆื• ื”ืืคืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ืฒื˜ืฉื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืืžืคืขื˜ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ึพ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉ* 

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืื•ืจืคืืจื. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืด 
ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืื“ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื˜ืืกื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื ืขืžืœืขืš: 
ื“ื™ ืฉืขืจึพื‘ืœืขื˜ืขื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ (ืื™ืณืŸ ืืฒืŸ 
ืคืืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื“ื™ืื ื˜), ืฐืืก ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืื‘ื™ืื’ืจืึพ 
ืคื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. 

ืืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืกืœืื ื” ื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืืžืขึพ 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจื™ื ืก, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฒื“ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข ืขืœืขึพ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš, ืฐืื ืกืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื˜ืฒืœ ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพืืžืขึพ 


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ืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื ืืขื˜ืŸโ™ฆ ืžื—ืžืช ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ื™ืžืคืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืื‘ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข* ืื•ืŸ ืกืณื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื– ื ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, 
ืื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ื”ืฒื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืืจืฉืฒื“ื ืงืฒื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืกื™ืžื ื™ืž ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขึพโ–  
ืจืื˜ื•ืจืดื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ื™ 

ืฆื•ื ืกื•^ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ืžโ™ฆ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฒืŸโ€ข ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื–ืฒื˜, ืื•ื™ืืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืืœ ืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืขืจื™ืื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื–ืืžืœื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฑื ื’ืข; ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืณืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸโ™ฆ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืืจ 
ื ืงืœืฒื’ืข ืฆืืœ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืืจืื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคืขืจื™ืื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืืจื›ืฑื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฑื™ึพื™ืืจืง/ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืจืฑื•ืื˜ืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื’ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก/ ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื”ืื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ืืžืœึพืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืจืฒ ื™ืืจื™ 

ื‘ืฒื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ึพ 

ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืื ื•ื•ืฒื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉึพื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจึพ 
ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื™ื‘ืงื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืืœืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข# ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืงโ™ฆ ยฃืก 1 ^ 1โ‚ฌ ยงืก 1 ืก 116 ^ 1811 ื–\\ 6 ]ื  116 :) ยฃืก 

ืื“ืื’ืง ื–ืฒื ืข ื‘ืืžื™ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืืก ?ื™ื™ ื–\\ 6 ื , 03 ืด 

ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืจืืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืึพ 
ืฐื™ื“ื–ืืŸ, ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืืค* ืโ™ฆ ืงืื•ืœืฑ ืืงืกืคืืจื” ืœืื ื“ืืŸืณ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ึพื‘ื™ื‘ึพ 
ืœื™ืื˜ืขืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืœืขื™ืื ื, ื“ื™ ืคืื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืืคื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒืžืฉโ™ฆ ืคืจืฒื ื˜ ืจื™ื‘ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืื˜ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืืจื’ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื 
ื˜ืฒืœ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื ืขืืœืขืš, ื ืจืฒ ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคืจื™ืงืข* 

ืืณืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื ืžืฒืŸ ื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ ืืœืข 
ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืข ืคืืจ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืงื˜ืฑื•ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคืื˜ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื ืคืจืฒื ื˜ 
ืจื™ื‘ืงื™ื’ื“ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืฒื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ืขืฆื—ืณืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืืก 
ื’ื•ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืคืืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืจื’, ืฐืื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืžืฒืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜* 

ืื™ืš ื“ืื ืง ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืจ* ื™ื—ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืœืืš, ืคืืจืฐืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคืคืจื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืคื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืฑึพื™ืืจืง ( 7 ึพ 31 :ื–ื  11 ^ 1 ืก 11 ืœ 11 ? ืณืณ\\ 6 ื–ื[ 116 :) ยฃืก .ืชืก 181 /ื™ 1 ื› 1 ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 





ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื˜ืงื™^ืž ืžื™ืž ืื™^ืขืจืžืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืฐื™ื›ืด 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ* 

ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืคื™ืฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื“ืื ืง ืžืฉืช ืฆืขืฉื™ื ืืงื™^ 
ืฉื™ืงืื’ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืด ื“ืืžื‘ื™, ื“ืขื˜ืจืื™ื˜โ€ข 

ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื ื“ืื ืง ื–ืœืžืŸ ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ^-ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืœืขืงืื™ืงืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜โ€ข 

ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืšืื ืง ื“ืจื™ืง ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื– ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ^ ืงื™ืขืฐืด 

ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื™ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ืคืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื; ืœโ€ข ืžื™ืœืขืจ/ ื“ืขื˜ืจืื™ื˜; ืฑ ื”ื™ ืจืื“ืืฉื™ืฆืงืฑ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืง; ืžืœืš 
ืจืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืืจืฉืข; ืฑืืฃ ืจืืœื ื™ืง^ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืงโ™ฆ ืืœื™ืš ืื™โ™ฆ ืฐโ€ข ื‘ื™ื“ืขืจืื 4 ื ืฑึพ 
ื™ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืœโ™ฆ ืžืื˜ืขืก, ืœืืึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, ืงืืœื™ืคโ™ฆ โ€” ืคืืจ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœื–โ™ฆ 

ืกืณืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืื’ืŸ ื“ื ืžืฒืŸ ื“ืื ืง ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ึพ 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ# ื“ืขื 
ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืœโ™ฆ ืžโ€ข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืงืื’ื, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคืืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฐืืก ืคื•ืœืด 
ืงื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืืก ื‘ื•ืšโ™ฆ 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืขื ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื ื“ืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืืก ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืืš ื–ื•ืฒืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช โ€” ื“ืจโ€ข ื—ืฒื ืืคืฑื•ืืง# ืชื ืฆื‘ ื”โ€ข 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื ื ื”ืขืจืฉื ื”ืืจืŸึพืงืืจืžืืŸ# ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืด 
ื‘ืฒื˜ื ื“ืข ื”ื™ืœืŸืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœึพืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ืืก ื‘ื•ืšโ€ข 


ืขโ€ข ?ืŸโ€ข 




ืืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ- 

ื ื•ืšืืณ 3 

ืจื•ื™ื–ืœ ืคื™ืฉืœืก ( 1586 ) 

0 ื™ ืŸืฅืŸืŸ^ืฃ- ^ 

ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื— ืคืืŸ ( 17 ื™ืืจื”โ™ฆ ?) 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื ืฒื ื’ื™ืžืื›ื˜_ โ€” _.โ€” โ€” .โ€” ---^ 

ื’ืขืœื— ( 1710 ) 

ื—ื ื— ื›ืดืฅ ( 17 โ€” 18 ื™ืืจื”ืด) 

- -- ^ 2 

ืืฒืŸ ื”ื™ืคืฉื— ื“ืจืฉื” 

ืโ™ฆ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ื•ื•ืฒื‘ืจ ~-ืด 22 

ื‘ื™ ืืฒื ืฉ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืื›ื˜ึพึพืดึพ- 25 

ื’* ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื ืืš ืื™ื™( ืžืืœ ืžื•ื–ืŸ- 

ื“* ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืžื” ืŸืŸืฐื‘ืจืŸ --^ 2 

ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืณ 39 

ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ( 1888 ) 

ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื^ืŸืšืŸ--- 

ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ----โ€” -- 

ื ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืฅ ---โ€”----^ 

^ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ^ืŸืŸืฅืŸืŸ------- 

^^ 0 ืงืŸ^ืš- ^ 

ืื ื ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ ( 1893 ) 

ืšืŸ ืฅืŸืŸ ^ืŸืŸืŸืฃ------- 

ืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื โ€” -----โ€” .โ€” _ โ€”--^ 

ื, ืœืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืขืกืŸืŸืŸ ------- .โ€”. 

ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง ( 1900 ) 

ื‘ื™ ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ -- _ ----โ€”ื™ โ€” -- 2 ^ 

ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจืด- ^ 

ืืฉืคืขื˜ื™ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื–- ^ 

ืฐืืœืงืขื ืก โ€”- 55 


^111 






ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ------- 

ืžื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข --- 

ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ--- 

^ืŸืŸ ืŸืŸืŸืŸืŸ ืšืŸืฅืŸ---- ^ 

ืšืŸืŸืŸ^ืŸ^^ืš---- 

ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข--- 

ืคืืื•ืœื ืก ( 1906 ) 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 2 - โ€”--- 

ื ื‘ืจื™ืฐืขืœ โ€”------- 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ( 1907 ) 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ--โ€” 2 ^ 

ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ--โ€”---โ€” 

ืšืŸ-- ---- 

ืื™ืšืขื ื“ื™ื’ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื‘ืขืŸ- โ€” -- 

^ืŸืŸืŸ--- 

ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื•- โ€” 

ืคืืขืžื ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ืขื ื–--- 

ืจืื–ืืœื™ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืกืืŸ ( 1908 ) 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื ื™^ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื•^^ โ€” ---- 

ื‘ื•ืš ื’ืณ 73 

ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขื– ( 1910 ) 

ืกืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืึพึพื˜ืื’- 

^ ^ืŸ ^ ืŸ , ืŸ ืŸ ^ืŸืŸืš----- 

ื^ืŸ ^,ืฅ ^^ืŸืŸืŸ^ืšืŸืŸืŸ-- 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื ืฒ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ- 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜.^ืŸ --- 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืืคืืœืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืกืข--โ€”-- 

ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื–ืœ ืฐืขืœืขืŸ -- 

ืฉื ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืค ื“ืืก ืŸื•^ืŸ^ืš- 

, ืš ืšืŸ ^ืŸืŸืŸืŸ,ืŸ - -- 

ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืœืก--- 

ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘--- โ€”--- 

ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื--โ€”. 2 ^ 

ืื™ืจ^ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจึพืงืจืื ืฅ--- 2 ^ 

ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ( 1910 ) 

ืคื•ืŸ 2 ^ืšืŸ-^ืŸืšืŸืš -- 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืžืฒื ื˜------ 

ืืŸ ื ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข-- 

ืš, ^^ 22 ืŸ-ืŸืŸ^^ืš^)^ืŸืš,ืŸ---- 


^ 1 ยฅ 







ืฃืŸ ^ืงืฃืšืŸ-------- 

ืฆื• ืžืฒ ื– ื˜ืื˜^ืŸ.โ€” ------โ€” ^ 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืขื– 

ืคื•ื– ื‘ื•ืš ืดืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ืดโ€” ื’ื•ืจืœ 

ื. ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืฐืื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืื•ื– ื’ืขืžืืกื˜ืขื–--โ€” .โ€” 

ื‘* ืฐื™ ืงืื– ืขืก ื–ื•ื–ืŸ ืดืด------ 

ื’. ื•ื•ืืก ืืจื˜ ืžื•ืš---;- 2 ^ 


ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง ( 1910 ) 

ืกืขืจืขื ืื“ืข-โ€”-- ---- 

ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจึพืขื›ื --- ---- 

ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœ--โ€”..โ€”. โ€” _ 

ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืขื– 

ื. ืื™ื ืณื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขื– ืื‘ืขื ื“ึพืฐื™ื ื“----^ 

ื‘. ืคืœื™ื”ืกื˜ ืšืŸ ^ื“ืŸืŸ ----- โ€” 

ืฆืฒื˜ึพืžืื˜ืฑื•--- 

ืกืื ืขื˜ืขื– 

ื. ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜/ ืžืฒื– ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“- 

ื‘. ื“ื• ื˜ืจืื’ืกื˜ ื“ืืก ืจ,ืืšืฅ ---- 

ื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืืคืกื˜ื•--- 

ื“. ืฆื™ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืืจื’ืขื–- 

ื”. ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ื ืขื- 


ืจื‘ืงื” ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœ ( 1912 ) 

ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืืคืจื™ื™ื“ ---- 

ืžืจื™ืึพืฉืžืดืจึพืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ ( 1912 ) 

ืคื™ื– ืฆืคื•ื–ึพื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœ 

ืืืชืจ ื–ืฒื“ืœืขืจ ( 1913 ) 

ื•ื•ื™ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข -- 


ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ( 1915 ) 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื– 
ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ึพโ€”ืด- 


106 

107 


ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ ( 1917 ) 

ืขื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืกืืœื“ืื˜ืขืœ โ€” โ€” ---- 108 

ื—ื ื” ื’ืขืจืืื–ึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ( 1918 ) 
ืคื™ื– ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ: ืดืžื–ืจื—ืณ' 

ื. ื“ื™ ืžื•ืื‘ึพื‘ืขืจื’--- 

ื‘* ืื™ื– ืœื‘ื ื•ื–ึพื•ื•ืืœื“-โ€”--โ€” _ 

ื’. ื’ื™ื—ื™ื– ืดึพ----- 

ื“* ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ---- 111 










ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื˜ืฉืขื ืื˜ืื›ืืฐืกืงื ( 1918 ) 

^,ืš, ืฃ ^ืŸืŸ ------ 

ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืš ~ --------- 113 

ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒื‘ืขืœืข-^- 

ืš^ืš ืฅืŸืŸ------ 

ืžื™ืจืขืœ ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ( 1918 ) 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืขืšื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ -- ืด--- -- 

ืšืŸืŸืš ืฅืŸืŸ------- 

ืฑื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืขื ืคืขืœื“ ( 1919 ) 

ืฉืฃืฒืขืŸ ^ืŸืš-- ---- 

ืžืจื™ื ืฐืื”ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขื ืŸ ( 1919 ) 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’- ----โ€”- 118 

ืคื™ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืืจื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ( 1919 ) 

ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸึพืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’--- 

ืฉืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ื ( 1919 ) 

ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืืจืขืžืก ืด ------ -- 

ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืฉ^ืŸ ืฅ,, ื• --- ---- - 

ืžืืœื™ืข ื‘ืฒืœื™ืŸ ( 1919 ) 

^ืš^^- 

ืฉืจืชืณื˜ืฉืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื‘ืขืจื’ ( 1919 ) 

ืงืŸ^ ืŸ---- - -^ 

ืœืื” ืง* ื”ืืคืžืืŸ ( 1919 ) 

ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืข --โ€” -โ€”--โ€”โ–  โ€” 23 ^ 

ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืœื™ื“ืขืจ 

ื. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื’ืขืจ -------^-_______ ^ 

ื‘. ื“ืืก ืคืขืจื“ืขืœืข โ€”---โ€” โ€” 25 ^ 

ืก ื’ืื˜ืณื ืฉืคื™ืขืœืฆืฒื’ึพืด- 23 ^ 

ื“โ™ฆ ื ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืฆืขืจืก ื—ืœื•ื›ืŸ--- 

ื“ื–ื™ื•ืŸืขื ื™ ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ( 1920 ) 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื–ืื ื˜-----โ€”-:- 23 ^ 

ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคืจื™ ืื™^ ^ื™ ืง^^^ืš^ืšืŸืŸืš ^ืŸืŸืš^- ืด 

ืื ื ื ื‘ืœืืš ( 1921 ) 

ืืฒื ื–ืื--- 

ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ื‘ ( 1922 ) 

ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ ( 1922 ) 

ืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืœืขืš-- ---- 134 

ื“ืื ื™ื—ื•ืกึพื‘ืจื™ืฐืขืœืข-^- 134 

, ื“ืืก ืงืืจืฉืขืœืข--- - - - - 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื•ื ื’-- โ€” - 

ืฆื•ื---- 

ื“ื™ ืืœ^^ ืฅ^ืŸ;-^--- 

ื“ื™ ืฆืŸืืšืŸ ---- 


^ยฅ1 





ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืดืฉื‘ืชืด 

ื‘* ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ---- 

ื’ืด ื ื—ื•ืžืฉึพื ืื›ื˜ --- โ€” 

ื“* ืฆื•ืžืืจื›ืขื ืก - 

ื”. ื ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช โ€”----- 

ื•. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื“ืขืฉื™-โ€”-- 

ื‘ื•ืš ื“ืณ 

ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ืืœื™ืŸ ( 1915 ) 

ืืŸื–ืคืณืŸ ืฃืื’ืš--- 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ----- โ€” -- 

ื‘ืขืจื ึพืฉื˜ื™ ืœืง ืฒ ื˜ ึพ----- 

ืžืฒ ืŸ ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ------ 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ--โ€” 

ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืขืœืข ----โ€”-- 

ื ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ ( 1916 ) 

ืงืืŸ ืŸ,,ืŸ------- 

ืžืฒืŸ -- 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 

ื˜ืืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืก ืœ;ืŸ 1 ื“ืŸ-- 

ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื•ืฃ--- -- 

ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“;ืŸื‘ืŸ โ€” _ โ€” -- 

ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืžืฒื ืข ---- 

ืื™ืš ืฐืืœื˜ ืฐ^ืŸืงึพืŸ-- โ€” 

ื“ื• ื”ืืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื“ืจื•ืง^ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืš--- 

ื“ื• ื“ืขืจืžืื ืื˜ ืžื•ืŸ--โ€”.- 

ื•ื•ื™ ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ ----โ€” - 

ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ ( 1917 ) 

ืžืฒืŸ --_____---โ€”--- 

ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ -- โ€” __ ---- 

ืื™ืš ื ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืกืดื“ืืžืข ---- 

ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืืง- 

ื•ื•ืื ืื™ืš ื–ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•--- 

ื“ื• ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ----- 

ื“ื• ืงืฐืขืœืกื˜, ืืŸืš ืงื•ื•ืŸืŸืœ โ€”--- ^โ€” - 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’;ืŸืŸืŸืŸืŸ ---- 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข - 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ โ€ขโ€” -- 

ืจืืฉืขืœ ืฐืข^ืจื™ื ืกืงื™ ( 1918 ) 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ืŸ ืŸืŸื• ืžืฐืŸ ืงืœืŸื•ืš --- 


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^-- _ _ --- 

ืŸืŸืŸืŸื ื’< 3 ืŸ ืŸืŸ^ืฃืŸืŸ^ืก ---- 

ืŸ;^ืฃืŸ ืืŸืžืŸ;^ืฃืŸ ----- 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื•^^ ^ืง 5 ืŸ,ืŸ) --- 

ื, ืžื™ ื™ ืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš -โ€”ึพืด- --- 2 ^^ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืœืื ืงืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ----- 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืจืŸ-- 

ืื™ื“ื ื ืœืื–ืขืจ ( 1918 ) 

ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืื--- 175 

ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ --- ------- โ€” ___ 

ื˜ืจืœืงืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืฒืŸ.โ€”---- 

ืื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ _ ------ 

ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจึพื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืŸ- 

ืคืขืกื™ ื“ื•ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ ( 1918 ) 

ื ืืงื˜ืœืจืŸ---โ€”. 

3 ืŸืŸ ืŸ^ืฃืŸ _ -------- 

^ ืŸ ืŸ , ืŸ ^^)^ืš ^^ืš ^^ืฃ^ืŸืฃ^ืง^^ืŸ^- 

ืฐืฒืกืข--- 

ืืœื™ืขืกืงื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืืœื----- โ€” 

ืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจืงืขืก โ€”- ึพึพ 2 ^^ 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ----- 

ืืฒื“ื ื˜ื™ืœืขืก ( 1918 ) 

ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืื’ืื‘ื•ื ื“- 185 

^ - - .. - -- -- 

ืืกืชืจ ืคืขืฐื–ื ืขืจ ( 1919 ) 

ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืกืœ- 

ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™ ( 1919 ) 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืœื™ื“ืขืจ 

ืโ™ฆ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”-- 

ืŸืŸ ืŸ ืŸ ืŸ ^ืŸืš ืงืŸืŸืŸืŸ^ืŸ - 

ื’* ืืžืืœ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืค -- 2 ^^ 

ื“โ™ฆ ืคืืจ ื›ืœื•ืช ืืจืขืžืข ืดืดืด -- 2 ^^ 

ื”* ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื--- 193 

ืฐ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืŸ ืฐืืš- 194 

ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ -- 195 

ืื˜ืฐืืฆืง---- 

ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื’ื˜ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ ---- 

ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืค ื‘ืื—ืืœื˜ืŸ โ€” ------ 

ื _ _ --- ---- 


^ยฅ111 




ืจื—ืœ ื”. ืงืืจืŸ ( 1919 ) 

ืฅืŸ 2 ืŸ^ืฃืฃืŸืง^ืฃ ---- 

ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸืŸืŸ ืš^ืฃืŸืŸ ---------โ€” ^^ 2 

31 ืงืขืžืœืขืŸ _ --โ€”--- _ _ _-- 3 ^) 2 

ืœื™ื‘ืข ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ( 1919 ) 

ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจ-โ€”---^ 20 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืŸืž------ --^-โ€” -- 3 ^ 2 

ืฉืขื“,ืฅ-- - -------- 203 

ืฑื’ืŸ;^ืฃ ^ื˜ืฃ^ืง --- --- _ _-- - ืšืก 2 

ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ โ€” ~โ€”-โ€”----- 203 

ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขื ืง โ€”-โ€” โ€”---โ€” --- 203 

ืคืขืจืœ ืฐืืœืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ( 1920 ) 
ื’ืื 

ื. ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจืด- ______ ---- 200 

ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ ( 1920 ) 

ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืขื•ื•ืขื ืฑ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ 

ื, ืกืณืืŸืฅ ------- 2 ^ 2 

ื‘โ™ฆ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืฐืขื ืฑ -- ึพโ€” โ€ขโ€”โ€ข 2 ^ 2 

ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคืข 

ื. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคืข โ€” -ืด 3 ^ 2 

ื‘. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš---^.^^ 2 

ื’. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืืื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืžืคืŸ โ– โ€” ืดึพึพึพ -- 214 

ื‘ืจืื“ื•ื•ืขื™ ืืฐื ื˜-- โ€” ^โ€” โ€”ึพ ---- 3 ^ 2 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื’ืื˜ืขืจ ----- _ --โ€” 5 ^ 2 

ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“- 216 

ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜- 3 ^ 2 

ืžืดื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื------โ€”ืด โ€”----โ€”^^ 2 

ืืืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ ( 1922 ) 

.ืฆื•ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ---- โ€”. - 0 ^ 2 

ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ _- --- _ _- 220 

ืคืจื™ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜---- โ€”----- ^ 22 

ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ โ€” ื“ืขืจ ื‘^ืงืŸืŸืฃ--- 222 








ืฉืžื˜ืขืจ ----- โ€”-- 224 

ืืืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ ( 1922 ) 

ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืืก- 225 

ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ-โ€”- 220 

ืฐืฒืขืŸ 

ื. ืคืจื™ื™, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ืž ืšืฐืŸ ืฃืŸืฃื•---โ€”-- 227 

ื‘โ™ฆ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืืฒื ื’ืขืคืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื“ื•ึพืฆืข 6 - 227 

ื’. ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ- 223 

ืฉืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜- 223 

ื‘ืฒื ืœืื“ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ 

ื. ืืจืขืžืก# ืฐืื ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื ืงืขืจ โ€”- 220 

ื‘. ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก- 230 

ืฐื“ื™ืงื ( 1922 ) 

ืšืŸืŸืŸื•,-^ 23 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ--- 232 

ืžืฒืŸ ื–ื–ื–ืŸ- 233 

ื‘ืฒ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ - 234 

ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ/ ืฆื™ื™ื ึพื–- 235 

ืฆื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืŸ- 230 

ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ- 237 

ืฉืคืจื” ืฐื™ื™ืก ( 1923 ) 

ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืฃื•ืง- 233 

ืฆื•ื ืžืืŸ- 230 

ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื - 240 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ ื™ื ืก--- 244 

ืจืื–ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ ( 1923 ) 

ืฐืืก ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ? --โ€”--- 242 

ื“ื• ื‘ืขื˜ืื˜ ืžื•ืŸ-โ€”^- 243 

ืื™ืš ืฆืขืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ--โ€”- 243 

ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื ื“ืขืจืฐืืงืกืขื ืขื-- _- 244 

ืื™ืšื”ืื‘ื“ื™ืšืœื™ื‘ - 244 

ืœื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื“ 

ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœืืืข ึพโ€” - 244 

ื‘. ื˜ื•ื ืง ื–ืฒ ืืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืืจโ€”ึพ- 245 

ื’. ื–ืื’ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคืขืก -- 245 

ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ ( 1923 ) 

ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืื›ื˜ โ€” -- 247 

ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜-- -- 243 

ืคืืจื˜ืื’-- -- 243 








ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ ื™ื ืข ~ ------ โ€” ึพโ€”ืดืด โ€ขโ€”ึพ 249 

ื’ื™ ื™ื˜ ---^ _- 250 

ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 0 ื 6 ื™ืจืืืŸ--โ€” _ ^ 25 

ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ 

ื. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ ืฆืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ--- 252 

ื‘. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื›ืŸ ื”ืฒ-^โ€” 253 

ื“ืขืจืฐืื›ื•ื ื’ ---โ€” -- 252 

ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื— ืคืื˜ืืฉืดืคื•ืงืก ( 1923 ) 

ื“ืฒืŸ ืฐืืœื™ื–ืข-โ€”- 255 

ืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ื 6 ~ ^-- ---- 256 

ื“ืืก ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ- ืณ^ 25 

ืคืจืืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขื•- 253 

ืคืจืฒื“ืœ ืก. ืžืฉืืจื ื™ ( 1923 ) 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ--โ€” _ ^ 25 

ืŸืŸืŸ ืšืŸืŸืŸ 3 ืŸ ืŸืŸืŸ^ืš^ืฃ^ืฅ------ ^ 235 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืฒืŸ---^ 23 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœืืคืŸ- 262 

ืขืก ืคืืœื˜ ืืจื 6 โ€” ----- 232 

ืื™ื• ืฐืฒืก 233 

ื–ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ --- 263 

ืขืก ืคืœืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš- 234 

ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขื•- 235 

ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื•ื“ืœื™ ( 1924 ) 

ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’-- _ _ _ _-โ€”-- _ 233 

ืžืืจืื ืฆืŸ -- 237 

ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš- 237 

ืฆื•ื ื ื–ื™ืจ- ---- --- --- 269 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืฒื˜- 233 

ืืฒื“ื ืžืื–ืข ( 1925 ) 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ 

ื. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ืื˜ืขึพืžืืžืข- 274 

ื‘. ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ----โ€” โ€” 272 

ืžืฒ ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข -----โ€” -- 272 

ืžื•ื˜ืขืจึพืœื™ื“ ----- ----โ€” 273 

ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 

ื. ืฐื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื› 3 ืŸ__- 273 

ื‘. ืกืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜--โ€” โ€” 274 

ื ืžืืžืข ื–ื–ื•ืŸ ------ 274 

ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืงื‘ืจึพืดึพืด โ€”------- 275 

ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜- 275 







ื‘ืืื™ืข 3 ืŸืœ 5 ืขืจืžืื– ( 1925 ) 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืืขื“ืจืืœ ืด ----- - 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง------- โ€” ืšืš 2 

ืจื‘ืงื— ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ( 1925 ) 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืŸืŸืŸืŸ ืš,ืฃ -- ^^ 2 

ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ----- 279 

ื•ื•ื™ ื------^^ 2 

ืขื˜ืœ ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ( 1926 ) 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืืœืข ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ โ€” -------โ€”--^ 23 

ืจืื–ืข ืœืืงืกึพืคืจืฅ ( 1926 ) 

ืืฐืคืŸ ื”ืฒืžื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’--โ€”-- 222 

ืžืืจื’ื ืคืจื™--- 283 

ื‘ืณื’ื™ื™ ื ืขื‘ืŸ 5 ืœื•ื™ื˜- 284 

ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืฒื–ืœ ( 1927 ) 

ื“ืฒืŸ ืงืื ---------โ€” 285 

ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉืื ืง _ _ --- โ€” -- 235 

ื“ื• ื–ืื’ืกื˜--- ---โ€” 286 

ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜----- 235 

ื“ืฒืŸ ___---- 237 

ืคืืจืœืื–ื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ - 288 

ื’ื™ื• ื“ื™ืณ 289 

ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ ( 1922 ) 
ื˜ืฉืื“ืจืข 

ื* ืฐืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืจืฐื™ืก^ --- โ€”-- 

ื‘โ™ฆ ืื•ื™, ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ^ ืฆืขืฐื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ึพ-โ€”- 295 

ื’โ™ฆ ืœืขืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืšืฉืฒื˜ืขืจืก- 292 

ื“โ™ฆ ื ื™ื˜ื ืงืฒืŸ ืฐืืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’- 292 

ื”โ™ฆ ืืจื•ืฃ ืืŸื™ ืคืขืœื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ- 293 

ืฐ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืข----- 293 

ืฐ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืขืš, ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืšึพ- 294 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืดื”ืฒืืด' 

ืโ™ฆ ื’ืจืืฐืข ื›ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš โ€”- 294 

ื‘โ™ฆ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ----- 295 

ื’. ืคืืจื‘ืฒ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 295 

ื‘ืฒื ื™ืื 

ืโ™ฆ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืงืฐืขืœื ื“ืข ื›ืฐืืœื•ืขืก- 295 

ื‘* ืื•ื™, ื•ื•ืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฆืขืฐื™ื’ื˜ ืฐืš โ€” ---- 295 

ื’. ืื•ืฐ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืณื—ืื‘ ื ืฉืคืืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ--- 297 

ื ืžืื™ืกืขึพ - 297 

ืื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืขื‘ืขืœืขืš- 299 





^ืžื™ืคืจืข ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ื›ืŸื ( 1922 ) 

ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืืงืืŸ --- โ€” ---- 

ืืœ^ --- ------ 

ืื•ืšื ื™ืŸ----- 

ืžื™ ื– ืŸ-------- 

ืื– ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจืฒื“ืŸ โ€”------ 2 ^ 2 

*!ืขืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืงื ืืืคืขืŸ ------ 2 ^^ 

ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืื™ืก ( 1923 ) 

ืกืข ืžืจื•ืงืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืขื”ืฒืžืข--- 3 ^ 2 

ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก ( 1923 ) 
ื˜ืขื  

ืŸืŸืฃืŸ - 5 ^ 3 

ื โ™ฆ ื’ืขืกื˜- 303 

ืฃ, ื,ืŸ ื–^ืš ^ 30 

ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐืื ื˜ __--โ€”- 307 

ื‘ื ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ--- 303 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ----- 309 

ืžื™ืจืข ื›ืขื ืงื™ื– ( 1925 ) 

ื’ืŸ,ืŸ; ืืŸืš ืฅืœืš ื’ืŸื–ืก โ€”--^ืŸ^ 3 

ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ โ€”----- ^ืŸ^ 3 

ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜-- -- 372 

ืฉื˜ื–ืœืข 4 ื 3 ืŸืŸ _ -- ^-- _ .-- ืด-- โ€” 372 

ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืื™ 

ื. ื”ืื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ----- 372 

ื‘. ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืื›ื˜ _ ~---- 373 

ืื™ืšืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขโ€” ึพืดึพึพืด โ€” ึพืดึพืดืดโ€”-- 314 

ืกืื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ ( 1925 ) 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ืขืก 

ื. ื”ืขืฐ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื–ืš ---- 375 

^ ^ืŸืŸ ืŸืŸืŸืŸ^ืŸ ^ืŸ^ืŸ^ืš^ืฃ^ืŸืŸืš -- -- 370 

ื’. ืฉืฐื™ืžื˜ ืืŸ ื ืฐืืœืงืขื ื“ืœ ึพโ€”-- -- 316 

ื“. ื–ื•ืŸ/ ื”ืืกื˜ ื“ื ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ โ€”-- โ€” 377 

ื—โ™ฆ ืขื” ื–ืืœ ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื– ืืœื–ื•ืŸ- 373 

ื›ืื ืข ืœืขืฐื™ื• ( 1925 ) 

? 15 ืฉื˜ื– ื–^ืฃ ~---- --- --- 319 

ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื ืก--โ€”--โ€”ึพึพ 320 

ื”ื™ืžืœ ึพึพืด ืงืืจื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืจื™ื•ื™ืขืฅ----- 321 


^^111 









ื’ืืืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 

ื. ืื™ืŸ ืคืื ื™ื ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื› 1 ืฆ 8 ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื–ืงืŸ- 222 

ื‘. ื‘ื ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืื–ื–ืœืข --- 223 

ืื ืฑื˜ื ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื ( 1925 ) 

ืฆื™ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ืŸ โ€”โ–  โ€” - 225 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฅืšืš ืŸืŸ,ืง) ืืŸืš ~ -- 223 

ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™^ืŸ .- 223 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืดื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸืด 

ื. ืฐื™ ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืข----- 223 

ื‘. ื–ืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ---ืณืŸ 22 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ 

ืโ™ฆ ืขืจื“ ื”ืื˜ ื&ื’ืขืื˜ืขืžื˜- 223 

ื‘โ™ฆ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’- 223 

ื’โ™ฆ ื‘ืืœืื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืืข ^ื•ืŸ ืข 9 ืœ -- 229 

ื“โ™ฆ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขื•--- 233 

ื”ื–ื ื“ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜ ( 1927 ) 

ื, ื˜ืขื’- 331 

ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ- ^ 22 

ื‘ืื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื™ืื ------- 222 

ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคืื ืขืŸ -- 222 

ืกื ื™ื˜ืงืืฐ -โ€” ------- 233 

ืœื™ื•ื ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืง ( 1927 ) 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฐืขืกื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื•- 334 


ืคืื˜ืืกื˜ืื˜ืŸ: 

ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืื ืก ืคืืขืžืขึพ 

, // 11 1 / // ืณ' /> 

ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 

// // // // 

ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ 

, // // // // // 

ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 

ืฉืขืจึพื‘ืœืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื ื” ื›ืดืฆื ื“ืจืฉื” 
// // // // 

ืขืจืฉืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ 

, // // // // // 

ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 

ืชืคืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืช 

ื’ืœื”ืก ืœื™ื“ 

ื ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขื - 

ืฉืขืจึพื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจึพื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- 

ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืจืฉื™ืžื” ---โ€” ืด 

ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ- 

ืคืกื™ื™ื“ืื ื™ืžืŸ^ืŸ ----- 

ืื™ื ื“ืŸืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ- 


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259 ---- 















ืืจืฒื ืคื™ืจ 


1 

ืืณืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ืฐื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืฆืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืื ื˜ื^ืื’ื™ืข ืื™ื ืืดื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื“ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื•ืื˜ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื“ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื™ืขืŸึพืคืื“ืคืืืขื“ื™ื ื, ืฐืืก 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ. 

ืื™ื– ื“ืืš ื“ื™ ืฉืืื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขื“ ^ื™ื˜ืขื“ืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืคืื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืคื^ืงืืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ ืคื“ื•ื™, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื– ^ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื“ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžื^ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฐืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐื™ื–ื– ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืกึพ 
ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉืขืคืขื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื’ืืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืื›ืข, ืฐืื ืฆืื ื’ืข ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ ืืค ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขื“ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ื ืขืฐืื“ืŸ ื“ืื ื ื™ื™ืข ื’ื™ื™ืื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฐืขื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืื•ื ื“ืืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ื™ื™ื“ื™ึพ 
ืฉืขืจ ืคืืฆืงืึพืฆื™ื˜ืขื“ืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื˜ืขื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ืฐืขืฆื˜ืœืขืžื–ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื’ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 19 -ืžืŸ ื™ืืจื”., 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืืจ ืืคืขืฆื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืดืฐื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื  ืžื™ื™ื“ืฆื™ืšืด, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจโ€”ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืดื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืขื–ืขืจื™ืŸืด, ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืื™ื›ืืฆืื’ื™ืข, ืื•ื™ื“ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืืŸ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืืŸ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืดื’ืจืขืื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืฆืก 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฆืขื–ืขืจื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืฆืขื–ืขืจ." 1 ) 


1 ) ื–ืข: ืฉ. ื’ื™ื’ืขืจโ– โ€”ืฉืื•ื“ื™ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืง 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ึพโ€” ืโ€ข ื“ื™ ืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ โ€” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ืขืจื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ืคื ืงืกืด 
ืชืจืขืดื‘โ€ข ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ื. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื’ื, ืชืจืขืดื’. (ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ื™ื“ ื 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข : ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืณ 80/1919 ื–โ€ข) . 





ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืณืคืข ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐื™ ื‘ืืฐืื•ืื˜, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ^ ื ืจื•ื™ืืข ืจืืฆืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืณืคืืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื‘ื™ืฆื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื˜ืคืจืืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ื™^, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ^ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืจืงื•ืž, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืฒืื ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ึพืณืฆื™ื™ื™ืขื ืขืจื™ืŸ 
ืืžื 5 ืื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืืš ื‘ื™ื– ืจืขืจ ื™ืฆืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืข^ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขึพ 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™^ื“ืขื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ื™ ืณ?ืžื“ื ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื“ื™ืจืขืœืŸื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฒืฆ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจืข ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ืชืคื™ื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืณื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืณืขืข ืคืจื•ื™ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืืจ ืฆื• ืดื’ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ืด, ื ืืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื ืขืžื™ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืขืžื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืคื^ืง, ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืืจืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืึพ 
ื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืž ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื•ืจ. ืจื™ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ืŸื™ืจ ื‘ืฒ ื ืคืื™ืฆืก, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืžืื™ืฆ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืข;*ื˜ึพืžื•ืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืืจ ืฐืขื™^ื›ืข 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืื ืืขืจืฐื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ืฆื™ึพ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคืจืืš, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’^ืขืš 
ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื ืื ืฆืŸ ืคื^ืง. 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’^ืฒื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒื ืคืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืข^ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒืจื™ืฉืขื•ื™ ืื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขืจ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ื˜ื™ื”. ื“ืขืจ ืขืฑืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืš ื ืจื•ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ื ืคืืจื’ื™ืฆืฒืš. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ืืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ืื ืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืื™ืฆ. ืžืณื“ืืจื“ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืื˜ืื ืขืŸ: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฑ ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืฐื™ืณ ืื•ื™ื” ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืืžืืœ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื™ืฆ ื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคืื“ื™ื (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืžืฉืš), ื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”ื“ื™ืงืฒื˜โ€”ื ืืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช โ€” ื–ื™ืš ืงื ืืค ืคืืจืžืืื˜ืŸ. ืฐืืจืŸ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒ^ ื ืืš ื‘ืืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืค ื• ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ืืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืฒืŸ ืืดืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืืขื›ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืื ื–ื^ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืŸ ื ืณื™ ืŸ ืื™ืจ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื• ื™ ื” ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืณ?ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื“ืืš, ื ื ืฒืขืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื˜ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ, ื ื ืขืฐื™ืืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืฒืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขื ื ืื™ืžืŸ 





ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื•ืกืก,โ€”ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืงืืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื–ืื’ืŸ ืฐืื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืืจื•ื™ืขืŸ- 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ? ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืฆืฐืฒื’, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆืข ืื’ืจืขืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ืฒืจื™ืณืฆืขืจ ?ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™^ื ืื–ืข?ึพ 
ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืจื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืื”ืื’ืจืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืขืจ ืื’ืฉืฆืื’ืŸ ืืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืืจืฆืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฒื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื’ื’, ืฐืขื˜ ืืŸ ืืคืง ืื•ื™ืืฐืืงืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืขืจ ื‘ืฒื˜ืจืื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐื™ืจืขืจ ื‘ืืจืฒื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ืจืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืฒื˜ืข ืคืืจื•ื’ืฒืขืจื™ื ื. 


ืจื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฒืจื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ื˜ืฒืฆ, ืฐืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืฒืš, ืฆื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืฆื’ืขืžืฒื’ืขืจ ืขืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืื ืคืืจืžืื’ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืฒื“ืขื’ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืดืืคืจ ืžื“ื•ืชืด (ืื™ื–ื ื ืฉืดื‘โ– โ€” 1542 ), ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึพ 
ืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืดืžืขืฉื”ึพื‘ื•ืšืด (ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขโ€”ื‘ืื–ืขืฆ ืฉืืดื‘โ€” 1602 ) ืื•ืŸ 
ืื’ื“. ืจืขืฆื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืฆื˜ืฆืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืืจื˜ 
ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืฆืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืฆ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืื’ื‘, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ื ืืš ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ืฐึพื‘ื™ื‘ืฆื™ืื˜ืขืงืŸ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืฆืขืš, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืคืืจืŸ ืฆืฒืขื ืขืจ-ืขื•ืฆื, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื˜ ืืคื™ืฆื• ืฆื• 
ืฐืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืงืขืจ. ื ืืš ื–ืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒ- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืคืืฆืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืื ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืืฆืข ื‘ืืฐืื•ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื•ืืงืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืฆื›ืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืจืขืื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืฆื™ืื’ืจืืคืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืืจืžืื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืดื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ-ื—ื•ืžืฉืด (ืคืจืื’ โ€” 1608 ), ืดืฆืื™ื ื” ื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืด (ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืขื: ืฆื•ื‘ืฆื™ืŸึพืงืจืืงืข, ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ 17 -ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”.; ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข: 
ื‘ืื–ืขืฆ ืฉืคืดื‘โ€” 1622 ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ื ืืš ืื’ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืื ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ ื—ืื˜ ืืฆืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื•ืืจ-ืืคืจื™ื, ืคืืจืคืืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืชืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฆื•ืžืืฆ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืขืŸ (ืืณื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ 





ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืขืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ืืื™ืื• ืื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืขืžืขืก, ืฐืื 
ื ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืฐืขื ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื ื•ืช, ืœืกืฉืœ, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉืž ืื•ื™ื” ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืกืฒืŸ ืื™ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจึพ 

ื‘ืขื˜, ืฐืื ื–ืื ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืขืฐื™ืจืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒื ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจืดื ืขื‘ื™ื˜ 2 ), ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ื™^ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒ ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข. ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืขื ืŸ ืดื˜ืฒื˜ืฉึพ 
ื”ื•ืžืฉืด ืื•ืŸ ืดืฆืื™ื ื” ื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืด (ืืคื ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง) 
ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฐืขื ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ 3 >, ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคื™ 5 ื˜ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืืข ืจื?ืข ืืณึพืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืฆืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื•ื™, ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืืš ื ื ืจืขืืขืจืข ืฐื™ืจืงื•ื ื  ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื‘ื™^ื“ื•ื ื  ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ^ื“ืขื ืืจืฒื - 
ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ืืคืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืฑื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ื•ื ึพ 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื ื’. ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ืื‘ืขืจ ื™ื ื“ื ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื•ื™ื” ืฐื™ ืฐืฒื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกืื ื˜ืื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืฆืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 


2 ) ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืืื ื˜ ืื™ื–, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื›ื™ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขึพ 

ืฐืืจืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ (ื ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื“ืฐืฒืœ ืื•ื™ืŸืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉ), ืฐืื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขึพ 
ืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืชืดืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ* ืื™ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื–:. 6 1011 ืžืก 1 ืก 5 

0211 ื–ยฃ 1 ) 12126 ึพ 2 ืง 0 ^ 1 .ึพ 11132 ืก 113 ึพ 02 ^\ 2110 111 :โ‚ฌึพ 32111 ึพ 1261 ,- 1 2101131 ืกื–\ 06 <-ยฃืก 6611 ึพ 2 ^ 1 

. 1923 , 18 ( 1 ^ 3 ^ 16216321 ืž\ื–, ยฃืก 21ยฃ6261166 ืก 0 06112231 . 1 ืก^\ , 0012 ^ 632 ^) 1 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืœืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืื– ืดื“ื™ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉึพ 
ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง; ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขื– 
ืžืณื–ืืœ ืื•ืจื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืง ืก ืืฐ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืฐ 
ืฐืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื ืื›ืœืื–ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฒืื— 
ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืด (ืฐ 3 } 

ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื“ื ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ/ ืื– ื”ืณ ืคืจื™ื”ืืฃ^ ืืœื ืžื—ื•ื ื“, ืฐืืก 
ืฉืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ/ ืื™ื–/ ืฐื™ ืกืณืฐืฒื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืืœืฒืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ/ ืื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื ื’โ™ฆ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื’ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข/ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜/ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฉื•ืœืžืื ืณืก ,,ืฉืคืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชึพืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื”ืด/ ื•ื•ืื• ืกืณืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช (ื–ืฐ 67 ืด 71 )ึพ 

ืก ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒืก/ ืืžืช, ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฐืขืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืดื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ, ืื“ืื’ืง ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจึพื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’* ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ 
ืžืืงืก ืขืจื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืดื‘ืจืื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื’ืœโ€”ื“ื™ 
ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืืคืขื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 17 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืด (ื–ืข: ืดืฆืฒื˜ึพ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ , ื‘ื•ืš 1 / ืžื™ื ืืง/ 1926 โ€ข ืžโ™ฆ ืขืจื™ืงโ€”ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืฑื•ื™ 





ื™ืŸื•^ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื ืืš ืขื“^ื”ืฑื ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื’ืขืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
?ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืงืขืจ. 

ื’ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื“ืขื“ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื^ื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื™ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ- 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืืžื 5 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืจืื‘^ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืข^ื›ืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขื— 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ื™ืืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื–ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืืคื™ืจ, ืื– ืดืืžืืฆ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืŸ-ื’ืขื‘ืขืจืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ื™ืœ-ืฉืืคืขื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ?ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืฑื– ืขื›ืจื™-ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ^ ืข - 

ื– ืข ืจ ื™ ื  ื ืื•ืŸ ืค ืข ื“ ืค ื ื ืข ื“ ื™ ื’ ืก.ืด 4 ) 


ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 16 โ€”ยง 1 ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”., ืฐืื ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜^ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื^ืื’ื™ืข, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืฆ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืื ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื ื“ืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื ื˜ืืืื’ื™ืข ืดืคื™ื ื•ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืื”ืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืขื–ื™ืขืด ื”ืื˜ 
ืžโ€ข ื‘ืืกื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ื‘ืณ ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืดื ืื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸืด, ืฐืื• ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ 
ื ืข^ืื–ื˜ ืฐื™ืืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืจืฒ ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืข^ื˜ืขืจืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจื, ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืšโ€”ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก, ื ืขืž^ืขืš: ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืคืื ื ืฆื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื—ื ื” ื›ืดืฆื ืจืจืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ื•ืฐืขืจืง. ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– 
ืดื“ื™ ืžืขื”ืจืื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืกืฐืฒื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืก. ืข. ืฐื™ืขื ืขืจ." 5 } 

ื‘. ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ?ื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื’ืจื- 
ืคื™ืฉืข ืื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ ?ื™ื“ืขืจ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืข^ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืณ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ) ืคื•ืŸ 


4 ) ื–ืข: ื ื™ื’ืขืจ โ€” ื–โ€ข 131 (ื ื™ื’ืขืจื ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฐ โ€” ืขโ€ข ืงโ€ข) 

5 ) ืคื™ื ืŸ* ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืขื–ื™ืขโ€”ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ื’ืขื–ืืžืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ึพ 
ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื‘ืืื™ืŸ. ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจื ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื– 
ื‘. ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐ. 3 -ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืข. ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืดื’ ืดื“ืืก ื‘ื•ืš โ€ข ื . ื™., 
1817 โ€ข 





ื‘ืื ื“ ืืณ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืื™ื ื ืื ื˜^ืŸ^ืื’ื™ืข, ืื™ื–, ื ื™ื›ืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื’ื”ืืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืข ืดื’ืื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸืด, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื’ืขืŸ ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืกื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื–* ื“ืขืจ ?ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื“ ื‘/ 

ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืคืื ื ืื•ืŸ ื—ื ื” ื›ืดืฆื ืฉืืคื•ื’ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืจืืจืคื˜ 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ-ืฐืื• ื‘ืฒื ืขื•?ื {(ืœ ืคื™ ืฐื™ืขื’ืขืจื ืื ืฐืฒื–ืขืจโ€”ืขืจืฉื˜ื ื, ืฐืฒืฆ 
ื‘ืฒื ืขื•^ื ืกืืŸ ืžืขื• ื–ืฒ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸโ€” ืฆืฐืฒื˜ื ื (ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืื™ื– 
ื’ืืš โ– ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืขืจ), ืฐืฒื™ืœ -โ€” ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืจืขืื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒ^ ืฐืขืจื ืŸ, ืฐืื 
ื ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึพ 
ื–ืืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืงืื˜ื^ืื’ึพื’ื•ืžืขืจืŸ) ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืดื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ืฒืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคื™ืืืืื’ืด 6 ). ืจืืจื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ืจื™ ื–ื–. 39-38 ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืจืขื‘ื’ื˜ ^ื•ื™ื˜ ืืคึพ 
ื˜ืฒ^ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื ืŸ, ืฐื™: ืดื—ื•ืžืฉึพืื•ืŸึพืชื ืดืšึพืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸืด, ืดืชื—ื™ื’ื•ืชืด, 
ืดื™ืฆื™ื“ืขืจืด ืื•ืŸ ืดืžืขืฉืฑืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื”ึพื‘ื™ื›ืขืจืด, ืืžืช, ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคืจื™ื, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ืขื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืืš ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืืŸ ืฐืื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื^ ืื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืื™ื’ื ืดื’ืื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸืดืด ืฐืืฆื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืž ืฐืขื’ ืฐืื• ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืขื™ืฆื›ืข 
ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืฆืื ื™ืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืืจื˜, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื’ืืณืฆืŸ, ืฐืื ื’ืขืคื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ืฆืขื™ืื ื-ื‘ื™ื‘?:ื™ืื˜ืขืง. 
ื‘ืืื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื“, ื“ื™ ืดืชืคื™ื™ืฆื”ืด ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื™ืฆื” (ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื’ืื™ืฆ), ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืฉื’ืฒื“ืขืจื ืงืื˜ืื™ืฆืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ืฆืขื™ืื ืึพื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ืขืง 7 ) 

ืื•ืฑื™ ื–. 345 ื ื•ืž. 2290 ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื’ืž, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื•ืจ ืดืชืคืฆืช ืžืฉื”ืด 
(ืฐืื• ืืณืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ื™ืฆืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื™ืฆื”ืณื ^ื™ื“ โ€” ื“ื™ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื’ื ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ- 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฆื™ืฆืข ืชืดืข 1710 . ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–. 350 ื ื•ืž. 
2328 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขื™ืฆื‘ืŸ ืื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ 1714 ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื’ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจ ื ืคืจืขื’ืฆืฒื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื˜ืขืงึพื ื•ืž. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ืฆืขื™ืื ื, ืฐืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื“ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜, ืื™ื–: 1153 , 4 .ืชืงืก 


ืก) ื‘. ื‘ืืจืื›ืื•ื•โ€”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ื™ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœืืœืื โ€ข ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ืคื ืงืืด, 
ืฐื™ืœื ืขืด ืชืจืขืดื’. 

7 ) โ€ขืœื•ื 111 1 ืž 1-111 ืก 30 ' 1 ื’ 161 ึพ 1 ืž| 11 ื– 0 :ื•ื | 1.1 2118 ืก 03ยฃ61 -: 161 ) 01 ืž 11 ืก 8 ืž 5ยฃ61 2 ) 01-1 ^ 

.( 1 ืง 0 -|- (. 1 ืกืก) 104 , 1852-60 , 861111-1 . 16 ) 8 2 , 11613113 ืก 8 110111603 





ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืŸื–ื™ืฆ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึพืดืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื™ืฆื”ืณืก 
^ื™ื“ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜^ืขื›ื˜ ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ^ืขื›ืŸืืฒื–ืืŸ 8 ) ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืณืคืื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื” ื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจ-ืฆื“ืง 
(ื–ื–โ€ข 398 ึพืกืก 4 ). ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื˜ืจืื ื- 
ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื“ื˜ ืื˜ ื“ืื ^ื™ื“. ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฆื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืืžืื ื ื‘ื™ืš, ืฐืื• ื“ืื ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 9 ), 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืดืื™ื™ื• 171.4 ื”ืื˜ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื 
ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืดืชืคืฆืช 
ืžืฉื”ืด ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืข^ื˜ืขื ืขื ืฉื™ืจ ื?ื ื•ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข (ืณืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ืฐโ€”ืข.ืง.) 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื’ืขืืข." ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜, ืฉื˜ืข^ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื’ืจืืฃื™, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข 1714 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืคืจืขื’ึพ 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ื^ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืขื–, ืื– 
ื“ืื ?ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฆื ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข, ื ืืจ ืฆื•ื ื ื• ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ืจ, 
ื ืืš ื“ืขื ื ื•ืื—: ืดืชื ื•ื ืฉืœืืด ื. ื. ืฐ. ืฉื•ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, 
ืื– ื“ืื ืœื™ื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื^ื ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ืื“ื•ืจ ืก 1 ). ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืื ืขืŸ ืฉื•^ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงืื™ื–ืขืจื™^ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ืš ืดื“ื™ืข 
ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจืืื•ืขื ืด 11 ). ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืืคื™ื˜? ืดื–ืขื˜ืฆืขืจื™ื ื ืขื  ืื•ื ื“ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื ื ืขื ืด (ื–ื–โ€ข 149 - 146 ) ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–. 148 ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ; 6111601 ืด 1 " 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื’ืข^ื”ืณื ืด 11611 ื  6ยฃ1 ( 061 ืก 6 :): 1 ืก 8641:11 1710 6 ืž 1 ! 13 1114311610 * 
5 ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ?ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืืงืจื™ื‘ืฆื™ืข, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจึพ 
ื˜ืขืจ (ืฐืื ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืขืงืื˜). ื“ืื ื™ืฆื™ื“ ืคืืจืžืื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื•ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืฃ (ืื•ื™ืืขืจ 
ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข, ืฐืื ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืื—, ืฆื•ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื“ื•ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ). ื‘ื™ื™ ืงืื™ื–ืขืจืฆื™ื ื’ ืคืขืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื ืื•ื“, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ื ื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืฆึพ 
ืžืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืืกืงืจื™ื‘ืฆื™ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ^ืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ (ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืงื^ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื: ืดื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ ื™ ื˜ ื• ืŸ (?) 
ืง^ืื’ืŸืด ื”ืื˜ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื’ื‘, ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืขื’ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื•^ืžืื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืดื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื• ื” ื  ืŸ ืงืฆืื’ืŸืด. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ื^ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจื: 
ืดื”ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืืื ืŸืด). 

8 > ื–. ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸโ€”ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืืข. 
ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืดื ืึพื’ืขื–. ืดืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืด, ื•ื•ืืจืฉื•ื™, 
ืชืจืขืดื“ืณ 1914 โ€ข 

ืก ืืœืขื–ื“ ืฉื•ืœืžืืŸโ€”ืฉืคืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชึพืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ื•ืืคืจื•ืชื”. ืžืงืฅ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื˜ืดื™ 
ืขื“ ืงืฅ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื” ื”ื™ืดื—ืณ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืขืดื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื— 
ื‘ื—ืฉื’ื—ืช ื™โ€ข ื—. ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ื‘, ืจื™ื’ื, ืชืจืดืขื’โ€ข (ื–โ€ข 59 ) โ€ข 





ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒื–ืขื ืก ืœืขืงืกื™ื’ืŸืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืืกื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ื”ื˜ ื’ืข^ื”ืณืก ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒืŸ ืื ื˜ืืฆืื’ื™ืข (ื‘ืื ื“ ืืณ ื–< 79 )^ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฆืข ื’ืจืฒื–ืŸ (ื“ืขื ืคืจืขื’ืฆืฒื™ื– ื”ืื˜ 
ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืืจืคืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒืขื›ืŸ :ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืŸื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจืข. 

ื’ืขืฆื”ืณืก 5 ื™ื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจื™ื ื, ืฐืืก ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข 12 )/ ืื•ื™ื“ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืดื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื˜ืขื”ืด (ืกืณืคืข^ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืจื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 
2290 ืื•ืŸ 2328 )* ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ืดื™ืฆื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืื ึพ 
ืžืขืจืœืŸื•ื ื’ืขืŸืด ืคืืจื˜ืฒื˜ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐ ืื•ื™ืจ ื–* 11 ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจึพโ€ข 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ื—ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœ!ื”'ื ื™ 5 ื™ื“: ืดื”ืžื“ืคื™ืกืด ืื•ืŸ ืดื”ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืขื ื•ื’ื”ืด* 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืคืื˜ืืื˜ืื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜: ืดื”ืจื›ื” ื•ื” ืข ื  ื• ื› ื”ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒ 
ื’ืŸืื™ื–ืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื’, ืฐืื• ืกืณืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ืดื•ื”ืขื ื•ื’ื”ืด* 
(ืดื”ืจื›ื” ื‘ืš ื•ื”ืขื ื•ื’ื”ืดโ€”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื—ืณ ืคืกื•ืง ื ื•ืณ)* 13 )* 

ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืก ืืœ!ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืŸืฒืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืืžืื™ืฆื™ื’ืŸืข ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒ ืื•ื ื– ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืื•ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืฆืขื›ืข ืขื™ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืื›ึพ 
ืฆื•ื”ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื’ืŸืื˜ื^ื!ืด ืื“ืขืจ ืงืืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ื?, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ืฆืื–ื ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ื’ืŸืืคื™ืขืก (ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื˜ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขืก, 


ืก 1 ) ื–ืข: ื“ืืจื˜โ€” ื–ื–. 10 ืื•ืŸ 59 * 

11 ) ^ 1:11 ^: 11:61 * 1 , 116111:6 ! 068โ‚ฌ ึพ!ยฉ!) 111 .ืž 16 !ืก 118 ) 116 [ 16 ืกึพ 

. 1879 ,^ 21 ^ 61 ^ 1 ,) 11118 ^ 1 1 > 1111 


12 ) ื–ืข: ื ื™ื’ืขืจโ€”ื–ื–โ™ฆ 131 โ€” 135 โ€ข 

13 ) ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจื™ื ื, ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ^ืืŸ, ื“ื•ื ื” ื›ืดืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืงื” ื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ื™ื ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืชื•ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื”ื™ื“ื ืจืขืžื™ืณืก ื‘ื•ืš /,ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืด/ (ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืื–ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ 

^ื™ ื™ื˜ืฉ: ืขื›! 1:1011 ^ 3.1181 ึพ 1:1 1264 ึพ! 10 {: 111 ^/ . 11 ^ 1 ]ื:ืก 7 ) 5 \ 7116 ^- 61117 ^ 3 !> 11 !^ื 

, 111:1011 >ยฃ ยฃ11 : 0111 ? . 231:113 ^ 1 [ .? 0 ืฅ<\ 1โ‚ฌ6 ; 6ยฃ :!ื’ืŸ . 3 11:11 /))ึพ โ€ข 161 ืž 11161 ! 3111 ^ 011186 * 1 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœืขืš // 13 ืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข (. 1923 ,.ืกโ‚ฌ 118111112 ื› 111 ืง โ‚ฌ11 ืก 61 ,> 1:1 ืกยฅ /)\ 6 ื 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืด ืื•ืŸ ืดื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื ืกืด (ื–ื–โ€ข 121 ึพ 2 ึพ 124 ืืœืŸ 213 ). ื“ืืจื˜ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜, ืื– //ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ืž^ื ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืจืืคืขืื™ืื ืขืœืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื ืก. ื’ืขืœื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ึพ 
ื‘ื•ืšืด (ื–ืด 121 )โ€ข ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกืŸ/ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื— ืดืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืณ 
ื’ืขื‘ืืจืŸืด (ืื’ื‘โ™ฆ ื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื•ืœืžืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ //ืฉื™ืด ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜/ ืฐืื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜: ืฉื™ื—ืฑ/ 
ื–ืืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.) ื‘ื™ื™ ืงืื™ื–ืขืจืœื™ื ื’/ ื–โ™ฆ 148 ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ/ ื–* 
353 / ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืงืืœืืคืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืจื //ื ื™ื“ึพื”ืด/ ื•ื•ืื ืดืขืœื” ื‘ืช ื›ื”ืจืดืจ ืžืฉื” 
ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื–ืขืฆืŸ*ืด (ื“^ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“* ื™ื“ื™ืขื•^^ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื™ื–ืขืจืœื™ื ื’ืก ื‘ื•ืš, 
ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืงืจึพื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช/ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื™ืงืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง 
ืจื™ื‘.ืงื™ื ื“). ืขโ€ข ืง. 





ืฐืื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉืข ื˜ืขืงืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืชืฑืช) ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ื™^ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื–ื˜ 14 ). 

ื˜ื•ื™ื›ื” ืคืื ื ืื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒ ืฐืืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื - 
ืฉื ืฒื“ืขืจื ืงืื˜ืืืื’ ืื•ื™ื” ื–. 674 ื ื•ืž. 3706 ืื•ืŸ 3707 (ื‘ืฒ ื‘ืืจืื›ืืฐืŸ 
ืคืขื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืž. 3706 ). ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืž. 3706 ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืื ื ืฆื™ื“ 
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ ืืฑื ื•ื ื•ืจืืณ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™: โ€ข 3 โ€ข 6 โ€ข 1 .ึพ. 8 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืง 5 ืืžืขื—: 

โ–  38 ืด?) ืฐืื ืžืฒื ื˜: ืื›ื˜^ึพืคืืจืžืื˜ ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงึพืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™^ืืžืขืจืŸ: (ืคืจืื’. ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”.?). ืื™ืŸ ืดืืขืจืืคืขืื•ืืด 15 ) ืื™ื– 
ื“ืื ^ื™ื“ ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืฑ* ื–. 351 ื ื•ืž. 103 . ื“ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

."ื 6%15116 ^: 1612 1 ! 1106 'ืณ 611 ?ืด 6011116 ? 116 ืกืณืฒ 111 611111011 ]ื• 1 ืก 8 ึพ 11 ! 73 ื’ื™" 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื˜ืขืง ื ื•ืž. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ ืื™ื–: ( 61 ) 460 .ืงืง 0 . 5 .!ืดื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื ื•ืž. 3707 ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืืจื™ืื ื˜ ืดื‘ื ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืขืงื™ื“ื”ืด ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ื–ืข^ื‘ืข; 
. 8 .1.6.6 8 (? 11 /ื™^ . 8666 .^ืกื–?) ื“ืขืจ ืดืืขืจืืคืขืื•ืึพื ื•ืž. ืื™ื– 102 , ื–. 361 . 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืื™ืื˜ืขืง ื˜ืž. .< 6.1 ( 34 ) 1103 .ืงืžืก . 8 ]/ืŸ 16 ) 

ื‘ืฒ ื ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒ ืงืืคืŸึพืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืื ื ืณ^ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ืื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืฐืื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืขืžืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ื“ืื ืืงืจื™ื‘ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืฆืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขึพ 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื™ื–ืขืจ^ื™ื ื’. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ืืŸ, ืื– ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืดื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ?ืื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฆืฒื˜ื™ื’ืข ืืจื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜." 

ื”ื ื” ื›ืดืฆื ื“ืจืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืขืŸ, ืดืชืค^ื” ืืฉื‘ืชืด, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืดืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืด ืื•ืŸ ืดืชื”ื™ื ื” ืื•ื™ื” ืจืืฉึพื—ื“ืฉ ืื™^ื•ืœืณ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืฒื ืฉื ืฒื“ืขืจื ืงืื˜ื^ืื’ ืื•ื™ื“ ื–. 837 ื ื•ืž. 4723 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฆืฒื›ื ื˜: 


14 ) ืื’ื‘, ื ืื›ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื“ืœืขื™ืื ืึพืงืื˜ืืœืื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžื—ืžืช ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ ื”ืื˜ ืขื ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ 
ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื™ื‘ืงื™ื ื“โ€ข ืืณืื™ื– ื›ื“ืื™ ื“ื ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื™ืฉื˜ืฒื ืฉื ืฒื“ืขืจึพ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜ืข ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืืœืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ, ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง. 

15 ) - 8616 : 111 - ื– 1.11666111 56116 ) 166 )ึพ 115611 ืก 511 -โ€ข 611186111161161 ) 8 106112 ืด? 

ยฃ> 1111 1861111ยฃ161111611116 ) 1-1611 , 31ยฅ15861186116ยฃ1 ;! 61 ) 110 ื’ 811 161 ื–ยฃ 2611861111ยฃ1 - 66111 ื•ืŸ 

. 1848-9 ,ยง 21 ืง 1.61 . 1.11618161 616 ) 661 

15 ) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืงึพื ื•ืž. . 6 ( 34 ) 1103 .ืงื’ืŸ 0 . 48 ? 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืก ืคืื˜ืืกื˜ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ (ืื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜) 
ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืื ืก ืœื™ื“, ื ืžืขืฉื”: ,,ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืืจ ืžืจืงโ€”ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื 
ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื ืจื™ื˜ืจ ืื•ื™ื– ื“ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืืจ ืžืจืง." ืโ€ข ืโ€ข ืฐ. ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ืฉืขืจึพื‘ืœืื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜: ืดื ื“ืคืก ืคื” ืคืจืื’โ€ข" 





. 5360 ) . 3 . 8 . 8 , ืฐืืก ืžืฒื ื˜ โ€” ืื‘ื˜ื-ืคืืจืžืื˜, 

ืืžืื˜ืขืจื“ืื, ืืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง-ื™ืืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆืืžืขืจืŸ; (ืืŸ ืขืจืš ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆืขื ื˜ืŸโ€ข 
ืื›ื˜ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”.) ืคืืจื ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืดืกืขืจืืคืขืื•ืืด ืื•ื™ื–ื™ ื–. 329 ื ื•ืž. 
49 ืื•ืŸ ื–. 366 ื ื•ืž. 141 (ื“ืขืจ ^ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืž. ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืดืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืด),. ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื‘^ื™ืื˜ืขืง-ื ื•ืž. ืคืืจ ืืฆืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื™ื–; 124 , 8 .ืงืง 0 ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฑืฒื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื›ืฆืดื ื“ืจืฉื” ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืžืื˜ืขืจื“ืื ืืจื•ื 1700 . 
ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืดืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืคืจื™ืืด. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืขืจึพ 
ื‘^ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ื^ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜; ืคื” ืงืดืจืŸ, ืืžืฉื˜ืจื“ื, ืื™ืขืดื. ื“ืื ืื™ื– 
ื ืดื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸืด. ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืฒื˜: ืดื^ื”ื™ืž ื™ื›ื•ื ื ื” ืขื•^ื ืื™ืฆื”ืด (ื’ืื˜ ื–ืื 
ืืžืื˜ืขืจื“ืื, ื”ืฒืื˜ ืขื, ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒื‘ื™ืง). ืื–ื•ื™ ืค^ืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืขืฐืฒื ื™^ืขืš ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืื˜ืข ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ืฒ ืฒื“ืŸ, ืฐืข^ื›ืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”. 

ืจื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆ ืคื™ืฉืฆื ืฆื™ื“โ€”ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืจืืžื˜ืข ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืชื”ื™ืฆื™ืึพืื™ื‘ืขืจึพ 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืืฆ, ืณืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ื˜ ืจืขื ื˜ืขืงืื˜, 
ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื•ืฆืžืื ืขืŸ (ื™. 24 ). ื“ืื ืชื”ืฆื™ื-ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ืฒื ืฉื ืฒื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืฆืขื™ืื ื-ืงืื˜ืืฆืื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื–.. 189 
ื ื•ืž. 1280 . ื“ืืจื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื ืืžืขืŸ; ืดืจื•ื™ื–ืฆ ืจืณ ืคื™ืฉืฆืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉืฆืฉืด 17 ). 
ื“ืื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1586 . ืฉื•ืฆืžืืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจ-ื‘ืฆืื˜, ืฐืื• ืืณืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจ; ืดื“ืฉ ืชื”ืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืื•ืœ! ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคืจืืš ื’ืืจ ืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืฒื“ื™ืฆื™ืš ืื•ื ืณ ืณื’ืื“ ืงื•ืจืฅ ,ืฐืฒืฆื™ื’ ืจืจื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืฒืืŸ ืคืจ 
ืฐืฒื‘ืจ ืื•ื ืณ ืคืืจ ืžืฒื“ืฆื™ืš ื’ื™ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ื™ืืจ ื“ืืฉ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื“ืจืฒื ื”ื•ื ึพ 
ื“ืจื˜ ื–ืขืงืฉ ืื•ื ืณ ืคื™ืจืฆื™ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืจ ื“ืขืž ื’ืฐืื™ืฆื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืฒื ื™ื  ืฉื˜ืขืคื”ืืŸ 
ื™ืจืดื” (ื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื•) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืงืจืืงื." ืฉื•ืฆืžืืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขืจื” (ืื•ื™ืš ื–. 25 ) ื–ืขืงื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืฐืื ืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื— ื“ืขืž ืืค- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื–^ ืคื™ืฉืฆื. ื“ืืจื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืข.ื–ืื’ื˜; ืดื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• 
ื’ื ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฆ ื™ื—ื•ืฉื”." ืฆื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ื“ ืงืื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื ื ืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืจืขืจ ืดื‘ืชื•ืšืด ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจืฒื– (ืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ,ืดื‘ืื•ืšืด). ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื ืื•ืš ืคื•ื ื ืื™ื“. 


17 ) ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื•ื—ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื–ืืจื’ืŸ 

ืงืฒืŸ ืคืื˜ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืŸ ื&ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื–ืœ ืคื™ืฉืœื ืœื™ื“โ™ฆ ื‘ื™ื™ ึพืด-ึพ 
213 ึพ 207 .ืงืง , 1923 ยฃ: 1 ื’ ยฃ1 ^ 3111 :( 6 , 631 ยง 61:861:21111 ืœ 61116 ืœ 61 6 ืœ 6111:8โ‚ฌ1 ื’)ึพ 18611 ื’) 116 ^ 3 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื™ื-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžืชโ™ฆ 





ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืคื™ืจ ืคืืจืคืืืขืจื™ื ืก, ื“ืืจืฃ* ื“ื ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืžืขืŸ โ– ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืงื” ื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ื™ื ืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืคืืื˜ ื ืžื•ืืจ- 
ืืคืจ ืดืžื™ื ื™ื–ืช ืจื‘ืงื”ืด(ืจื‘ืกื”ื ืื) ืื•ืŸ ื ืดืฉืžื—ืช-ืชื•ืจื”-^ื™ื“ืด 18 ) โ€ข 


ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืื ื ?ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื 5 ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื’ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ืื˜. ืืณืื™ื– ืืฒื’ื ื˜^ืขืš ื ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืขืžืข, ืฐืื ื–ืดืขืจ ืฆืื, ืฐื™ 
ืืณื“ืขืจืฆืฒืฆื˜ ื“ืจ. ืž. ืฐืฒื ืจืฒืš, ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจืฒืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืข^ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 19 ). ืดืจืื ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒ^ืŸ ื–ืฒ (ื“ื™ ืคืืขืžืขืก) ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืคืขื ื 
ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื ืฉืจืคื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขื™^ื›ืข ื˜ืขืžืขื ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ื“ืืš, ื ืŸืฒื ืžื^ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคืข^ื˜." ืก 2 ) ืคืื ื ืคืืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ืื™ืฆื˜ืŸ, < 5 ื•ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืข^ื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ื’ืฒืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืชืคื™^ื”, ืื“ืขืจ 
ื ืชื—ื™ื ื”, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืฆืฒืŸื• ืดืืฒืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ ื ืฒื 
ื’ื™ืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ื– ืฐืืจื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื– ื’ื™ื˜ืจืื‘ื˜." ื‘^ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื ื”, 
ื—ืฒืื˜ ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืคืืขืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืžืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืคืขืจื–ื™ืงืข ืื˜ืจืืคืขื, ืฐืื ^ืื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ: ืดืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’." ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืืจื™ืื ื˜ 
ืดื‘ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืงื™ื“ื—ืด ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื“ื”. ืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืดื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ืด ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืืจื˜: ืดืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื^ืžื›ื˜ื™ื’ืจืด, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืจืืคืข 
(ื“ืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื ืฒืขื ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘, ื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ื- 
ืฉื˜ืื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืฅ, ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืื ืžืณื”ืื˜ ืืžืืฆื™ืงืข ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฐืขื ื™ืง ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ). 


18 > ื“ืื ืดืฉืžื—ืชึพืชื•ืจื”ึพืœื™ื“ืด ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืœืขื™ืื ืึพืงืื˜ืืœืื’ 
ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8087 ืณ ืกืกืกืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 ืณ 0817 . ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืงืื ื˜ 
ืงืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืœืื ืขโ€ข ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืึพ 
ื ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืดืžื™ื ืงืช ืจื‘ืงื”ืด ืŸืคืจืื โ€ข 1009 ) ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ (ืงืจืืงืขืณ 1018 ) ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื“ืขืคืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืขืงื–โ€ข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืืœืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืืขืžื™ื ืืจ, ื โ€ข ื™โ€ขโ€”ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจโ€ข ืจื‘ืงื” ื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ื™ื ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ืขืก: โ€”ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืณืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ 1890 . ืคืดื  ื‘. ืฉื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ืชืจืขืดื‘. 
1911 ืณ ื–โ€ข 42 โ€ข 

19 ) ื“ืจ. ืžโ€ข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื™ื™ืš โ€” ืดืžื ื™ืœืช ื•ื•ื™ื ืฅืด โ€” ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืขืžืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืšืŸึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš: ืดืฉื˜ืืคืœืขืŸืด^-ืคื™ืจ ืขื˜ื™ื•ื“ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืื›ื•ื–ื™ืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืคืดื . ืดื•ื•ืืื˜ืืงืด. ื‘ืขืจึพ 
ืœื™ืŸืณ 1923 โ€ข 





ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืคืืขืžืข ืคืื™ืŸ^ืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืืืขืจื™ืŸ, ืื– ืจื™ ืžื’ืคื” ืจื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืืฐืขืง ื ืืš ืžืขื’ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงื™ืฆืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืงื˜, ืฐืื ื“ื™ ืงืจืื’ืงืข ื˜ืฒื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืค ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืฒื ^ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืืจ 
ืฐืื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื’ืจืื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฑืคืŸ ืืฆื’ืขืžืฒื ืขื ื‘ื™ืชึพืขื•ื™ืฆื. 
ืดืื•ื ืณ ื“ืื– ืื™ื– ?ืฒื“ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืฉื˜ื™ ืคืฒืŸ, ืื– ืขืฑ (ื“ืขืจ ืžืช) ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฒื ื–ืื ื‘ื™ื’ืจื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸืด, ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืืืขืจื™ืŸ. ืฐืฒื ื“ืื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืขื–ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื ืฒื“ ื“ืืจืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืดืงื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœืณ. ื ืืš 
ื ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐืืž ืงื™ืฆืฒื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื•ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื’ืคื”. 
ืื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ื–ืื™ืฆื™ืจื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืืš ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืฆ ื˜ืจืฒืื˜โ€”ื–ืฒ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื›ืื˜ืฉ ื‘ืฒื ื™ืฆืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฒื˜ื˜ ืคืืจ^ืื–ื˜. ืืณืื™ื– 
ื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฒื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืดื—ืžืฉื” ืื’ืฉื™ืืด, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืดืคืจื•ืžื” ืฐืฒื‘ืจืด ืื•ืŸ ืดืคื™^ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชืชืด, ืฐืื ื’ืฒืขืŸ-ืืจื•ื ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืดื˜ื•ื’ืŸ ืคื™ืฆ ื’ื•ื˜ืฅ ื“ื™ ืงืจื ืงืŸ ?ืฒื˜ืด ืื•ืŸ ืดื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ื•ื (ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื) 
ืื•ื’ืณ ืฆืื–ืŸ ืงืฒื ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื‘ ื’ื™ืŸ." ืื•ื™ืš ืดืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ื–ืข 5 ื‘ืจ 
ืืจื•ื ื’ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื’ืณ ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืฐืืฉ ื“ื•ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื’ืฆืš ื–ืณื™ื™ืŸ." ื“ืื ืคืฒื ื™ืฆืขื›ืื˜ืข ืื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืื•ืื˜ื–ืฒืŸ, ืฐืื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื’ืคื” ืฐืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืฆื“ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื’ืคื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฒื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื ืื™ื– ื’ืจืื“ ืคืืจ ืคืื—. ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงืืŸ 
ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืณืฆื‘ื•ืฆ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืืจ. 
ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืคืืจืคืืืขืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒ ื ืื˜: 

ืดืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืŸื’ืื˜} ื˜ื•ื ืืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื•ืืฉ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืœืŸ ื’ื™ืคื™ื’ืŸ ื—ืŸ ื•ื—ืื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืืจ ืื•ื™ื’ื™ืŸ. 

ืืœื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืจื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืŸื•ืŸืœ ืขืจืฉ ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’." 


ืฐืฒืœโ€”ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ: 

ืดืื•ื“ืจ (ืื“ืจ) ืื™ื– ื“ืืš ืืŸ ื’ืจืฒืž. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืฉื” ืฆืจื”. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืืŸื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืจื•ื™ื– ื’ื™ื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืจื™ื™ื“. 21 > 

ื–ืืœืฉื˜ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืž ืืš (ืื•ื™ืš) ื’ื™ื“ืขื’ืงืŸ 
ืื•ื ืณ ืœืื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืืœื™ ืงืจืขื’ืงืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’." 


ืก 2 ) ื–ืข: ื“ืืจื˜โ€”ื–. 143 . 

21 ) ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื“ื•โ€”ืžื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 





ืจืขืจืฆื• ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ, ืื–: 

ืดืฐื™ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืขื™ื‘ืจ (ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ) 

ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ข 

ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืขื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื—ืดื• (ื—ืกึพื•ืฉืœื•ื) ืฉื™ืจ ืคืจ ื“ืืจื‘ืŸ. 

ืคื™ืœ ื’ื•ื˜ืฅ ื–ืืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื’ื™ื’." 

ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืฉื˜ื ืฐืขืจ ืกืณื–ืื™ืฆ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื“ื” ืฒื“ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ืื˜ืื“ืข ืคืืจืœืื–ืขื’ืข ืฉืขืคืขืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืข ื”^ื–ืคืขึพ 
ื ื•ื’ื’ ืื™ื– ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื. ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื’ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื˜ืจืืคืข: 
ืดื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื ื‘ื˜โ€ข 

ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืžื” ืฉืขืคืœืš ื–ืืœืฉื˜ื• ื—ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ ืื›ื˜. 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืณ (ื‘ื™ืื˜) ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื”ืจื˜ 22 ) ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืืŸื–. 

ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื‘ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืืŸ*: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’." 

ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืคืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื’ืื‘ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ. ืžืณื“ืืจืฃื™ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื™ืขื’ืข ืฆืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉื“ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ื“ ืคืืขืžืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฒื’ื“ื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื’ื“ื™ืงึพ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงึพื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืขื“ ื–ืืจ 23 ). ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ 
ืืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืขื’ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืคืฒื ืขื ื—ื•ืฉ 
ื‘ืฒื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืื•ืงื™ื, ืฐืื 
ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ ืคืืขืžืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืข: ืดื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืณ 
ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ื“ ื–ืฒื ืŸ ื“ืฒื ื™ ืฉืื”ืด (ืคื•ืŸโ€”ืดืื ื• ืฆืื’ืš ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืขื ื•ืด), 
ืื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜โ€”ืดืืœื™ ื˜ืืจืŸ (ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ) ื–ืขื ืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ (ื—ื•ืฅ) ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸืด ืคื•ืŸโ€”ืดืžืฑื ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื ืขืœื• ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืคืœื”... 

ื•ืืขืคืดื™ ืฉืฉืขืจื™ ืชืคืœื” ื ื ืขืœื• ืฉืขืจื™ ื“ืžืขื” ืœื ื ื ืขืœื•ืด (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื” ืœืดื‘, 
ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืณ). 


22 ) ื”ืจื˜โ€”ืคืืื˜ื•ืš. 

23 ) ื‘ื“ืื™ ื“ื ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืืฒืจืืคืขืื™ืฉืข ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 

ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืฒืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงึพื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืดื“ื™ 
ืคืืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื™ืื“ืดโ€”,ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคืจืืค. ื“ื–ืฉืื“ืืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจึพ 
ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 17 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™'ืืจื”.โ€” โ–  ยฃ11 ืด 611166 ื–ื™ 56 

68 :!ืก 11 ืก 311 , 11168 ื  1 ^: 1 ยง 110 ื› 11 ื’ 1 , 11168 ืง^: 1 ยงืก 1 ื› 1 : 81101:1 

. 61:811:7 ^ 01111 . 113113 ) 111 111 11811 ยง.ืžยฃ ยฃืก : ยฃ68301 ืก: 1 ? , โ‚ฌ18011 .ื˜^ 3 111 ื› 1:1 ืก 0 : ยฃ61 > 3.11 ^ 16 ^/ 7 <! 
(/ื™ .?) 1927 ,. 060 , 111111018 , 0 ยง โ‚ฌ11163 . 638 ึพ 1 ?ึพ 0 ยง โ‚ฌ11103 ยฃืก 61:811:7 ^^ 0111 116 * 1 





ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืคืืขืžืข, ืงืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ืืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™^ื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืขื ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื !ื“ืืจืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืคืืจื’ืขืืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ื, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืืขืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ื•ืื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ, ืฆืฐืฒื˜ื ื, ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ ืืค ื“ื™ ืืฒื ึพ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืจืฒืŸึพืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืฆื™ืกื˜ ืืค ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื”ื^ื˜- 
5 ืขืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืื˜ืจืืคืขื. 

ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืข^ืข ืงืื’ืื˜ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืื›ืขืจ, 

ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืฐืขื ื™ืงืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืื™ืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืณืคื™^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื ืฐืื•ืงื, 
ื ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคืจืขื˜ืืฆื™ืข. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– 
ืฉืจืขืงื™ืฆืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื’ืคื”: 

ืดื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื ื•ื•ืฒืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื• ืขืœื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸโ€ข 

ืื•ื ืณ ืฉื˜ืขืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื” ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ 8 ืฒืŸ. 

ื–ืืœืฉื˜ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจ ื ืื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ืชืŸื™ื™ืœื” ืืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸโ€ข 

ืื•ื ืณ ืื•ื ื– ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืœืื–ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’โ€ข" 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืฑื• ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืขื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ืข, ื–ื™ ื’ืจืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจึพ 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืฐืฒ? ื“ืื ืฐืฒื˜ืขื“ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืงืืŸ ื–ืฒื– ื ืืš 
ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃื™ ื–ืืฆ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒื˜ื’ื: 

ืดื‘ืจืขื ื’ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ื™ืŸื– ืื•ื ื– ื‘ื™ืฆืฒื˜ืŸโ€ข 

ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืคืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸโ€ข 

ืœืื– ืื•ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืŸโ€ข 

ืœืื– ืื•ื ื– ื—ืŸ ื•ื—ืกื“ ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืŸื– 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’โ€ข" 

ื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜ืœืขืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืขืžืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืื•ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื“ 


ืดื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืžืื“ื ืข ื‘ืืืฒื ืคืœื•ืื˜ ืืฒื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 'ื ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืืจืืคืจืื–ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื ืฑืดื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžืคืืจืื ื˜ื•ื•ืืฑื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜." ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืคืืขื–ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื“ื•ืชึพื–ืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ึพ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื™ื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข 64 ื– ยฃ1 )ยฃ- 61:56 /'ื™ 5 ื™ 1 ื– 16 ืžืก^)!\ยฃืกื– 1 (ืกืก< 1 
. 51171921 ื– 6 ืณ 111 ื• 01 1 >: 1 ืกยฃ* 0 โ– [ 7 ^ 85567 ืณื’ื–ืกื–ืž^ืกโ€ข!?[ 3 11 ) 1 ืด' 

ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื”ื•ื™ืคื˜, ืื– ืดืื™ืŸ ืก^ืดื˜ืŸ ืื•^ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ 17 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”. ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืฐืขื ื™ืง ืคืืขื–ื™ืข, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขื–ืณ ( 1 โ€ข 14 :โ€ข) 





ืคืจื•ื™ืื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ื–, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื^ืฒื–ื•ื ื’ ื–ืื™ืฆ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืดื‘ 5 ื“" 
(ื‘ื^ื“). ืื™ืจ ืคืืขืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืคืืŸ ืืŸ ื ืดื’ืขื˜^ื™ืจ ^ื™ื“ืดโ€”?ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜; 

ืดืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœื™ืš ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃื• ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ืืœื™ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืืœ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืฉืดื™ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืืœ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจ ืืœื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืŸโ€ข 

ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืืœ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืœื“ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืœื ื“ ืื ื™ื™ืŸ." 


ื—ื ื” ื›ืดืฅ ืื™ื– ื ืืืจืืืืขืจื™ืŸ ื ืžืืจืืœ-ืคืจืขื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืื ืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ-ืจืฒื’ืงืฒื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื-ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืฒืื˜. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืดื“ืจืฉื”ืด, ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
?ื™ื“ ืดืชืค^ื” ืœืฉื‘ืชืด, ืฐืื• ื–ื™ ืฐื™ืœ ื ืืจ ื’ืื˜ื ืดืœื•ื‘ (ืœื•ื™ื‘) ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™^ืŸ 
(ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœืŸ),ืด ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื“ืืงื˜ื™ืฉ: 

ืดื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื“ืฉ) ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ (ื–ื•ื›ื”) ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืงื™ื ื“ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ (ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื•ื ืณ ื›ื‘ื•ื“) ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ." 

ืื™ืจ ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืืฉื˜ืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ืืณืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืฒืœืŸ โ€” 

ืคื™ืจ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืืฒื ื™ืงื˜ (ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ื›ืดืฆื, ืฐืฒืฆ ืžืณืื™ื– 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืื˜). ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื•ืง ืืฒื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืฒ?ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜. 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืข ื ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืื ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืื— ืคื•ืŸ, ืื– ืดืžืฉื™ื— ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸืด, ืดืื– 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืฆืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ื’ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืด ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืดื™ืฆืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ืืด, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืจืฉื” ื‘ืณ, 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจืฒ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ^ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืืืขืจื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜, ื–ื^ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืดื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืื•ืช ื,ื•ื ืณ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ืœ (ื“ืืจื˜) ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื ื“ ื ืืš ืื–ื• ื’ืจืขืืจ.ืด 24 ). ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืจืฉื— 
ืฐืืจื ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืฒื‘ืขืจืฉืข ืฉืฐืื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™: ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื ื, ื’ืฒืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ื”ืืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื—ื˜ืื™ื. 


24 ) ืื™ื ืคื–ืขืจืขืืื ืคื– ืื™ื–, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึพ 
ืจื™ืžืคื–ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฐ ืดืขืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื”ืดื• ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื• ืื ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ 



ื—ื ื” ื›ืดืฅ ืื™ื– ื ืฆืžืจื ื˜ืข, ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืณืคืืจื˜ืฒื˜ืณืื˜ ืคืื•ืกื™ื, 
ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืฆื˜ ืžืขืฉืฑืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ืขื ืจืขื, ืฐืขืฆื›ืข <ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื•ืฒื–ื˜ ืืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื•ื™ืค 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจืฉื”) ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืดืื•ื™ื– ื’ืžืจื•ืช 
ืื•ื ืณ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื™ื– ื’ื™ืงืฆื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ื ืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืืคืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉืจื™ืคืŸ.ืด 
ื“ืืš, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ื›ื•ื ื“ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ื™^ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืฆืขืจื ื˜ืงืฒื˜, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื• 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืืจ ื“ืจืฒืื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ืจืฑืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฐืื ื–ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขื: ืดืื•ืค >ื’ื™ืจ ืฐืขืฆื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ื ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฉ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ืจืืคื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืจ (ืืคืขืจ) ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื— ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจืฉื” ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืจ ืฉืฆืืคื™ืŸ.ืด ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื–, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื“ืข 
ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืฒื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืืจ ื™ืขื ืขื, ืดืื™ืš ื˜ื•ื ืžื™ืš ื–ืขืฆื‘ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒื ืขืŸืด, ืฉืจืฒืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืคืจื•ืžืข ืฒื“ืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืฆึพื“ืจืฉื ื˜ืข ืฆื• ืฐื™ืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื™ืฐืชื“ื™ืง: ืดืฐืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืืฉ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฆืขื‘ื™ืŸ, ื“ืฉ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืืฒืŸ (ืจืจืฉื”) ื“ืจ ื ืขื‘ืŸืด.โ€”ืืฒืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจึพ 
ืงืฆืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืฉืจืฒืคื ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื”ืฒืฆื™ืงืข ื–ืืš, ื ืžืฆื•ื”: ืดืื™ืš 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ, ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ื–ืืฆ ื“ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงื•ืžืŸืด. 
(ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืŸโ€”*ื“ืื ืคืฒื ืข ืฐืืจื˜ืฉืคื™ืฆ: ืดื–ื™ืŸโ€”ื–ื™ื ื“ืด). 

ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจืข ืฉืจืฒืคื˜ ื–ื™. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ื“ืฉื” ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืืŸ ืดืฆื™ืจืด: 

ืดื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ื“ ืคืจ ื ืขืžืŸ ืขื‘ืŸืดโ€ข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ื–ื™: ืดื“ืฉ 
ืฉืจืฒื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ื ื” ื”ืขื ื“ืด ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืฆ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจโ€”ืดื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืฉืคืฆื” ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจืŸืด. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืืŸ: ืดืื™ืš ืฐื™ืฆ ื ืืš ื.ืฒืŸ ืžืืฆ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืคืขืŸ ืจืฒื‘ืŸืด (ืดืจืฒื‘ืŸโ€”ืฉืืจืคืŸ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืื“ืจื•ืง, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื ืขืคืืื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขื ื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคืขืจืขืจ, ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืฆื›ืขืจ ืžืณืคืฆืขื’ื˜ ืืžืืฆื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒืคืŸ). ืจื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืื˜ ื–;ืืš ื ืฉืขื ืขืจืŸ, ื ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื ื”ื•ื™ืค: ืดืื™ืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืžื” ืฐืฒื‘ืจืŸ, ื“ืืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื” ืฉืคืฆื” 
ืฉืจืฒื‘ืจืŸืด. 


ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืฉื”ืฑืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ: ืดื•ืฑืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ื•ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, 
ื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืฆืœ ืžืงื ืื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขืด 
(ืดื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืงืืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื ืื”, ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ). ืกืณื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืฒึพ 
ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ. ื“ื™ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืขื‘ึพ 
ืจืขืื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื™ื‘ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“.ืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜โ€ข ืข.ืง. 





ืืืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฆื™ืค. ^ื›ืชื—ื™^ื” ื’ืดื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื“ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื‘ืืฉืจืฒื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื^ืฒืŸ, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒืฉืคื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื“ืขืจึพ 
ืฆืฒืื˜ ืžืขืฉืฑืช, ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื“ื˜ ืคืื•ืงื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื•ืืจ-ื”ืฉื›ื, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืืจื?. 

ื—ื ื” ื›ืดืฑ ืคืืจืžืื’ื˜ ื ืจืฒื›ืข ืฉืคืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืฆื›ืข ืื•ื™ืื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ 
ืดืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขื ื™ื“ืŸืด, ืดืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื•ื ืณ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ (ื–ื™ืš ืขื™ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ)" 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ืขื“ ื”ืฑื ืคืืจื‘ืฆื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ. ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒืŸ ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ึพ 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฒ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ ืคืืจื ืดืคืจืื’ืด ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืื›ืฐืืจื˜ ืดืคืจืื’ืขืด, ืฐืื 
ืžืขื ื“ืข^ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคืจื•ืืฐื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฒื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ 25 ). ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืฐืขื“ื™^ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืฒื“ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ื^ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’^ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ืืจ ืฆื™ ืจืืจืš ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฉื˜ืข^ืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืคืจืืš ืื™ื– ืจื™ ืคืืจืคืืืขืจื™ืŸ ืืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืืคืืจื™ืื˜ื™ืฉ. ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืคืื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืžืจื•ืช. ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฒ ืืฒ: 
ืดื“ืขืŸ ื“ืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’^ืฒืš ืื– ืืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืื›ื ืจ ืฉืืจื‘ืŸืด (ืคื•ืŸโ€”ืดืžืฉืฆ 
ื›ื—ืจื ื”ื ืฉื‘ืจืด), ืื“ืขืจ: ืดื“ืขืŸ (ืฆืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข) ืฉื ืฒื˜ ืขืจื’ืจ ืื– ืืฒืŸ ืžืขืืจืด 
โ€”ืคื•ืŸ ืดื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื›ืžืจืงืจื•ืช ื—ืจื‘ืด (ืžืฉื™ืฆื™ ื™ื‘/ ื™ื—ืณ) ืื•ืŸ: ืดื“ื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ืŸ 
(ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ) ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒื ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ ื’ืืจ, ืื•ื ืณ ื™ื“ืฉ ื™ืฆืขืคื™^ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒืš, ื“ื– 
ืขืจ ื–ื^ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืดโ€”ืคื•ืŸ ืดืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืฆื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ื^ื™ื— ืจื›ื— 
ืฉืื ื™ืฉืžืข ืื“ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืš ืื™^ื™ื” ^ืชื•ื›ื”ืด (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืจ^ ื”/ 
ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืณ). 

ื“ื•ื™ื–^ ืคื™ืฉ^ื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืชื”ื™^ื™ืึพืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืื”ืณื 
ืดืชืคื™ื™ืฆื”ืด ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืขื ืขืจืŸ 
ืฐืขืจื˜. ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืžืขืจืงืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจื ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1586 ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืข ื”ืื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืดืชืคื™ื™^ื”ืด ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืดื’ื™ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื^ื™ ืื•ืชืฑืช ืžื™ื˜ (ืื™ืจืข) ืืฒื’ื ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื“ืด, ืื™ืŸ ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜, ืดื ืืš ืขื˜ืฐืืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืจ ืฆืฐืขืœืŸื– 
ื™ืืจืŸืณ/ 


25 ) ืื™ืŸ ืดืคื™ืฉืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ (ื–ืด 69 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1888 )* 
ืดืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜^ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืขื’:ืด "(ื–ืข: ืดื“ื™ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืšืด'โ€”ึพื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืคืืจ ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืจืื›ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ* ืืจื•ื™ืกื’โ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืดืงืื˜ืŸืŸื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ ;ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข โ€”ืงืืืค. ืคืดื’ ืดืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืœื™ื’ืขืด/ !ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’โ™ฆ ื ื•ืžโ€ข 6 โ€” 4 , ื™ื•ืœืฒืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 
ืงื™ืขืฐ^ 1927 โ€” ื ืื˜ื™ืขืŸ: ื ืดืคืจืื’ืขืณ ืื“ืขืจ ื ,/ืคืจืขื’ืด) โ™ฆ 


10.111 



ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืข 5 ื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื^ื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื ื ืคืืจ ืฉื˜ืข^ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ื™ื ืจื ืžื•ืืจ- 
ืกืคืจ ืดืžื ืงืช ืจื‘ืงื”ืด, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืข^ื›ืข ืืณืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืืคื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜, ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืขืจื ืื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื˜ืจืื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒืฉืคื™ืฆ 

ืื˜ ืฐื™ ืจื‘ืงื” ื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ื™ื ืจ, ื?ืฒืŸ ื ื™ืฆืžืจื ื˜ืข (ืดื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื ื™ืช ืžืจืช 
ืจื›ืงื”ืด) ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืื™ืฆืื ื˜ืคื•^ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืืจืคืืื˜ ื 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืื :ื ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืืคืจ, ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื–ื ื”ื•ื™ืš-ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืณื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื•ื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืื™ืข, 
ืฐืืก ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคืฆืขืงื˜: ืดืจืื” ืจืื™ืชื™, ื‘^ื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืชืณึพ, ืงื• 5 ื™ 
ื”ืจื™ืžื•ืชื™ ื•ืงืจืืชื™, ื”ื ื” ืขืชื” ื‘ืืชื™, ื•ื”ืฑื ื™ืฆืืชื™, ื•ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ืžืฆืืชื™, 
ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื• 5 ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืืจ ื ืœื™ืชื™, ื•ืžืžื ื• ืฉืชื™ืชื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ 
ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื‘ื™, ื 5 ื›ื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื, ืืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ืชื™, ื•ืชื’ื™ืฆื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™, ืฉื™ืฉืชื• ืื™ืžื™ื 
ืื•ืจืš, ื™ืฆืงืฒื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉืชื” ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ื•ืžื‘ืจื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืจืšืด ื. ื. ืฐ. 
(ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€” ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื ืงืช ื“ื‘ืงื”). 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื›ืŸ (ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ) ื ืืš ื‘ื•^ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ- 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ: ืดืฐืฒื ืื™ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฉื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื ื™ืช ืžืจืช ืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจืจ 
ืžืื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ื™ื ืจ ื–ื™^ืณ ื“ื™ื ื“ืืฉ ืกืคืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื›ื˜, ืื•ื ืณ ื’ื™ืžื›ื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ืจ 
ื›ืฐื ื” ืื•ื™ืŸื™ ืื™ื™ื˜^ ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื™ืฐืขืฉื˜ ื˜ืื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื ื›ื˜, ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” 
5 ื’ืžืจื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ืคืจื›ื˜. ืื•ืจืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืฉ 
ื— ื™ ื“ ื• ืฉ ืž ื™ ืŸ ื’ ื™ ื” ืข ืจ ื˜ ื ื• ื“ ืจ ื’ ื™ ื– ืข ื” ืŸ. ื“ ื– ื ื™ ื– 
ืื™ื‘ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ืืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืฉื” ื”ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืจืŸ ืงืืค ื•ื•ืืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื ื™โ€ข 
ื• ื• ืข ื– ืŸ . ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืขื˜ ืคืื•ืงื™ื ืื•ื ืณ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืฑื– ื’ื™ 5 ืขื–ื•. ื“ืจื•ื 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืฉ ?ืื–ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื”ืŸืด ื. ื. ืฐโ€ข 26 ). 


28 ) ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ืื˜ ืœื™ื‘ื ืืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืง ืงืืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืคืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืšื• ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืืœืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ, ื•;. ื™., ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒื ื˜ ื™ืฆื”ืง ืจื™ื‘ืงื™ื ื“. 
(ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ื’ืขืจ). ืข. ืง. 





ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘, ื•ื•ืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ืืคืขื ืขื, ื›ืื˜ืขื– ืจืข^ื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืš, 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืจืขื–ื•ืฆื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืณืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉืข 
ื›ืฐื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืืคื™ืจืื˜ืืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืืจ ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืžื™ื˜ 5 ืฆื• ืขืคืขื, ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฆืฐืขืง ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื 5 ืฒืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืฒื’ืขื ืข 
ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื’ืฆืขื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืดืื™ื‘ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ืืจืŸืด (ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืข ื™ืืจืŸ) 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืจืขืž^ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืง^ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื^ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ืื ื’ืขืฉืคื™^ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืจ?ืŸื–?ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืื‘ื™^ื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืืš ื ื’ืจืขืืขื“ืข ืคืขื•^ื”. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืœื›ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืืจ ื ื”ื™ืฆืšึพ 
^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืืจ ืจื™ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ืคื^ืงืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข 
ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉ^ืื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื 
ื–ืข^ื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ืจื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื ื‘ืื˜ืฒื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆืฒืŸ, 
ืฐืฒื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืคืจืฒื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ 
ืื ื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ. 

ื“ืื 16 ืื•ืŸ 17 ึพื˜ืข ื™ืืจื”. ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืฆื™ึพืคืขืจื™ืื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืข^ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืืณื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื˜ืฒื˜ื ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืื˜ืข ืฆืื ืฐืขืจืง. 

ื“ืื 18 ึพื˜ืข ื™ืืจื”. ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืืฆื ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข^ืขื‘ื˜ ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ืงืฒืŸ ื ืฒืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉืืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืงื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืึพ 
ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืื™ื“ื•ืช 27 ). 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืฆืคื˜ 19 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”. ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื– ื ื ืฒืข 
ืขืคืื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืณ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืืณื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ 


1811 )ืณ 


(27 


ื“ื™ ืดืกืคื•ืจื™ ืžืขืฉืฐืช ืœืžื”ืจืดืŸ ( 1815 ) ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจืืฆืœืืฐืขืจ ( 1772 ึพ 
ึพื–ืื ื˜ ื ื™ื’ืขืจ^ (ื–ืข โ™ฆ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸโ™ฆ ^/ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืณ/ ื โ™ฆ ื•., 


1921 ) ืื™ื– ืืฒื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ/ ืฐืืก ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐื“ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ/ ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจโ™ฆ ^ ^ 





ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืž. ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื“ื™ ื ืŸืฆื–ื–ืื™ืณื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฒื— 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ^โ€”ืžืขื•-ืจืข^ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืคืจื™ื. 

ืืณื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ^ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ืื•โ€ข* 
ืื›ื˜ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 19 -ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”., ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ึพ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉโ–  
ืฐืข^ื˜^ืขื›ืขืจ ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืื“ืขืจื ืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคืฉื˜ืข^ืขืจื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื–ืฒ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื™ืฆืขื™ืืจืข, ืฐืื ื‘ืืฆืดื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื• ื• ื™ ื™ ื˜ ืข ื  ืž ื™ ืข ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืžืื“ืขื“ื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืฉืืคื•ื ื’. 

ื–ืฒืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืืคืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื“ื™ ืขืคืื›ืขโ€”ืขืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ืค ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ืงืื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืคื• 5 ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ?ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ 
ืื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 





11 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื”ื^ื‘ึพื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฒืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืื,ื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื^ืฅ ืืคื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
^ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื™ื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ืื”-ืขืคืื›ืข, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฉ 
ืฒืจื™ืฉืŸ ืืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืื–ืŸ ื ืฒืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืณืื™ื– ืื ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื ื”ืขืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืžืฑ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒืขืŸ 
ื ืขื“ืื ืง,โ€”ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ื ืืš ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืฆื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืคื ืขื–ื•ื ืจืขืจื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืงืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืดืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืื ื’ืด ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ืื”, ื•ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื.ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒื^ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืฒืื˜ื™ืงืŸ 5 ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืขื‘ื ื-ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ. 
ื“ืื ืืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›^ื”-ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืฐื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืื” ื”ืื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืจ ื ื”ื^ื‘ืข ื‘ืืคื“ืฒืื•ื ื , ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ื‘ื- 
ืคืจืฒืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ื ืื ืฆืŸ ืคื 5 ืง ื“ืืจื•ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ืฆื”, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืฆืฒื˜, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ืฐืขืจืŸ ืจืฒืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืขืงื•ืืืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฒืจื™ืฉืข ^ืขื‘ืŸ. ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืจ ื 
ื‘ืื“ืฒื˜ื ืข ืขืคืื›ืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืคืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืจ-ื›?- 
ืื•ืš ื™ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืขื ืืขื‘ื ืก-ืฉื˜ืฒื’ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ื 5 ื ื’ืืฒื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื–ืข^ืฉืืคื˜ืืขื›ืŸ ืณ^ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ?ืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืืจืฆืขื ื“^ื™ื ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 19 -ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื^ืื ื“, ืฐืื• ืืณื”ืื˜ 
ื’ืข^ืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื 5 ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืืืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒืื•ื ื’ื-ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืคืจืฒืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. ื–ื™ ืจื•ืงื˜ ืจืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื 
ืจืฒ ื˜ื•ืขืจื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืฆื›ืข ืื ื˜ืฉืœืืืขื ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื”ืขืื™ืข 





ื”ืขืฆืคืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื•ื–ื•ื™ื’ ื ืฒื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืืจืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ื ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ, ืืžืช, ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒืื•ื ื’ื-ื ืืฐืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืข^ื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื ื–ืื’ 
ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžืื ืื™ืคืืฆื™ืข, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืŸ ืื ืžื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื^ืดื– ืžืขืจ ืคื™^ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ^ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืืฆื•ื‘ืืฐืฒื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขโ€ข 
ื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืคืฒืื™ืงืดื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืž ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืŸ 
ืฆื•ืื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืื˜ืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขื ืฒืจื™ืฉืŸ ^ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืืจื˜ ืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืืคื™ื™ืฆื• 
ืกืฒืŸ ืจืจื™ืกืช ื”ืจื ืฆ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืจื™ืžึพืฉืคื™ื™ืฆ โ€” ื“ืขื ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืด 

ืฐืื• ืืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฒื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืืจ ืžืขื ืขืจืด ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื™ืฆื›ืขื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆืฅ 
ื ืืš ื’ืขืคืขืื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืืคื™ื™^ื• ืคืืจ ืดื‘ืื‘ืขึพื™ืื›ื ืขืดึพืจื^ืขื,โ€”ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื˜ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ื’ืขึพ 
ืฐืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ืฑ< ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืื˜ืจื^ืข 
ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืขื ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืฐืืื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืข^ืฉืืื˜ื™ืฆืขื›ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืข^ืฉืืคื˜ื™ืฆืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืจื™ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืฉืคื™^ืขืจื™ืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ืฐืฒื˜ ืืคื’ืขืงืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐืืจื™ื ืืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฆืื™ืฆื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืฆืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืคืืฆืง, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ, <ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒื˜ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื ืืš ื‘ืืฆืฐืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืื ืณืข ืคืจื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื™ืฆื›ืข 
ื”ืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ืขืฐื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืืฆื•ื’ื™ืืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื’ืขืคื™ืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืจืขืจืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืขื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™^ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ืฆืขื›ืข 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืจื™ ืจืฒืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒื“^ืขืš, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจื, ืฐืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขื“ 
ืฉืคืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืš. ืื“ืื ืง ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฒื“ืฆืขืš, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจื ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ืืžืช, ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืืžืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืืจืฆืฒื˜ื™ืงืข ืื˜ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื– 





ืื‘ืขื“ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืฐืข^ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 8 ื—ื•ืฅ ื–ื™ืืฆืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืจืฒื“, ืฐืืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืคืจืขืžื“, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. 


ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื– ืื›ื˜ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 19 ื—ื˜ื– ื™ืืจื”โ€ข ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 'ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืงืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ืื‘ืขืงืงื 28 ) 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืจืื–ื ื ื^ื“ืฉื˜ืฒื– 29 >. ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืืจื”โ€ข 30 )โ€ข 

ืจืื–ื ื ืืื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื ื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ^ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฆื™ื˜ื” ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ืงื”ึพืขืคืื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืืฆื™ืืงึพื’ืขื–ืขืฆืฉืืคื˜^ืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืžืขื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงื‘ืŸ ื™ืืจืฆืขื ื“ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ืฉื•ื™ืจืงื˜: ื“ื•ืจ ืขืจืขืงืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืžืืจื™ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐืืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ึพ 
ืงืื ื“, ืฉ. ืคืจื•ื  ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืืงืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื ืจืื–ืขื ืคืขืงื“, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 

ื“ืื ื™ืืจ 1888 ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืงืื ื“ ืื™ื– 
ื ื‘ืื“ืฒื˜ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืื˜ืข, ืฐืขืŸ ืืณื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืค^ืขึพ 
ื‘ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ: ืฉืงื•ืึพืขืงื™ื›ืžืก ืดืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืงืงืึพ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื”ืขืงืด ืื•ืŸ ืืคืขืงื˜ืืจื ืดื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–-ืคืจืฒื ืจืด, ืฐืื ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืืŸ 
ืจื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื™ืฆื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”ืื˜ ืจืื–ื ื’ืืงื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืืคื’ืขืจืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืงื™ื“ ืดื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆ ืคืื—ืด ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฒื™ืฆืื’ืข ืฆื•ื ืดืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืคืื™ืฆืงืึพื‘ื™ืฆืื˜ื˜ืด. ืื˜ ื“ืื ืงื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ื™ืฆืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื”ืขืงืด ( 1891 โ€” 1892 ) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 


28 ) ืื™ืŸ ืดื”ื•ื™ื–ืคืจื™ื™ื’ื“ืด โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. 1 ื‘โ€ข ืจืขื“. ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ืกืคืขืงื˜ืืจ. ืฐืืจืฉืขโ€ข 1888 

29 ) ืื™ืŸ ืดื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขื ืคืืœืงืึพื‘ืœืื˜ื˜ืด โ€” ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœืื’ืข. ืจืขื“โ€ข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจ. 

ืœโ€ข ืโ€ข ืงืื’ื˜ืืจโ€ข ืกื˜."ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’โ€ข 1888 

30 ) ื–ืขื• /ื–ืกื–ืžืกืก !})ืžืกืกื–ืกืž!!! 116 ) ืž) ืกื–ืกื–ืกื–ืก)!โ– ! ยฃืก ื–ืจ 1 ืก;) 1118 

ื™โ€” 187 , 116 .ืงืง . 11111110 ^ . 0 11 ื‘{ืก 1 , 11 ืก 4 ืŸ 1 ืก. 1 ืก^ืฅ 

. 189 





ืคืจืฆื ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข 1 ,โ€ข), ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ืฆื’ืขืžืฒื ืขื ื ืฑื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜. ืจืื 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืฆึพื’ืขื–ืขืฆืฉืื ื•ื˜ 5 ืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืืืก, ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ึพ 
ืฆื™ืขื–ืข ืฆื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืชื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืณืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืฆืืจื™ื˜. 
ืื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐืื ืง^ืื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’^ื•ื™ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืด&ืจืฒื”ืฒื˜ืด, ืดืžืขื ืฉืขืŸึพ 
?ื™ืขื‘ืขืด, ืดืžืขื ืฉืขืŸึพื›ื•ื ื“ืด ื. ื. ืฐ. ื˜ืณืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื˜ ื ืืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคืื’ืจืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื^ืื ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื^ืข ^ืื’ืขื— ืื•ื™ 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืข 5 ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืจ^ืื–ื ืงืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื^ื ืงืฒื˜. ืืณื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ึพ 
ื”ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’^ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืฆื™ื’ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืื™ืžื™ืฆืืฆื™ืขึพืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒืขืจืข 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืืืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื™ืฆืงืึพืื™ื ื˜ืขืฆื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ื‘ื™ืืฆืขื›ืฐืฒื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืฐืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืื•ืื˜ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืณื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืดื‘ื™ 5 ื•ื™" ืื•ืŸ ืดื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™-ืฆืฑืŸืด. ืจืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆึพ 
ืฉืืคื˜ื™ืฆืขื›ืข ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืจืืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื™^ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ืื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ^ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืื ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืข ื’ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืดื’ืื˜ื˜ืขืจืด (ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ) 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืฆื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ืฆื•ื ืืืฆืง, ื ืืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืื ืงืจืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืื™ืžื™ืฆืืฆื™ืขึพืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ื“ืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืขืจื™ืื“. ืื•ื™ืš ืจืื–ื ื’ืืฆื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืฆื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: 

ืดืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜! ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจื™ืŸืณ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขื–ืขื–ืณ 

ืคืขืจืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืขืจืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืืณ ื–ื–ืื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ." 

(ืดืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืงืด) 

ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืณึพืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฆื’ืขืžืฒื ืข ื ืข- 
ืคื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืคืฆืื–ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


31 ) ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืืŸ, ืื– ืจืื–ืŸืŸ ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื—ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฆืก ืดื™ื–ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ื”ืขืงืด. ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒ ื™ืืจ ืคืจื™ืชืขืจ. 


1 . 



ื’ืขื–ืขืืฉืืคื˜. ื“ืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’^ืฒืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืž- 
ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืื• ืฉ. ืคืจื•ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ื”ื–ืŸ ืื”ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืขืžื•ื“ืด, ^ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืื“ืจื•ืง. ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืคืจื•ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒืื˜ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ื^ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืขื˜ ื ืืจืืืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจึพ 
ื’ืืืŸ ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื ื’ื•ืจ? ื™ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืื™ืฆืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืดื ื•ืจ 
ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸืด ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ: 

ืดืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื ื•ืจ! ืคื•ืœืœ ืœื™ืขื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืŸโ€ขโ€ขโ€ข 

ืื™ืš ืงืื ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื•ืจ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื  ืขื”ืจืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื ื•ืจ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืืขืจืฆืขืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื“ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ!ืด 

(ืดื ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸืด) 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ 5 ื™ื“ ืดื“ื™ื ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ืขืด, ืฐืื• ื’ืื™ืฆื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืื ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขืจ ืดืžื•ื–ืขืด ื“ืื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืฆืง, ืžืืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืฆื“, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืœืฒืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืืœืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืณ^ื™^ื™ืขืŸ, 
ื”ื™ืจืฉืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ ื,ื•ืŸ ืื ื“., ืฐืื• ื“ืื ืคื^ืง^ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืื ื“ืขืจืขืจโ€”ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜: 

ืดื ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“, ืื•ื™ืคืณืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆืข โ€” ื ืงืœื™ืžืขืง, 

ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืืจืคืขื•โ€”โ– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื ืฒื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื  ื“ืื’ื•ืช, 

ื“ืื ืคื ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืืืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ!.... 

ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืณืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืณืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸโ€ข... ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, 

ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜!... 32 ) 

ืื˜ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš โ€” ืคืขืจืœืืฉืขืŸ, ืขืก ืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, 

ืื•ื  ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ !... .ืด 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ?ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืข^ื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง, ืฐืื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืืš ืจืื–ื ื’ื 5 ื“ึพ 
ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืื™ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ืคืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืข^ื›ืข ื”ืื˜ 


32 ) ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš ืื™ื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืขื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ/ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ 
ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ื”ืขืงืณ^ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื”ืขืจื— ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืดืžืื›ื˜ืณ^, ืฐืืก ืื™ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ 
ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ, ื ื™ื›ืจ/ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืœืก ื–ืื›ืฐืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืจ ืืœืก ืฐืขืจื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืืฃ ืฐื™ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš ื”ืื˜ 
ืคืจืื’ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜/ ืงืืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ/ ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื ืืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืดื ืขืืœืื’ื™ื–ืžืขืŸื™/ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื” ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืขื™ 


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ื–ื™ืš ืื ื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืง^ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืฆืฒื˜ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืคืจืณื– ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜^ืขื›ื˜ 
ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืืืื“ืข ืดืžืื’ื™ืฉืด ( 1888 ), ืฐืืก ื”ืื˜ ืืฐืขื”ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืฆื˜ ื ื ืฒืข ืžืื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข. ืจืืš, ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ^ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื ืฒืŸ ื–ืข^ื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื”. ืืฒื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ื™ืฐืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื”ืขืจ 
ืงืื ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘^ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฆืฒื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื˜ ื“ื™ ^ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒ ^ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืืš ืื™ืฆืฅ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืจ ื–ืข^ื˜ืŸ ืจืฒืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืฒืŸ. ืืณื’ื™^ื˜ ื’ืืš 
ืื™ืฆืฅ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืขื–ืขืฅ, ืื– ื ืืš ื“ืขื ืดืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจืด, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืฆืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, ื–ืืฆ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืฒืฆื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข(ืื•ืŸ ื^ืขืžืขื ื) ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ: 

ืดืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืŸ* ื“ืขื ื’ืืจื˜ืขืŸืณ 

ื•ื•ืื• ืืณื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื”ื˜. 

ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– 

ืืœืฅ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, 

ืขื ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜โ€ข 

ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸืณ 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื•ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื‘ื˜โ€ข 

ืฐืื• ืื™ื– ืขืจืณ ืืšืณ ื™ืขื ืขืจืณ 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืณ 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜?" 

(ืดื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจืด) 

ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐื™: ืดืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจืด, ืดืžืืจื’ืขืŸืด, ืดืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื”ืด, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืืจ ืืŸ ืืœืขื’ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐืื• ืืณืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืณื™^ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ื ืืจ ื“ืื 
โ–  ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืžืืœืขื ืข ื‘ื™ 5 ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจืžื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืคืขืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืžื–ื™ืžื“ืณื™ืงืฒื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืืณื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ึพ 
ืื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืคื’ืขืฉืคื™ื’ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ืืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœืขืš-ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืื•ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขื•ึพ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื“ ืฆืฒื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ). 


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ืื ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ 
ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืณืืจืฒืคืŸ, ืณืืคื™ื’^ื˜ ืืค ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื™ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืื ืื™ื– 
ืืฒื ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฆืฒื˜ึพื’ืขื ืืืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ?ืขื™ืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืฆืฐืฒ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืฆื™ื’ืขื ืฅ, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื^ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ื– ื“ื™, ืฐืื 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืคืื™ืฆืขืื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื™ืฆื ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืึพืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืื• ืื™ืฆืข 
ืคืจืื‘^ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื^ืง ืฐืข^ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ื ?ื™ื“ืขื“ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื ืืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื–, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืื–ื ื’ื^ื“ืฉื˜ืฒื ื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื˜ ื“ืขื 5 ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืืคื™ื™ืฆื• ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ: 
ืดื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืšืด, ืดืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ืืด, ืดื, ?ืืณืžื™ืจ ื ืขื’ื™ืืขืŸืด. ื“ืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ 
?ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืดืื– ื™ืฉื™ืจืด, ืฐืื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืณื’ืฒื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ื (ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ืดืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ืึพืื•ืฃื™ืด). ืื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื’ื–ืืฅ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงื^ืขื’ืข 
ื’ื^ื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืดืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ื™ืืด ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 5 ื™ื“ ืดื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช 
ืฉืฆ ืคืื—ืด ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื^ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืดืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื”ืด ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืžืืฆ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืดืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืขื›ื˜ืข ืงืืจโ–  
ื˜ื™ื ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืข 5 . ืžื™ื˜ 5 ื™ืขื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคืื 5 
ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืขืจืฅ ืฆื• ื–ืฒื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงื ืขื›ื˜. ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ, 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒ ืื™ื–, ื ืขื‘ื™ืš, ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืฆืขื›ื˜ืด ืื•ืŸโ€”ืดืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื^ืขืื˜ื™ื ืขืด... 
ืฐื™ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืข ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืฐืื ื‘ืื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืืžืขึพ 
ืจื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืื›ืข ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื• ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™: 

ืดืขืก ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืคื– ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ; 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืžืขืจ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื“ืขื ื ืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจโ€ข 


ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืจืคืืœื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ; 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืืœื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉื”ืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคื™ื™ืขืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืื• ืืณืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื‘ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื“ื˜; 

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ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืคื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืงืขืžืคืคื˜ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ืฒื˜ืด 

ืงืขืžืคืคื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื”. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜, ืฐืื• ืขืจ ืงืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืคืจืฒืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ, 

ื“ื ืœืŸืŸื–ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸโ€ข 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจืื’ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืŸื– ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸโ€ข 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืื, ื•ื•ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ." 

, (ืดืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ืืด) 

ืื˜ ื“ืื ?ื™ื“ ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ืž ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ^ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืืฆื™ื^ื™ื–ื, .ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ #!ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื ืฒื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืžืœืื ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ึพ 
ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคืืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืŸื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืฒืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืื ื  
ื’ืขื“ืฒืขื˜. ืื ื ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ื ืดื”ืชืคืขืฆื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืด ืžื•ื–ืข ื.ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื’ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืณื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืข^ืืฉืŸ ื“ืื ืื•- 
ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงื^ืขื’ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆืดื˜-ื’ืขื ืืื™ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื’ืณืื ื“, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคืืจ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืœืื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืืฐืื ืจืขืจืŸโ€ข ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื•ื™ืื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜, ืื™ื– ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ ืœืื•ืฃ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ^ืื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸื– ืขื ื’ืฆื™ืฉ. 


ืžืขื“ ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื ืฆืขื ื“ 5 ื™ื ื’ ื™ืืจ ื ืืš ื“ืขื ืจืื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืจื™ืื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฆื• ื™ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืงืฒืŸ ื ืฒืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื. ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืืฆืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐืืฆื•ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืฐืฒื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ. 
( 1906 ) ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ( 1907 ). 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื–ืข 5 ื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืžืื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒื“ืขืœืขืจืข 
ืฉืคืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ (ืฐื™ ืจืื–ื ื’ืื™ืฆื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืฒืื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš (ื ืืš ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง) ื™ื”ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจืขืืขืจืขืจ ืžืื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืืš ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืืœืขื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืขืจ ืจืขืฐืืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ึพ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื›ืฐืืœื™ืข ืคืื’ืจืึพ 





ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืื ื“ืืก ืจื•ืืฆืขื ื“ืขืจืณื’ืŸืข ืฒื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข^ืขื‘ื˜. ื”ืขืจืณื’ื•ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™; ืื™ืจืข ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ: 

ืดื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ื“ื™ ื ืื›ืคื– ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืืจืฅ... 

ืขืก ืจืฒืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืกืณืจืฒืกื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ... ืด 

(ืดื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ืด) 

ืืณืื™ื– ื ืืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜ืฆืขื›ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื ืื›ื˜, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื›ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ, ื ืืจ ืจื™ ืืฆืขื’ืืจื™ืฉืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืดืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจืด ื‘ืฒ ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง. ืกืณืื™ื– 
ื ืจืžื– ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉโ€”ื“ืขื ื™ืื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ืจื”-ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืื 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืฆื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืืฆื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืื’ืจืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืฉืืคื˜. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฆื™ืจืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฆืฒืŸ, 
ื ืืจ ื‘ืฆืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื: 

ืดื ืจืฒื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ืขืจื“ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืฒื ืข ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื”ืฒืกืข โ€” 

ืืœืข ืืฒื ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื... 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื’ื˜ืข, 

ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื ึพืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข, 

ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื... 

ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ... ืฐื™ ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ื ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืขื”ืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ... 

ืฆืืจื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคืœื™ื’.. .ืด ื.ื.ื•ื•. 

(ืดื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸืด) 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื“ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืืฐื˜ ื–ื™ ืืคื™ืฆื• ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืขืฉืจืฒ ืคืืจื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืขื”, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžืืฆื˜. 
ื“ืืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒื ืคืฆื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืฆื™ืงื ืดืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”-ืฉื˜ืื˜ืด, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืŸื– 
ื ืกืš ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจ- 
ืงืข ืฐื™ืจืงื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืืš ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชืณ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืžืืฆ ื ืฆื™ื“ ืคืืจืืŸ ืžืขืจ ืืฒื’ื ื, 

ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒ ืื™ืจืข ืืืจื’ืฒืขืจื™ื ื. ืืณืจืฒืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืฆื™ืจื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื“, ืฐื™ ืดืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืขืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸืด, ืดืื™ืš 
ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื‘ืขืŸืด ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื“ ืดืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืด ืคื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืืš-ื”ื›ืฆ -ืื•ืŸ ื ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื : 





ืดื’ืขื ื•ื’ ! ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจื”ืืœ ื“ื™ ืืœื’^ืข ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจืณ โ€” 

ืกืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒื ืณื...- 

ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืžืืœ!... ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ! 

ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืขื“ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืืจ ืคืืœืฉ."- 

ืื•ื™^ ืื–ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ืจืขืฐื™ื–ื™ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืฒืื™ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžืดื 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ื“ื™ ืดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉืคืื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืืณืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ื ื ืดืข ืขืคืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ืข ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฐื™- 
ื“ื•ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ืืš ืžืืจื™ื ืจืื–ืขื ืคืขืฆืจืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ, ื. 
ืœื™ืขืื™ืŸ (ื. ืฐืืœื˜) ืื•ืŸ ืื›ืจื”ื ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืืก ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืืจืฒืŸ ื“ืืก ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฐื™- 
ื“ื•ืขืœ-ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืขื•ื™ืข. 

ื™ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ., ืฐืื ื‘ืืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืณื ืฒืขื ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืืžืช, ืื™ืจ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืœืื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ. ื–ื™ ืฉืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืœืงื-ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒืจื ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืœืงื-ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขื– ืฆื• ืจืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื“ืขืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืœืฒืขืจ: 

ืดืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจืณืœ, 

ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“: 

ืจืฒืŸ ืฐืขืื˜ื• ืืจืฒื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื”ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื ื“. 

ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื—ื“ืจืณืœ, 

ื‘ืœื™ืžืœืขืš ื•ื•ืืงืืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ, 

ื•ื•ืขืื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืื”ืขื ื˜ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจโ€ข.. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืžื‘ืขื ึพืงืขืื˜ืขืœืข 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ื ืคื™ืขื“ืขืœืข, โ€” 

ื›ืณื•ื•ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื”ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข, 

ืฉืคื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืœื™ืขื“ืขืœืข.. .ืด ื. ื. ืฐโ€ข 

ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืœื-ื—ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื-ื‘ืฉืจืขืจ ืดืื ื™- 
ื ื•ื”ืจืด-ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฐืื ื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืื’ื˜ ื“ืืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขืŸ! ืื•ืŸ, ื›ืื˜ืฉ ื“ื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื›ืžื•-ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขื ืจืืš ื ืืš ื ืฉืฐืื›ืขืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ 


1.^1 



ืืฒื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืฑื•ื™ื“ื•ืข^ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื ื’. ืื‘ืขืจ, ืื–ืข^ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฆืข ื’ืจืขื–ืข^ืขืš 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืข^ื˜ืขืจื”ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื˜ืขืจ, 
ืืจื•ื™ืืฉ^ืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื•ื›ืคืขืจื“ืฒื–ืŸ ืคืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืฉื- 
ืคื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข. 

ืคืืื• 5 ื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืื‘ื“ืฒื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจื”ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฒืข ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืคืืื˜ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ื ืืฐืขืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึพ 
ืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืื•ืื ืจ. ื ืจืฒ ืืฒื ืืงื˜ืขืจื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐื,ื• ื–ืฒ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒื“ืข ื ืขืฉื™ืฆื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒืข ืฐืข 5 ื˜ 5 ืขื›ืข 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืื™ื–ื™ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืื ืค^ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื’^ืขื›ืงืฒื˜ืŸ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืืฆืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐื^ื•ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืข 5 ื˜-ืž 5 ื—ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื™ืื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฒืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื ื’, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืจืฒืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ. ืจืขืจ ืจืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืขืจื™ืื“ ืงืืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒื›ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ืื ื’ื-ืฆืฒื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจื˜ ึพืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฒื“ื-ืคืืขื–ื™ืข, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืข^ืฉืืคื˜^ืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืžืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืคื™ืจืืฆื™ืขื, ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืง^ืขืŸ ืจื™ ^ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ื™ืฐืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืจืืŸ, ืืžืช, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืงืฒืŸ ื ืฒืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื^ื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข, ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฒืจื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™, 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืืคืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข^ืขื™ืง ื ืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื›?ื”-ืฆืฒื˜. ืžืณืจืืจืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืืŸ, ืื– ืจืืก ื’ืขืคื™ืฆ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ืข 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ?ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ?ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืฒื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืฆื• ื ืฒ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื˜ืขืจ^ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืง 5 ืฒืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืฆ. 

ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืฒื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจื™ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืข- 
ืจื™ืื“, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒื“ื™ืฉ-ืคืื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืื™ืฉืขืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™^ืŸ. ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ ืจืขืจืฆืฒ 5 ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ 5 ื™ื“ (ืดืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขืŸืดโ€” ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืืขื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืฆื ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืž^ื‘ื•ืš ืดืฑื“ื™ืฉืด) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื.ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึพ 
ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข (ื“ืืก ืจืขืจืžืื ื˜ืข ?ื™ื“ ื˜ืจืื ื˜ ืืฒื ืฆืฒื˜ื™ืง ื ืื™ืžื‘ื^ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ), ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 





ื”ืณืคืคืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ โ€ขืคืื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ืดื”ืืž ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจ โ€ขืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฆืกื-ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ื’ืขืณืขื™ืฆึพ 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื?ืฅ, ืฐืื ื“ืืก ืคื^ืง ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™^ื– ื–ืฒื ืข ื’ื™ืฆื•ืช-ืฐืขื’ืŸืด, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืดืคืจื™ ืื•ื™ืื’ืข^ืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืฆืŸืด,. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ?ื™ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืดื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸืด, ืฐืื ืื™ื– 
ืดืื™ืŸ ืืืจื˜ืื’ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขื™ืฆ ืืฒื’ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ื ืฐืืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืฑื’ืขืŸืด. 
ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืดื ืขื‘ืขื™ืฆึพืคืืจื˜ืื’ืด โ€” ืดืค^ืื˜ืขืจื˜, ^ืฒื“ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ื™ืฆื™ืš ืคืฆืึพ 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅ-ืจืฒืืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ื’ืขื–ืื˜; ืคื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”ึพื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคืž.ืด 

ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžื^ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื ืืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
^ื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืฒ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืื™^ืขืจ ืฐืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืขื™ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื–ื™ ื 5 ืฒืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืข,^ื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ืดื ืขื‘ืขืึพืคืืจื˜ืื’ืด, ืฐืื• ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืืŸ ืื•ื™!? 
ื ื ืฒืขืจ ืฉืขื ืงืฒื˜, ื ืืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื‘ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐืขืงึพ 
ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข. ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขืจ ืฉืขื ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืื ื ืฒื˜ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฐืขืง, ืงื•ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขื“ืงืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืืก 
ืจื™ื’ื’ืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ื. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืฒื ืคืฆื•ื ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืคืจืฆืŸ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข^ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข 
ืฐืขืจืง ื“ื™ ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืขื ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉื ืขืจืฉื˜ ื™ืœื™ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ^ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื?ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืฒืณื’ืขื ืขืž ืดื ืขื‘ืขื™ืฆ-ืคืืจื˜ืื’ืด. ื–ื™ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืžืงื‘^ ืคื ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐืขื ื™ืง ืฆื• ืื ืงืฆืฒื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ 
ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฐื™ ื“ืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืคืืื•ื™^ื ืจ., ื ืืจ ืื– ืืณืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืคืื“ืงืขืจื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืฆ ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ?ืขื™^ื‘ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืื™^ื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, 
ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื 5 ืฒืŸ ืคืืจื”ืขืจ^ืขื›ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒ^ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืดืžืจื™ืจื”ืด ืื™ืจืขืจ, ื›ืื˜ืฉ ื ืืš ืื™ืฆืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืžื™ืื“ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš: 

ืดื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ืืณืจื™ื’ืขืœืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขึพืžืืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคืœื™ื’ืขืœืข, 

ืืจื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ.ืด 

(ืดืคื•ืŸ ื›ืœื”ึพืื“ื•ืจืด) 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ ืดืืŸ ื ืื˜ืืฆื™ืขืด ื‘ืื˜ืื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืืš ืžืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืณื ืื™ืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืดื˜ืื˜ืขึพืžืืžืขืืณ ืฐืขืœื˜ืด, ื.ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ื˜, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ- 





ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒื–ื ื‘ืืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืฆืž ื–ื™, ืื•ื™ื— ื ืดื–ืขืขึพ 
ื ื™ืณืืด ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืข^ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข^ืื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื ืฆื™ื™ืฆ ืดืื•ื™ืฑ ื’ืื˜ื 
ื‘ืืจืื˜ืด. ื’ืืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืฉื˜ืข^ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื’, ื›ืื˜ืฉ 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืืŸ ื ืืš ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืข^ืŸ 

ืดื•ื•ืื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืื˜ื•, ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 

ืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื ืขื–ื™ื ื˜.ืด 

ืื‘ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืคื™ืื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื˜ืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื 
ื‘ืืคืขืฆื ืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ 5 , ืฐืื ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ: 

ืดืื•ื™ื‘ ืฐืขืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืืณืื™ื– 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืืฆื™ืข ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ, โ€” 

ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืขืคืŸ ืืงื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ โ€” 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ!ืด 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืš ืื ืจืขืจืข ื™ืฆื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ืคืขืจื™ืืจ, ืง^ื–ื ื˜ื™ืง 
(ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒื˜ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 1924 , ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ^ื™ืจืขืจโ€”ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืดืžืฒื ืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸืด), 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจื”ื^ื˜ ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื˜ืขืžืข. ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜^ืขื›ื˜ ื ืฒืขืจืข ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข, 
?ืฒื“ื˜ ื“ืืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพืืฒื ื”ืฒื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ื ืžืขืจ ืขืงืืคืจืขืื™ืข, ื“ืืš ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒื ึพ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืฒืš. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืดืฆื• 
ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขืŸืด ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ,ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ื™ืฆื™ื“ 
ืดื”ื’ืจืด ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืดื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ื™ืฐืŸืด ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข^ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืงื™ืœ, ืฐืื ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ื ืจื™ื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืื“ืืงื˜ืขืจ. 

ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ, ื•ืฐืื ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ื- 
ืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ. ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื–ื ื“ืื ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืžืื˜ืฑื•, 
ื”ื ื ื.ืื™?ื• ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ ืดื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ึพ 
ืœื™ื ื ืกึพื˜ืื’ืด ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืฆื™ื ื’ืึพื“ืขืจืฐืื›ื•ื ื’: 

ืดืกืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื ืกึพื˜ืื  

ืœื™ืขื‘ ื‘ืขื ืจื™ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ืœืฒืš ื ืคืจืขื  ื ืขื˜ื”ื•ืŸ 

ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“." 





ืืžืช, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื ืจืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ?<ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืดื˜ืขืจืจื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืณื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื 
ืืฒื’ืขื ืขืจ ืดืื™ืšืด ืืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืคื•ืฆืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขื ื ื™ 5 ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืดื ืขื– 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืืš ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืง^ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืคืืขื–ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžืื™^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 5 ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื™ 5 ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืข^ื ื˜ืข. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ?ื™ื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ืดืขืจ ื”ืื˜ 
ื’ืขื ืืจื˜ืด. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืข^ื‘ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืฑื•, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืฑ ืขืฆื ื˜, ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ ืฉื™^ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืดืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ?ื™ืขื‘ืขืด, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ 
ืจืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื–ื™ื‘ืข, ืฆื• ืฐืขืณืฆื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืฒื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒ ืื•ื™ื•ื™ 
ืืฒื‘ื™ืง: 

ืดื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื ื˜, 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ^ 

ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืžืขืจ ื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืšืณ 

ื ืืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸโ™ฆ 

ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืฒืฅึพืฆื•ื’ ื ืืš ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืฆืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ/ 

ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืณ 

ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืจืฒื“ืŸโ™ฆ" 

ืื˜ ืจืื ื ืขืคื™ืฆ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืฑ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขโ€ข 
ืจื™ื ื ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ,ืดืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื‘ืขืด ืื•ืŸ ืข^ื ื˜ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืื˜ืืณืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืŸ 
ื’ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืŸ: ืดืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื–ืฆ ืฐืข 5 ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืš ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸืด. ืฐืื ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื?ืฅ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื’ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืื•ืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื’ื ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืดื”ื‘ 5 ื”ื›ืฆื™ืืด. 

ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขื ื ืื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™^ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜-ืคืืจืฐื™ืงืฆื˜ืข ืคืืขืžืขื, 

ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืืื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฉืคืจืืš, ื‘ื™^ื“ืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืืจื’ืืฒื›ืŸ. ืขื ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ ืื•ืžืžื™ื˜ 5 ื‘ืืจืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขึพ 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™?, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืืจื˜ืฒืขื˜, ื–ืฒ ืฐื™ืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ^ืขื›ืŸ ื“ืืงื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข: 

ืดืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื•.ืขืฐืืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ื” โ€” 

ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ืคืืจืงืœืืคื˜ืข ืžื™ืž ืœืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจโ€ข 

ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒืŸ ื•ื•ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขื“ืฆืŸ ื“ื ืœื™ื’ืŸ." 





ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขื ื ^ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜^ืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›- 
ืคืืจื ื ืืš ื ^ืื ื’ืŸ ืคืขืจื™ืื“, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขืจ ื–ืข^ื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืจืขืจืฆืฒืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืฐืข^ืŸ, ืฐืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ื“ืขืืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจืข ื™ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืฒ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฆื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืคืจืื“ืข^ ืฉื˜ืืง, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื^ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืŸื•^ื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ื^ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืฒ ืฆืฒื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืฒื‘ืขืจืขืจ 
ืฉืคืจืืš, ื˜ื™ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืืขืจืŸ ืฉืฐืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืื ึพ 
ื˜ืื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฑ-ื™ืืจืง ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืฒื–ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืดืฑื ื’ืขืด ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืฆื™ืค ืคื•ืŸ ืดืจืฒื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืด, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื ื–ืืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืืก ื“ื™ ืืืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืจื•ืคืข, ืฐื™ ืžืื ื™ึพ^ืฒื‘, ืžืฉื”ึพื™ืฆืฒื‘ 
ื”ื^ืคืขืจืŸ, ืœ. ื”ืืณืฆืคืขืจ, (ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื”. ืฆืฒืฐื™ืง) ืื•ืŸ ืื ืจ., ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืงื˜, ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืืจืข^ ืฉื˜ืืง. 

ืคืจืื“ืขื™ืฆ ืฉื˜ืืงื ืื™ื“ ืดื‘ืฒื ื™ืืด ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืฑื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ืฆืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืฐื™ื–ื™ืข, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขื ืืฒื ืขื ืขื ืดืื™ืšืด (ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืื ื ืืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ื‘ืื’ืื‘ื˜ืข 
ืฐืขื–ื ื ืงืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื›ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจืฒืขืŸ. ื ื–ืขื’^ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื•ื™, 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒ ืฐืข^ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ) ื,ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืื ืขืŸ ืจื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืŸ ื’ื•ืฆืฒื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, 
ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื“ืข^ืขืจ ืคื™^ื‘ืืจืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื-ืคืขืื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื ื ืฒ ?ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืืžื^ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ^ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืง^ืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ืค. ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืืก ื“ืืจื“ ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื’ืืจ? ื“ืื 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื—ืฆื•ืžื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงื™ืฆืขื›ืงืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ื‘ื›^^, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื—^ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืคืจืื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืง ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืงื™ืฆ ืืื ืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื›ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืœืืงื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ืŸ ืืื ืขื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœืงืื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ. 

ื™ืฆื™ื‘ืข-^ืฒื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื - 
ื”ืืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืงื ืืื ืขื˜ืŸ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ?ื™ื‘ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืงืื - 
ื˜ืจืืื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจื’ืฒืขืจื™ื ื, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืืฒื ืคืืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืง 





ื–ื™ื-ืืขื ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื˜ื? ื ืขืคื™ 5 , ื ืืจ ื ืงืืžืค^ืขืงื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™^ืŸ, ืฐืื• ื ืฉืžื”ึพ 
ืื•ืžืจื•, ืคืจืฒื“ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืฒื“, !?ื™ืคืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื, ื–ืณึพื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื–ืดื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืข- 
ืžื™ืณืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืค^ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืฐื™ืงื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ืงื ื•ื™ื™?, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื™ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืืฆื•ืค^ืื ื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉืžืข, ืฐืื 
ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืข 5 ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื ืขืง^ืฒื“ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื ืขืคื™^ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืฒืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘^ื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ?ืฒื“ื ืฉืืคื˜^ืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืื ืขืื˜ืขืžื˜: 

ืดืฆื™ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ืฐืืจืŸ* ื˜ื”ื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื“ ืืจืฒืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ 1 ',ืื, ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืณื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™^ื™ืŸ/ 

ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื ืื–ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸโ€ข" 

ืŸืกืื ืขื˜ ื“ ) 

ืื™ืŸ ื,ื™ืจ ืดืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืš ื ืœื™ืงืด ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื ื“ืข ืงืจืืคื˜, ืฐืื ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืืŸ ืงื•ื™ืž ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื , ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื  ืื™ื– ื‘ื‘ืœืœ ืžืขื ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืดื–ืขืขืœ ืื™ื– .ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืขื“ื™ื  ื ืืš ื–ื™ื ื“ืด ืื•ืŸ ืงืืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืชื”ื•ื, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื•ืืŸ. 

ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื ื- 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืื™ื ื ืื ืฆืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ^ืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืคืขื“ื™ืื“ ืงืืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืคืืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืฐืื ืคืืจึพ 
ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืžืžืขืจืง, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืฉื ื•ืื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆืœื ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืืจืื“ื™ืฉึพืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื.ื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืื‘ืขื. ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืฆืฒื›ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ! ื ืฐืขื’, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืงืืจืฉื˜ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืœืื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจโ€”ืฉืฐืื›ืข ืขื“ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฑื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฆืืฆื™ืงืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฐืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ-ืณืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ืœืฆืืœื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืคืฉื˜ืขืฆืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื˜ืฉืขื ืื˜ืื›ืืฐืืงื, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒื ืขื 
ืคืืœืงืื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืฉืื ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื—ื’ื” ื’ืขืจืืืŸ-ืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉื ืขืœืขโ–  





ื’ื™ืฉืงืฒื˜, ืณืฐืื ืฆื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ^ืื™ืฆืขืื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื 1 ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื™^ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืณืฐืื• ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸโ€ข 33 ) 

ื,ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื ืฆ^ื ืข ^ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™^ ืืืชืจ ื–ืฒืจ^ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืงื” ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ื”ื^, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ 
ืืจืฒื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ื ืฑืื ืืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ^ืื” ืง. ื”ืืคืžืืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืณ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ื” 

ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื˜ ืจื™ ืืฆืข, 

ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขื“ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉืื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืื™^ื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืจื™ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดื‘ื™ืจื ืขืจืฆืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืขืด ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ืฒ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืฒื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™^ืฒืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฆื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืงืฒืŸ ื ืฒื ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืŸ ืืฒื - 
ืค^ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ^ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืจืข ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ, ืื•ืžื‘ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืื•ื ื’ืึพ 
ืขื˜ืืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ?ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืื™ืฉืข. ื‘ื›ืœ 5 , ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’ื-ืฆืฒื˜, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื^ื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ืฒืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ืœื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืฑ* ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 


ืฆื•ื ืื•ืฃื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ื“ืื–ื™ืงืŸ . ืคืขืจื™ืื“ ื‘ืืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื™^ืื™ื ื˜ืคื•ื™ืฆืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžืจื™ื ืื•ื™ื–ื™ื’ืืฐืขืจ, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 
ื ืืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒื’ื ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื ืฒ ื.ื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืจืข ^ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื^ืงืื˜ื™ืžืฆืขืš-ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื - 
ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืฆืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืื™ืฐืŸ ืคืื™ืฆืงืก-ืžื™ืื˜ื™ืฆื™ื–ื, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืื’ืŸ ื“ืขืž ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื–ืื ืื ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒืž, 
ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืจืขืฐื^ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื™ืฆื˜-ืžืฆื—ืžื”, 
ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืฐืื™ืฆื™ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืข ืคืืจืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜, ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ืฆืื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ. 


33 ) ืžืจื™ื ืฐืื”ืœืžืืŸ-ืฉืขืจืืžืฉืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืขืœ ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืฐืื ึพ 
ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืื ืื“ืขืณ ื“ืืจื˜ ื‘ืื ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึพ 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคืขืคื– ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืข ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืฒืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจโ€ข 

34 ) ื•ื•ืขืจ ืกืณื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืกื™ื™ื“ืื ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืืฒื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. 





ืื™ื– ืœืŸืฒืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืื ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืฆื™ื ^ื•ื•ื•ืขืจื ื˜ืื™ืฆืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ?ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืŸื•ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืŸื•ืœืŸื˜. 

ืื•ืื™ื ืืฐืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ืดื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืื•ืฆืจืด ืื™ื– ืื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืืจ ืงืฒืŸ 
^ื™ืจืขืจึพื‘ื•ืš, ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื ืืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืงื™ืฆืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•^ื™ื‘ ื–ืฒืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืงืฒื˜, ืงื™ื ืื˜ืฆืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืณืฆืงื-ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจืงืขืจืคืขืจื˜, ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืืฒื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืจ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืืื ื“ืขื ืงืžืืฆ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฆืฒื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ^ื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื- 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืื ื˜ืคื™ืฆืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ื ืขืฉื˜ื^ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฆืขื‘ืŸ ืดืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจืด ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ื’ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืืง- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื. ื. ื•ื’ ื–ืฒื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ?ืื ื’ ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ, 
ืื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืื™ืฆืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื , ืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฆื• ืื•ื’ื– ืืจื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 5 ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ^ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื˜ื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื,ื•ืŸ ^ืื’ื’ื™ืืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืฆื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืื˜ ืจื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื”ืขืจื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืฑืช, ืฉืคืจื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืดืข^ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจืด, ื“ืขืจ ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืืคื™ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืืฒื’ื ื˜ื™ืž^ืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื :ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืžืจื™ื ืื•^ื™ื ืืฐืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฒืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ ืดืฉื‘ืชืด, 
ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืื‘ืข ืคืืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขื›ื˜ืงืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืืงืื˜ื™ืžื™ืฆืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืฆืฒื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืจืข; ื ืฒืข ?ื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื^ืื’ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฆื™ื ืืฐืขืจื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืื™ื’ื˜ ืื‘ืขืจ ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’^ืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืฐื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืจื™ ืื™ื ืขืฐืขื ื™ืงืื˜ืข 
ืฐืข^ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื 
ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขื ืงื™ื ืื˜ืฆืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื–. ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืณ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืืคื’ืขืฉ^ืืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืžื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืข^ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ืดืื™ืšืด ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื ืงืœื™ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฒืขื ?ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืฒื˜ ืฐืฒืื˜ ืื‘:ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขื ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื’ื‘ื•ืื™ื. ืืžืชืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื  ื‘ืืฒื‘ื˜ ืืฆืฆืืฒื ื ืืฒื‘ื™ืง 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ืฉืขืคื˜ ืืคื™ืฆื• ื ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืฐืืจื˜. 





ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ?ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ^ื•!><ืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ืฒืณืŸืขืจ 
ืื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืชืงื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื 
ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืืขื™ืื“ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื, ืฐืื ื‘ืืฆืฒื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืืŸ ืืคืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคืงื•ื ื ^ื™ื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒืขื ืื•ื™ืืฉื˜ืฒื’. ืืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ื^ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื›ื^, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื ืจืฒืŸึพืงื™ื ืื˜ื™^ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื• ืืฑื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ื ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื•ืงื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืฆืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, ืื•ื ืฑื•ืขืจืืืฆึพ 
ืงืืืžื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸโ€”ืื˜ ื“ืื ืื™ืฆืณืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืึพ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื™ืงืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, 

ืฑื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืืคืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืžืืืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื ืฒืžืŸ 
ืจื•ืืฆืื ื“ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ืจืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจึพื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืฐื™ ื ืจื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืดื‘ื™ืจื ืขืจื™ืฆืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคืืขื–ื™ืขืด. ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืืฆืื ื“ ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืฆืขื›ืŸ ืงื™ื ืื˜ืฆืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืื ื  ื ืืš ื“ืขื, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืฉืข ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืฆืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืฆื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืดืืณื–ื™ืขื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคืื ื˜ืขืจ (ื˜ืฒืŸ ืงื•ืจืืฑื•โ€”ืข. ืง.) 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืฒืขืŸ, ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื ืขื ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ืด. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจึพื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืืจืฒื ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ืฐืืจืคืŸ ืงืื ืืคืขืงื˜ืฑื• ืจื™ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืฆื•ื ื’ืึพืขื˜ืืคืŸ, ืฐืื ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ื ืฐืขื’, ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื™ืงืข 
ืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื ื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื, ืฐืขืฆื›ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ื™ ื ืฒืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืืขืจ ื“ืขื, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒืฆ ื ืืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’. ื”ืื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืฆื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืฆืขืš ืฆื• ืฉืืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืืšึพื”ื› 5 ื’ืŸ ืจืืจื˜, ืฐืื• ืืณืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืืš ื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงืื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืื ื–ืื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื‘ื•ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืข, ืงืืจืžืืŸ 









^ .ื *ื•ืจื•ืžื‘ื™<ื•ืž ^ื™ื ื™ื™ื™ื•^ื™โ™ฆ ื•ื™ื™ืžื  ื ืžืŸ 
ื•ื™ืดื ื•ื™ืžืง โ€ข ^**|*ื•ื™|<ื™!ยฉืž ^ 

ื•ืž ื˜ื™ืŸืดืžื  ื•ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ื• ื•ื™ื ื•ืฒ ื™ื™ื•ื™ื™ืžื™ ^?ืžืžื•ืฐื™ื•ื•ื ืŸ^ 

^ ^ ืžื’ ื ื’ื™ ืžื’ืŸื™ืŸ ื™ืฐื™ 1 ื• ื™ื*ื™ ื•ื•#ื™|ื•ื• ^ 

ืžื•^ื•^ื•ื•ื™ 1 ื ืžื™^ื™ ^ืžื ืฑื™ื•ื• ืžยง#,, 
ื•ึพืžื•-ื™ืขืจืŸื™^-^ื•ื•ื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืžื‘ื™ื•^^ื•ื•^ื• 6 ื•ืžื•ื™^^ืŸ' 
"'^ืณืŸ#|ื™ 1 ืžื•ืจ*ื™ืฑ*ืฒ<' 8 ^ื ืฐื™ืŸโ™ฆ ืฒื  
**ื•ื•ื ื•ึพื•ื™ืž ืžื™ืŸ^ื™ืŸ!ืจื•ื• ^ ืฐื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืžื™ื•ืŸื• 

ืŸื‘ื•ื™^ื•ืณื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ืฒื™ื•^ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื™^ ืฒื ื•ื•ื•ื ื• ืŸืฒืŸ 
' ื™โ–  ื‘ื™โ€ข ^ืŸื™ื™^ื• ืณ ^ื•ื•ืจืงื™^ื  โ€ขโ– โ–  ืด. 

^ื™ื•ื• ื™ื™|ืฒ 1 |^<ื•ื ^^ื™ >ืคืจ ื™ืฒืฐื™ื ืฒื•^ื• 

*ึพโ€ข;.โ–  ^ 1 >ื•^ 1 ^ืžืŸื•ื™ื™ืŸื™ยงืŸืŸ'โ–  

ื™ื™ื ^ื™ืง โ™ฆ ื™ #1 ืฒื ื™ื™ืŸื™ื•ื™ื•ืจ^ื•ื™ืž^ 1 -โ– โ–  ืฒื•ื•ืจืงื™ื ื™ืŸ โ–  
,^^^ื™ืŸืจืฒื•ื•ื ^ื•ืŸโ™ฆ ืฒื ืฒืžื™ืšืฒ^. 


โ€ข:ื•ื™ืฑืŸ, 


ืคืื˜ืืกื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืื ืก ืคืืขืžืขื™ 
( 17 -ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”โ™ฆ?) ืคืืจืžืื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
31/4x51/4 ืืฐืฃ 3^72x53/4 








ืงืžื’ยฉืŸ 1 ^ื™ื’<ืŸื•ื•ืžื• 1 ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืŸ ื™ ืžืฑืขื•ืณืžืดื™ืŸื™ืกืžืงืžืŸ 
ืŸืŸื•ื™ื•ื™ื•ืžื ื•ื•ืžืฐืŸื™ ื•ื•ืค^ื™ื•ืฐื•ื™ืขื•ื•ืŸืžื ืฒื™ืžยงื™ 1 ื™ื•ืง* #ืณืง 
ื“ื•ืž 3 ื•.?ื ื™<ื•ืข ืฑืฐโ€ข ื ื™ืข ื™ 1111 ^ โ‚ช 1 โ‚ช111 1 ^^ 11 
ืŸื™ื˜ ืžืžื’ื•ืขื™ืงื™ืง ืžื• * ื™ื™ื˜ืจืขืŸื ื™ื™ืง ื ืื™ืŸื’ื•ืŸ 
ืืจืงื“ืงื™ืฒ! * 1 ื™ 5 ืฒ ืžืฆื™ืณ 5 ื˜ื•ืื• 1 | ื™ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™? #ืžืฒืŸืŸ 

^|||||||ืŸ|ืŸ|ื•| | 11 | | 111 โ‚ช11 
. ืŸโ€ข**ื™ืฐืื•ื ื™ื•ื™ืŸ* ืž 31 ืžื™ืข 3 ื™ืง'ืžื’ื™ื“<ืฐืื * 6 ืžื™ 
. โ‚ช}|โ‚ช|โ‚ช^||;ื• 1 ื• 1 ||| ^ 11 1118 

ื•ืž 1 ื’ืขืฑืŸ ืจื™ืž ืชยฉ*|ื•ื• ืžืŸ! ื• 0 | ืž*:ื• ืžืกืจ ื•ื™ื›ืขืข 
ืŸ* 1 ื•ืžืงืฑื•ืžื ื•ื•ื•ื™ืงืจืขื ืจืŸ 1 ^ืฐื•|ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื  ^ืฐืขืจืจืŸื™ื ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืข ืืฒืŸืŸืข 11 ื™ืŸื•ื™ืจืŸืŸื™ืŸื•ื•ืฅืžืŸื™|ื•ื•*ืจืŸ *!โ€ขืžื•^ืจ 
' 1 * 5 ื•ืžื•ื• 01 ื *ื”^ืŸื™ืืขืจ<ืŸื™ืžื• 1 ื•^ 6 ื•ื ?ื›ืŸยฃื™^ 

ืŸืŸโ€ข^ ืžื™ืง < โ–  ืžื  11 ื™ื™ื™ืจ^ ืฐื™ืŸื•ื•ืฒืŸื™ื•ืŸ ?ื ืจ 

\' ืฐื ืฒืŸื  ืขืฐื ื•ืจืžื™ื ื™ืŸ 

^ืฐืž|ืฑื  1 ืžืŸ^ืŸ?ื ืจ.ืจืฐยฉืŸื™ื“ ื•ื•ืžืข 1 *ืฑ 3 ืข* ื ื•ืจื‘ื•ื• 
^ื• 51 ,ื•^ื™ืจ*^ื™ยฉ^^ื•ืฉื“ื•ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืข * ื™ ื‘ืž 
ื’ื™ืžืจ^ืณืŸื™ื’ืž^ื•ื™ื•^ื• ืŸ.ื•ืŸ%ื™'ื• 1 ืฐื•ื ยฉ 9 ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ 1 1 


ืœืขืฆืžืข ื–ื™ื™ืž ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื‘ื” ื ืื ืก ืคืืขืžืข 







: ื•ื•^ืื•ืื™ืŸืŸืŸืŸื™ืŸ^^ืŸ^ืžืื•ื•ื•ืž^ื•ื^ 

ื•ืŸืŸืŸืŸืŸ^^^ื•ืŸื•ืž^^:ืŸืŸ:*ื™*'^^ื™ื•ื•ืณ 1 ื•ืŸ^^ 1 ::^*ืŸืณ:|ื•^ 

ืณ*ืณืณ: ื™ 111 ) 111111 ^ื• 11 ยง^ 111 |^^*^ื• 1 ื• 1 ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•|' 1 ื™*ื• 8 

|ื>ืคืจืงื™*| ึพ 

.. ... _โ–  โ– :โ– ,.โ– ,: ึพ.โ– .,.โ– . ,.ืด.:*... ..โ–  , ' "ืดืŸ ื™ 

,.,.^ืด,. 1 

: โ€ขโ€ขืณ,:, |||||:|ึพ^ืŸ^^ื•^ืŸ| 1 ||ยงื•:^ืŸ!^ืŸืŸ^:^^:*^ืŸื™*ืŸื™*ื•:ื•|^{ 

***:ืดืž**.**,:*ืด : ื™* 11 ื™ 

^ืŸืŸืŸ 1 ืŸืŸืŸืŸืŸ^^^ื•#ื•#ื•ื•?^ื#:ึพื 1 ื• 1 ^^ื™ื•^^ืŸื•ื•ื*ื 
*ื• 11 ื•ื•ื•ื•*:ื•:!ื•: 1 ื•ื•ื™#ื•* 1# ::ื•ืŸ^^ื™! 1 ืื•^|ื•:ื•ื•ื•ื :ื•ึพ::ื•ืด:|ื•ืŸื•ื•^ 
::^^^ 5 ^ื•:ื•^:^::ยงื•:^<ื•*:ืŸ|^:^:^ื•ื•| 1 ื• ^ื•ืŸื•^ื•:^*|:โ–  
^ืŸื•ื•ืŸ^^ื•ื•ื™ืŸ::: 1 ื•ืŸื•^:ื•)#^:^ื•^^ื•ืŸ|ืŸืœื• 1 ื•ื™ื•ืŸื 
^^ื™ื• 1 *ืื™ื•^ืื•ื•ื™ 1 ื•ื•ยงื•ื•|||ื• 1 ื•|#ื™!|ื•โ–  

โ– #ืžืจืง**ืŸ 

ื™'' โ‚ช1 ื•^ื•ื™ 1 ^::|ื•ืณ:^ื•ื 1 ืžื•^'^#ื•ื™ื•ื•ื•^ื•ื• 1 ื•ื•ื•ื• 1 ื• 11 :|ื•ื•โ–  

ื•^^^^ื•ื•ื• 1# ื•ื•^|ื•ื•ื•^ื•ืž^ื™ื™* 

^ 8 * 111 ^ 1# |ื• #11 ^^ 1 ื• 11 ! 111#1 :ื•ื•| 1111 ' 1 ื•โ–  

โ€ข ื•^ืž ืŸื•^^^<ยงืŸ^|ื•^^ื•ืŸื•^ืŸ#|ืž^|:^^ 11 ืŸืŸโ–  
:* ::ืณ:โ– ^^|ืŸ^|^|ื||^||||ื•||^ยงื•|||||'|^|||^ 

^ 11111111 |! 11 ื• 1 ื•ื•ื• 1 ื• 1118 :|ื•| 111111111 ื• 11011:1 ื•ื•โ–  








1 ||ืŸืฐ>ื•^ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื• 81 11 811 1:1111โ‚ช | 111 ^ 1โ‚ช1 

ืด; 18 ^| 1 :^;|ื•ื™ 1 ื•> โ–  8 * 01 > 1 '| 118 :|ื™ 11-1 ^ื•ื• 1 ื•ื• 11 11โ‚ช111โ‚ช 

โ–  08 {* 1 ื•ื•ืืฒื™ืก ืŸื•ืŸ ืŸืขืŸ ><)ื™ืŸ ืžึพื ื• *โ€ข*'ื•ื™* : ยงื• *ืจ ืจื™ื™ ื™ื™ื’ึพื’ื— 

#ื•ื™^ ื“,|ื˜ . ื‘ืคื™ืก **ยง ^ื™ื’ื™ืจ ื™ื™โ€ข 0 * 1 ื‘}ยงื’ 1 ื™ืณืŸ 
:ืฐื•ืฐื™ื• 1:1 *;ื•!:ื•ื™ 1 ื•^ืฑ 0 >ื•ึพ*ืŸ 1 ืณื‘ืจโ–  #ืจ ืŸ#|:: #ื™ื•ื ืจ:ืข^' 1 ืจ*ืจืณื™ 1 |||!:! 1111 | 
: 11 ื•ืฐื™:^ืŸ ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื•ืž(ืณื™ืŸ> 11 ืŸึพ 1 ื•:ื™# ?%**ยงื™^:| ื™ 'โ€ขืŸ; 1 *ื™โ–  ^ 1 ื•| 1 |ื™ื™ื•ื•|! 

: ื•ื• ,โ– โ– . ;ืด:;:*ืŸืŸ: :ึพ^ืจ{. *.โ– โ– #ืŸ *ื•ื•|||ื•|||!: * #* 1 : โ– :ืื•::ยง 1 |:, ยงื|โ– ||โ€ข 1 :|||||| 

ืŸ[ #!#!ึพ,ื•ืŸืฑืŸ #|ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸื•ืขื™ืŸ 1 ืฑืŸ ื™ึพโ™ฆ ื’ื•ื™ืจืŸ ยง>] ืฑืจื ืจ, * ื•ื™ื‘ืจ ืจ*ืจ 

^! ^ืด^^^::: 1 'โ€ข!!'โ– 'โ– โ–  ;'ืื•::ยง 1 ื•ืจ*ื•ื•*ืžืจ 1 ืจ #ื•ื™ื• * *ื™^:โ€ขื•ื™ืฒื•ื™^ื•ืŸืŸืŸ:^ 

*ื•|:;!,::; 1 ื™ืŸ::;|ื™ื• 1 :*ืž: . .#ื•ื•: โ–  #10 1 * 11 |:^ 1 *>ื•ื•ืจ 10 ^ื™ืŸ ืจ*) 'ยฅื’|||| 

ื™ 1 โ– |ืŸ^ืŸื™;^) 11 ;**ื™ยฉ::ืžื• ืกืจืขืจืŸ โ– ื•#*ืŸ. 3# -ื•|ื™*ื ื™ืŸืจื•ื• ื™** 1 โ€ขโ–  1 *#ยงื™ยฉ 1 !|)^' 
*#ืกืจืกื 14 ืจื“-ื™(ื”ืจ{ืฑ 1 โ€ข ืฒื™ื™ 5-0 ! ื™ 1 ' 3 ืฉื•*ืฑืก*ื™| 1 ืด} 

: 1 ';โ€ข:โ– !;::;;!: :ืŸ;::!ืด: 1 !: ^^!, ืŸืžื™โ– โ€ขโ€ขยฉ! ื•|*#)*ืŸ*ืจ##ื•ื•ืจ 1 *ืŸ โ™ฆ!!: 1 ::;: 1 ื•| 111 

ื™ | โ–  01 ^^:ื™|ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื|!ืž:^!*ื™'''|;ืฒืกื™ ื‘ืจืื•ื” ื•ืจื•&ืจึพ ืกืฑ 1 { ืื™ื•ืดื™ื•ืฐืŸืŸื™ื•ื™ื• 

! 1 ' .,! โ–  ^ 1 ' ื™ #1 '* 1 ื•ื•**ืžื™:ื•ื•ื™ื™ืด* 1# ื•ื•ืŸ::: :ื™ื™ 4 โ–  ืŸื™ื•ืŸโ–  #:ื ืจ ื ื•:ื•ืŸืŸืŸื•ืŸ 1 ืจ! 1 * 1 

โ™ฆ ืงืขืจื™ืŸ โ€ข !ื™ื‘ื•ึพ ืžืขืจ *โ™ฆื•ื˜ ืกื•ื™ *ื  ื› 4 *.ึพื•ื™ ืจื ืจ)' : 

.โ€ข* ืคื•ืื–ืจ ืจืŸื™ื‘* ืจื™ืž ื•ื™^ืก ืณื™ื ืก;* ืจ 5 ืก : ืจ 'ืŸโ€ขืจื™ืื“, --โ™ฆ*ื•ึพ.ืกื™^ื•ื’'ื•!ืฉื˜ื• 
ื“. 8 ื ,ื’ืจื™ืฑึพ * 5 ืกโ€ข 6 >. 1 **ื•ืž 1 ึพ,ื•)<ืขืฉ.ื•,<ื™ 1 ;ื•ืกื™ืŸ#โ€ขืกืจื•ืขืก 
^ 1 ^ืจ:ืžื™ื™ื™ 1 -*ืฑ 1 ืจยงืŸืŸ#}:^ื˜:#ื  1 ; 0 ืื•ืจ โ– ื™ื™*^:.|:||:| 1 ื•ื™ืžืŸ^ืŸ 
^^โ€ข^|;; 1# *ื™ื•^ื™ึพื•ืจ-|ืจ^ื™ื™ืจืงื•|:,:ื ืŸื™ 1 ืจ ืกื•:ืกืจ*ื•ืŸ: 1 !!': 1111 :^:||; 1 ืž 
ื•ืจื™ื’^ ื• 9 < 1 ื‘ื™โ€ขโ€ข*, * ยฉโ€ขื• ืขืจ ืกโ€ขึพ, ืจืกืฆ ืง 0 ืŸ ืขืจ ื“.ืก 3 ื•? 

99 ืŸ โ€ข ื“,ืกืง <ื™^ืจืŸ-ื• 0 | 31 .;; #.ืกืจืจ, ื”ยฃึพ 1 ืจ 0 ; . 

|!:^|^*^ 0 |:ืŸ:' ::|ืŸืŸ 1 , !^*ืจืกืก ื‘ื™ืก: 1 ื™ืŸ!ืจืก#: @:#!!;|||ืŸ||||||ื•| 1 |ืŸ! 

ึพ;ืŸื•ึพืŸ|: 0 ื™ 10 *ื˜ืดืข 1 :ืงืดืŸ: 1 |! 0 :::, * ><:*< 6 ;ื–ืฐ 1 ^ืฐ 11 1111 ||| 1 
_ 11 โ–  1 ื™!! โ– : #ืŸ:, ื™ |*ื ืจ ืžื‘ื™ *#ื™*: ืฐื™ 1 :! 11111 |!! 1 ื•ื•ื• 1 ื• 

| 1 ื™ื™<*ืจ ืงืžื™ื’ ึพ ื™ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืกืŸ โ™ฆืจืจ 5 < ื™ื™ืจ *< ืก !.ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ ื™ืขืจ โ– ืŸื™ื• 0110 
: !!' :.; 11 ;;โ€ข * ื™ *#โ€ขื•ืจื™ื™ืจ ื™ื™<ื•ื• 1 )';:ื™! *ื•:::ื™*;; 4 ื‘ื™ืข):!|| 1 ืž 111 ^ืŸ| 

' * 11 ' 1 * 1 ื™ื™!ืด. .- :!ืณืŸ.!|ืฐื–;ืžื™ื™: ื™ื™ 1 ')ืจื™ืกื•ึพ!ื™ืจ โ€ข 1 ! 1 ื•ืจ*||ื™ืŸ:!!||| 1 ||| 1 || 1 โ– ื•ื•ื• 
^^ื•!ื™ 1 ; 0 ื™ืŸื™ื™ื™|, 1:1 ;:ื™|!,;ื™ื• 1 !:| 81111โ‚ช ื•ยง^ื• 
โ–  1 *:! ! โ–  ^^^^ืด:;ื™;:::!ื™:::!:ื™ืž|;|| 1 ืฐ!ื•'ื^ 1 ืž|:*โ–  1 *:ืื 1 ::!) 11111 ^| 1111 โ–  
ืžื•:*!!:ื™|โ– !ื•ื•ื• #1 ื•|ื•ื• 1 ื•|||^|||^โ– |ืŸ 
^^!!ื™ื•ื•ื•ื•!ื™ืฐ 1 |ื• 11 ืจ 111 ื• 1 *ยงืŸื•ื•ื•ื•ยง 1 ! 111 | 1 ืื•ื•ื•ื•ื• 

1 ึพ:โ–  ^^^^^^^^ 5 ! 1 |||||: 11 ืกื™ืŸ#ืจ 11 ^ื•ืข 1 )*;ืž*:!* :||ึพ)||||||||| 1 ืจ!; 

:' ื|:|||::!: 8 ื™ 1 |!* 1 :|ื•:ื™ 1 | 11 |!| 1 ื• 1 ^| 1:1111 ;:: 1 ! 

^^^^:ื•|ื•|ืŸ||:|ืž*ื™ื•โ–  11# |)! 1 ื•|!:||^|!|ื•^|!^|| 1 || 
^^ื•*ื• 1 |โ– :#|!ื•ื™ื•!**^ื•ื™;! 1 ื™* 1 |ื•!||ื™ 1 ! 1 ื˜โ– ื•^ื• 1 โ€ข|โ– | 1 *: 1 || 

^ 1 ื•^|!ื™ื•||| 1 ||!|||ืŸ!||| 

ื• 1 1 

ืœืขื’ื˜ืข ื–ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืืจื™ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื— ืคืื ื ืคืืขื›ื•ืข 








^|^:ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืคืขื–ื”.ื•ืŸ^ 

ืขื™ ื 5 ื–ื { ืžื•ื’ืณ' ื•ื•ืฒื ืจ ื™*ื  4 | $}ื•ื’ืณ โ€ข 

ื•|^ื• ^ ื• 1 |;ื™#ื•ื ืจ^ื•:"| 1 |||ื™^ 


ืžื“ืฒื• 1 ืŸโ€ข *ื•ื™ื• ื•ื•ืŸื™ยฉ ืžื ืฉืŸ ( 0 |ืจ^ื•ื• 


^ 1 ~ ืณ/ 1 ' 

ื•?ื•)ื• 8 ื•ื•ื• ื—ื’ื•ื– ื‘ื•^ื•ืžืžื™ืดืจ 


ืขื•ื–^ื™ืง ืง ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจืจื ืŸ ^ ืฐื™ื ื  โ€ข 


^||ยฃ 110 [] 


*] 







: ื•ื™ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•^ืฒืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ื ื™ 1 ื™ืžื•ื•ืฒื ืœ' 

ื“ื•^ืŸืจื˜, ^ื• 6 ื™ืจ 1 ื™ื | 1 < 1 ื™ 3 ื™| 1 ืŸื•ื™.ื•ื•ื™'ื ืจื™ < 8 ื•ืž 0 ืฒืŸ!{!' 

(ื™<ื—ื™}ืก) ื›ืขืžื™ืŸ * ื“ืž 1 ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื› 1 ื•ื™ 1 ื™ื• 0 ื—ืฒืŸ ื•ืจยฉื— 
*ืฃืŸ ^ื•ื•ืจืŸื ื ื•ืŸ ื™ ืžื•ื› ื—ื™ืจ ื™ื™ืขื–ื˜ ื™ื“ื™ื•ึพืŸ ื™ื™ื™ืž ืงื•ืื˜ ื“ื™ืฒ 6 ืจื•ื™ 5 ื•ื“ื–?ื•ืจ 
1 ื• ื™*ื˜ืจืžยง} * 0 ื‘ื“ *ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ืžืŸ ื™<ืฒืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืจื™!ืฒืค 5 ื•ืฅ ืจื™ื•ื–ื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืจ, 

ื™ืฒื’ื™ ืจื™ืžื— ื•ื™ืค ืง ื•ื™ืŸ ืฑืกื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ * ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ึพืž 4 *ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืด 
ื•ึพืŸื ืจ ืฒื™ื˜ ืืฒื’ืŸ * ืจื˜ ืกื˜ืดื™ * 5 * 1 ื ื™ืŸ ืžึพืœื•ืจืž *ืž 4 | ื“ืคืŸ( ื™ 1 ืจ ืกืจืŸื•) 

ื•ืŸื•ืด^ืŸ * ืžื™ื™ ืžืฒื•ื’ื• ืดื•ื• ^ื™ื•ืŸืŸ ื•ื™ืž ืดื™! ืžืžื‘ื• ืžื™ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืŸืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื• ืžื•ืŸื™ 
- ื™ื•ื•ื•ืณ *ื™ืž ืžื™**ืŸื• 1 ื›ืจื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ( ื•ื™ืจื•ืจ) ืจืจืžืŸืดื•ื•ืขืจยฉ (ืจื›ื•^ื™')' 11 ? 

ื•โ€ขื•ื• ื˜ื•ื˜ 0 ืจ| ื•ื•ืžื !| 8 * 1 ื™ืฒืŸ ืก 1 ื•ื•ื ื™ืŸื™' โ™ฆ ื•ื•ืžื˜ ื‘ื™ 

ื•#ื‘ื™ืŸ * ืจื™ื™ืž? ืž? ืžืกื‘ ืžื™ืŸ ืฐื” ืžืฒืŸ( ืจืจืกืจื™} ืจื™ 4 ืคื›ืŸ โ€ข ืž? ื™ 

:* โ– ื™ื™ืŸ^ื™ืŸ ^^ื• 1 ื•|ื*ืืจืŸ 1 | ^ 

^^ื™ื™| 1 ^ื• 1 | โ– ื’ 1 ื•|;|ื™ื ืจ 4 ืฉ 

ื™ื•ืฒืŸ ื ื™ 4 ื™ื›ื•ื  4 ื•ืฒืŸ ื™ ืžืด' ื•ืฒื• ืžืค ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืŸ( ื™ 1 ืจ ื•ื–ืจื ) ยงื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืจ % 
ืžืจ 1 ืง ื•ื•ื™ืž ืžืฒืŸ ยฉื˜ืฒ 1 โ€ข ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืžืจื•ืง ื•ืกืŸืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืจ ( ื ืกืืž-ืŸ. 
ยงืจ ืจืžืจื›ืŸ โ™ฆ ืจืจ ืžืขื ื˜ ืžื™โ€ข 14 '? ืžืดืŸ ื•* ื’ื™ึพืžืฆื ืจ ืกืžื“ื‘ืŸ ื™ ืจืจื•ืง 
1 ^ 1 ืžืฐืก ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืคืจ *ืž 3 ืŸ ื ื™ืค ื•ืฒ 1 ืกืจืข 1 4 ื•ื–ื ืณ 5 *ื™ื• โ€ข ืžื™ื ืณ ื•ืžืกื˜ ืžืžื˜ 
ืŸืฑื˜^ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•^ ืžื™ื ืฒ 1 ื™ื  4 ืžื•ื ื˜ืฐืž ืณ ืจืขืŸ ืžื™^ ืžืฒืŸ( ื›ืžืฐืž 
ืžืžืžื” ) ื˜ืžืจ *ื™ 1 ื™,ืด 1 ื›ื™ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ' 11 ื™ืž ืžื™ื ื ืจ* ( ื 1 ืจืจ*ืžื•ืกื“ ) ' 
ืฑื•ื˜ื‘ืกืฒืจืŸโ€ข $1 ื•ืฒืž (ื—ืกื™ืจื™ืง) ื•ืฒืงื ืžืจ^ืžื ^ืŸืžื•ื ืกืจืฒืข^ืŸ โ€ข 
ื•ึพื•ื•ืžืฑืžืฒ 1 ื˜^*ืจืฒื™ื™ื– 4 ื™ื•ืข 4 ืŸโ€ข ื™ืž^ื˜ืžืฒืŸ(ื—ืกื™ืจ) ืงืข 4 }ืจืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ืจืŸ ืฐื™ืž ื˜ื–ื˜ื“ื™ืž ื  3 ื™ื•ื”ื˜ื˜*ื ืงืŸ * ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ืจ ืžื ืจืจ ื–ื™ืžื“ื•ืง ; 
#ืž 01 ืกื• ื›ืฑ ืจื™ื“ืŸ ื—ืฑ^ ืจื™ืžื ื‘ื™ื•ื” ืจื›ืคืฉ ืžื›ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืดื™ืž ื•ื™ืž 
ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฒืกื™!ืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื˜ืขืงืŸ * ืจืจื•ืง ื•ืžื• ื•ื™} ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืฑ ืจื™ืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ* ื•ื™ืงืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ^ืžื ื•ื™ ืดื ื ื•ื˜ โ€ข ื•ืž! 1 * 0013 ืžื™ื™ืก 4 ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื• โ™ฆืฒืŸ 
|ื•ื˜ืžื•ื ' 4 ื -#โ€ข 4 ื  1 ื˜ืžื™ื ' 4 ื•ื˜ืงืŸ 4 ื•|!ื•ืฑืจืจืขืจ 1 ^ 4 ืŸโ€ข ืžื‘ืจ 

โ–  ' : ืณ ืจยฉ 

ืคืื˜ืืื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื ื— ื›ืดืฆื ื“ืจืฉื—. 

( 17 โ€” 18 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”.) 


11 ืข%^ื›ยฃ 




11 


ื•ึพืจืžื” 


ื‘ืžืจืจื•^ื™ ืžื•ื ืณืžืžื•ื™ืž ื•ื•ืžืŸื™ ืžื™ืจ ืขื•ืฒยฉ ืจืฒืคืŸืžื•ืŸื™ืŸ 

|||ืž^^^||||;||^ื•ืŸ||ื||^|^|||^|^)|||ืŸ^|| 

^ื™ื ืŸืŸ 1 ื™ืžื–ื  1 
^ืจื•||||ื•ื•ื™* 1 |ืŸ ื–ื•ื•ื•ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ืŸโ–  
^ืŸ^^^|||^|||^;^|||^||| 1 |^;|ื•ื•ื•ื•ื™*ื™ื™ื™ 

ื•^โ‚ช^^ 11 ^ื•ื•ื• 11 ื•ื•: 1 ^ื•ื•ื•ื•ื™|ืŸืŸืŸื•ื•โ‚ช^ืŸื•ืŸื™ื•ืŸืŸ 

1 ื• ยฉื ื•ื™ืŸ' * ืžื•ื ืณ ื•ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ืž ืจืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืคื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื•ื“ (ื—<ืฉ| 1 ื•} 

^^ 1 -ื•ื•ืŸ|ื•|ื•|;| 11 ืŸ 188 ืŸื•ื• ื• 8 ื• ื•ื•^ื•ื•^ 1 


ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื ื” ื›''ืฆืก ื“ืจืฉื”. 










ยฃ%*ึพ% *)')ื 511 ืž. 11 )ืกืŸ).ื•: 1.1 ื 5 ืžืืž. 581 (ื–^ื–ืก) 511 801 ื’!ืก 8 ืž 58 




.** { 4 , 

ืก ;ื—ื– 

ืดื• 4 ึพืž 

1 ืณ > 1 

^ ยฃ 
6 ื” 

ื™ืžืŸ 

< ^ 

4 ? 


^ โ‚ฌ 

. ืณืž 

1 ? 

ื™ื• 

ื•ื  .ยฃ 

:ืŸึพ ^ 


^ 0 ื• ื  1 




? 

โ€ข*: 

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ื• 


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: 1 ^ 

ื :# 

^::::โ–  111 

: 1 


. ื™^ืฅืด ^ ^ 

ื  1 

^ื“ึพ 

* ^ ืŸืดืณื• 

ื™|ื•:. 115 * 

^ 3 ^- 1 : ? 05 ^ 

โ– ::* ;^:; 1 ^:^ _ยฃ โ–  
*ยงื•::|):::ืด^ื™::^* 5 . 3 ื™ 

โ– '* 11 :ืณ-โ– ^ื™ื™ โ–  ^ื™ื™^ ^โ–  

^ 1 ^:ื™::- %|ื™ื™:ื™*ื™:: 4 :::^| ; โ– ^#ืณ: 

ื™ื™ื•ื™| .|: 1 ื™ ื™:: 
# ^ ^ 

" 5 ืกื•^ยฃ <! 3 

^ ืดึพ" ^ ื•ื™ื  

ืณ::ื•ื™ื™ื•:: โ–  ื•&::: -"'^ 1 :ืณ: 1 * 1 : ^:: 

4 :: โ€ข#ึพ:|: ึพ - .:ื™ื™*. โ–  ึพ;**; โ€ข ::; # โ–  ื“ -โ–  

-ืดืด 1 ^ ื™- (- 4 

; 111 

^ื™:|ื™โ– :::ืณืด:%ึพ:^ 1 ;* 
^^^:ื•*::::ื• 1 ::ื•:^^:::ื™:ื™ื•:ื™ 
'ืณ^>ื™ืž ื•ืžื™ ^^ 1 ื™ื™ ึพื™ื• 
โ–  -; 

::ยฃ- 191 ^: 0 9 

ืฐ* ^ื™ 1 :ื•:: ื•%ื™:ื• : ^ื™ื•:| 1 

^ื•^*.:|ื™:ื•:ืณื•ื•ื•::::;: 1 :.ื•ื ื•: 
โ– :โ– :*ืณ:โ– ^ 1 ืณโ‚ฌ:^:. 1 :ึพ# 
ื™ืŸ:ยฉ::.ื™ืณ:ื• 1 ืณืš| 

::^*' ืžื™ * 


^ื• 

^ 1 * ื ? 

. ื•:^^ ^ 


^'ืžื™ื™โ– ืณ^ ^ 

: ^'*ื™ :^ื• ืณ ^ื™ 

1ยฃ 

ืฐ 

ยง ื‘* ยฃ 

โ–  ., ^^, % โ– ^ ^โ€ขื™ึพ 

ยฃ . ืณ? ?ื™ 

ื–ื™ 7 ืดยฃ ึพืณ # 

โ–  1 5 ?^ .^ 9 

ื * ื–ืŸ * ืฐ. :ื™ 

:^ื•ืŸ 

^ *-ื™ 4 ืฆ ^ื™* ื™ืžื™ *ืฒืด 

= ,ยฃ โ€” :;ืŸ 3 .ืž 

.ื™ื•ืŸื™: : ^;:โ– ^ืŸ: 

ืณ) -- 


^ื•ื™ืดื•ืŸโ–  โ–  4 ^ 1 ^ ^โ–  

ื–#ื™ 4 ^ื•% โ– ื•ื™ื•โ–  '^: # ' 

ื™^ื•ืณโ–  ื™*)ื•% ื™ โ– ^ ^ ึพืŸโ– !.* ^^โ– ืณ 

:ืณื•^ื•* ื– 1 ื™ื™ 

^!: 4 :^ื™ืฐ 41 ': 1 : ื™ื• 1 ^ ืง -: 

โ–  ื™ ื™ึพ^:* 1 ื•ื™ โ€”โ– ืณ โ–  ^โ–  

^^โ– ืณโ– โ– ื•ื™ื™ 4 โ– โ–  15 ื™ 

:: 1 *: ื•ื•โ– โ– โ– :||โ– :ยง::^ืณ,ื˜:โ– ืณ 

ื™-^'ืณ:: ื™ 0 . :^'ื™ ื™ ' 11 ื•ื™ ึพื’!'>* โ– - 

^ 1 ื•;ื•: 4 - ^#โ–  -โ–  40 โ– ^โ€ข 4 ^โ–  

:^ืณ.*ืณ ืขืณืฐ*ืณ ^*โ– ืณื™ื™: 

?ื™-ืŸ 1 1% : 

:ืฆ ืด โ– ืฒ 1 . - * 


ืณ 24% :: 


-? ืž 

ื“ื™ 


16. :1*; 
*8: 


;|ื•,:โ– ืกโ– :. 




^^|ื™:ื•#: 4 ื™ 1 :::': โ– #ืœ:.. 5 | 

^ื™:::ื•||ื•:โ– ื™'||::'::^|:: โ– ::|| 4 โ– ^:.:ืŸ|:: 
ืณืณืฒื™ืฐื™ืื™ โ– ืณ"^^ื•ื•โ– ! โ– ยฃืณ 

? ^ . #5 * 

ืฃืณ-ืดื™ * ืž 


: 0 : ; 1 :ืขื•:: ,ื–ื™- 

1 โ€ข> % ืž * 4 * 

.ืฉ ,ยฃ ืด:ื’ ืฉื  <- 75 ื™ 

.ื™ื™*ื .ื™;|โ– : ;ยฉ: โ–  6 :; โ– :ื™* 

. 3 |*:;|: 4 โ–  

ื *||: %6 | 1 :::โ– ''*: 11 , <|: % 

2 ื™:*:ื™:ื™ืณืฒโ– |: ;^::;^**ื™^ื•^ 
#ืด&ื™โ– ::ื™ ::ืณ: : ึพ^ 

^ื•ืŸโ– ^โ– : 1 ::ื’ื•: 5 : 

^; 111 ืณ;: :*"โ– ;ึพื•^!ื•:;ืฐื™^ื™#;ืฐ 
. 4 :|; 4 โ– ืณ'*ื™ื : 4 :.^โ– โ– '^* โ– ^ืณ' 6 '- 

*% ^ โ–  ืด:' 1:5 โ–  
~โ–  โ–  โ–  2 :. โ– *ืด*: : ::::;:; 0 ::. 


ยฃ 


ยฃ 


:โ–  11 ; 

1 ื™ 

, 1ยฃ 


/ 


ืŸื ืš,: .*โ–  ^ 

%*: %ืณ^:.:* 1 '%ืดยฃ ;:*โ– ื™ืŸ 

โ€ข--::: 'ื–ื ืด:%ืณ.. 8 ื•::.*:^ืณ* 1 1 


ยฃ:โ– โ– โ– |โ– :|::: 1 โ– :|ื™!| 
ืขโ–  ืณ ืดโ– ืณืณืดืณืณ*โ€”ืณ ืณ^ 


:โ– :ืŸื™ื  

ึพืดื• 

1 


ืณ*ืž * 

ืด*ืด?*. 


:ื–ื™^ 

ืณ ื™ื™ 1 ืณ:^ื™ืณโ– : 


::1 (' 


โ€ข*4 




โ– ืณื ื•ื•:ืณืณ:::ื™ื•ื•'ื•:ื•#: 4 :::ื™ื•ื ื : 
^^:ืณ;ื™ื™-^ืณโ– โ–  ื•;%: 44 ื ื•ืด.ืณ 4 ^ 
^^ื™::':; ื ืŸื•ื™:ึพ โ– ^#,ื— โ– โ– โ– โ– โ–  *:/โ– /^ 1 โ–  ืด 

; ^ 1 ,ึพ,;:*%;โ€ข*โ–  4 ; #*:โ– โ– โ–  

^ืž- 4 ;:^'^\;;:^|:;ืž 4 ื•#ื™:^. 

^;| 4 -:/;#|ื•;ื•: 1 ื•ืŸืด 4 ^ื• 4 :^!ืณ: 

'; 1 *ื•:;ื• 5 :ืณ^|;:ื™*ื• 1 ื™ 1 ืณโ–  
















ืจืฑื–ืœ ืคื™ืฉืœื 


ื  86 ืฆ 1 ] 


ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืœืŸืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืฉ ื™ืชืณ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื™ืฆืš ื’ื•ื˜ืฉ ื™ืชืณ ื”ื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ. 

ืื•ื’ืณ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื™ืชืณ ื”ืื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื“ื ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื• ืกื•ืžืŸ: 

ื“ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืœื™ืš ืืณ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืื•ื™ืฑ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืจืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ^ื•ื–ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื–ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืืจื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ืฉ ืื™ื“ื“ ืžืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืฆ ื ื•ื˜ ื™ืชืณ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืืจืฒื–ืŸ: 

ืขืฉ ื–ืฒืŸ ื•ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ื“ืจ ืžืืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื”ืžืœืš ืขืดื” ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ืืŸ: 

ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ื™ืคืœื™ืฉืŸ. 
ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ืฉืŸ: 

ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืชื”ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืžืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฉ ืื ื“ืจื™. 
ืขืฉ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ ืžื•ืฉืŸ ืฐืื ื“ืจื™: 

ื“ื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืฉ ืืณ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆื• ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื” ื  ื• ื‘ ืจ ื’ื™ืคื•ื ื“ืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืŸ: 


ื“ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ื™ืžืื›ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืฒื ืื•ื ืณ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ ืž ื• ื ืœ ื‘ ื• ืš ื ื™ื‘ืจืื›ื˜: 

ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืืจื˜ื•ื ื’ ืขืฉ ื–ื•ืœ ื–ืฒืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆืฒืื ืŸ. 
ืžืื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ื•ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืžื™ ืžืฒื“ืœื™ืš. 



ืจื•ื™ื–ืœ ืคื™ืฉืœื 


ื“ืขืŸ ืขืฉ ืฐื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืณืขืฒื“ืื™ืš; 

ืจื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ื›ืขื– ืžื™-ื˜ ืžืฒื ืจ ื”ืื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืฉ ืขื– ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืจื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ืื™ื‘ืŸ: 

ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ ืžื™ืš ื‘ื™ื“ืื›ื˜โ€ข 
ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืŸ ืจืจื•ืง ื’ื™ื‘ืจืื›ื˜: 

ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจืณ ื•ืคื™ืฉ 5 ื˜ื”ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ื˜ ื ืขื ืŸ. 
ื“ืฉ ืžืื›ื˜ ืจืฉ ื–ื™ื ืžืฒืŸ ืคืื˜ืจ ื–ืดืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืŸืขื ื™ืŸ: 

ื”ืจื‘ ืจืณ ืฑืืฃ* 5 ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจ ?ื•ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉ^ืขื›ื˜. 
ืจื™ ื–ืฒืŸ ื^ื™ ื ืื˜ืฉ ื™ืชืณ ืงื ืขื›ื˜: 

ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืื˜ืจ ืžื•ื”ืดืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 5 ื•ื™ ืขืดื” ื“ืขืจ ืืื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืคื ืคืฆื™ื’ ื™ืืจ ืฆื• ืงื” 5 ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ?ื•ืจืžื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื™ื”ื 5 ื˜ืŸ: 


6 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืืŸ 


[ 17 <ืืจื”.? ^ 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื ืฒื ื’ื™ืžืื›ื˜ 

ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื—ื™ื ื— ืื™ื– ืฐืืจื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื– ื’ื™ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื•ื ื•ื’ื•ืจื 

ื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืณืขื˜ ืจืขืจ ื‘ืจืžื’ ื–ืขืจ. 
ื“ืจื•ื ื ืดื’ ื“ืฒื ื” ืืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ืฉ ื”ืขืจ. 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื–ืืœืฉื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืฉ ืื‘ ื˜ืืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื’ 

ื˜ืื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื ื‘ื˜ ืฐืขืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื”ืฉืดื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ืืŸ. 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืื ื ืขืžืŸ ืืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืืœ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸืฉื” ื’ืฑื•ืขืจืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื•ื ืฐืฒืฉื˜ ืฐื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื• ืขืœื ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืฆืจื” ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืคืฒืŸ. 
ื–ืืœืฉื˜ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ืชืคื™^ื” ืืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืื•ื ื– ืœื•ืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืœืื–ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื  

ื‘ืจืขื ื  ื”ื™ืœืš ืื•ื™ืŸื™ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ื™ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ. 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืคืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื˜ืจืฒื˜ืŸ. 
ืœืื– ืื•ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืŸ. 
ืœืื– ืื•ื ื– ื—ืŸ ื•ื—ืื“ ื ื™ืคื™ื ืŸ: 


ืคืื˜ืจ ื™ืŸื™ื ื™ื’ 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืืŸ 


ื”ืขืœืŸ? ืื•ื ืฉ ืื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื ื™ื˜ื–. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื ื”ืฒื ื ืื–ื• ืืฒืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืž^.ืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ืคืจ ื‘ืจื’ื™ืŸ 
ืื– ืงืฒื ืจ ืื–ื• ืืฒืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื‘ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ื’ืจ ื’ืื˜ ื˜ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื˜ื’ื™ืื” ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฆื˜ืŸ. 
ืฆื• ืจื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฑื ื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื^ื˜ืŸ. 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจ ืืฒืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ื ื’ ืฉืคื™ืจืŸ. 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืื™ืฆ ืงืฒื ื ืžื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื– ืคื™ืจืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืื–ื• ื‘^ื“ ืื– ืืฒื ืจ ืงืจื ืง ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ื™ืฆื™ื’ื˜ ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ?ืฒื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒื–ื™ืฆ ืื ืฒืŸ. 
ืคืจ ืžื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืฉืžืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื™ืฆื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ืฆืื– ืจื™ืจืฉ ืจืขืจ ื‘ืจืžืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื’ 

ืฐื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื”ืžืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ืขื ืŸ ืืจื•ื. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ื•ื 
ืื•ื ืณ ืœืื–ืŸ ืงืฒื ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื‘ ื’ื™ืŸ. 
ื—ืžืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื–ืข^ื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืฉืดื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื  


ืืจื•ืžื” ืฐืฒื‘ืจ ืืš ืื™ืฆื™ ืฆืฒื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื˜ืฐ ืจื™ื ืงืจื ืงืŸ ^ืฒื˜. 
ืคื™ื™ืฆ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชืช ืืื™ ืฆืฒื˜. 
ื–ืขื ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืฒื˜. 
ื ืื˜ ื–ื? ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจ ื?ื™ ?ืฒืจ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


8 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” 0 ืืŸ 


ืขื– ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™^ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื– ื’ื™ืณืฆื•ื•ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื“ืืฉ ื–ื 5 ื”ืฉืดื™ ืืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ื’ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื“ืงื” ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื–ืื ื”ืฉืดื™ ื“ืขื“ ื™ืฆืขื ื’ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื“ ืฆืขื‘ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืฆื“ืงื” ืชืฆื™ืฆ ืžืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืืš ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 
ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ื–ืข^ื‘ืจ ืืจื•ื ื’ื™ืŸ. 
ืื•ื  ื˜ื•ื’ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืฅ ืฐืืฉ ื“ื•ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื’ืฆืš ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืŸ^ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ื™ืฆืื– ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ^ืขื ื’ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืคืฒืŸ 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

?ื™ื‘ื“ ื’ืื˜ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื˜ ื? ืืจืš ืืคื™ื. 
ื˜ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ื™ื ืื“ ื‘ื™ืคื™ืฆ ื‘ืคืฆื™ื. 
ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืฒืŸ ื›ื™ืื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ื–ื^ืฉื˜ื• ื“ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ. 
ืื•ื’ืณ ื–ืืฆืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ืฆืจื” ื‘ืื“ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆื™ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืชืคื™^ื” ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฑื ื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื?ื˜. 
ืจื™ ืฆืจื” ื–ืื™ืฆืฉื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื‘ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืจ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืฒื˜ืจ ื–ืืœ ืืฒืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืจื™ ืฆืจื” ืื‘ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื ืณ ืงื™^ืฒืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


?ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืฅ ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืื•ื™ื” ื”ื™^ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืฅ ื”ืืคืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืฒื ืจ ื’ื ืืจ ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืฅ ื‘ื•ื™ืืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฆื• ืจืฒื ืจ ื”ื™^ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืืŸ: 


ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื– 3 ืื– 


ืฑืžืจ ืื•ื ืณ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ืŸ^ืื’ื–. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒื ื ืืจื•ื™ื– ื˜ื•ื˜ ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืจืื– ืื™ื– ืืฒืจืจ ืจื™ ื’ืจืขืฉื˜ื™ ืคืฒืŸ. 
ืื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืืฆ ื‘ื™ื’ืจื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ื”ืข^ืŸื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ื– ื 5 ื™ ืคืฒืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐืข?ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื ื›ื˜. 
ืื•ื™ื” ืจืฒืŸ ืืจืžื” ืฉืขืค^ืš ื–ื 5 ืฉื˜ื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืณืื™ ืื›ื˜. 
ืจื• ื‘ื™ืณืขืณ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒื ืŸ ืจืฒื ื™ ืฉื^. 
ืื™ื‘ืณ ื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื‘ ืจื™ ืขื–ื˜ืจืืš: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืจืŸื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืืณืขื˜ื• ืฐืขืืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืงื™ื ืืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืืฉื˜ ืฐืข?ืŸ ^ืื–ืŸ ?ืŸืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ื™ืณืืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ื™ื ื–ืขื ืŸ ื‘ืดื” ืฆืจื™ืงื™ื ื—ืื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ื ืคืจื•ืžื”. 
ื–ืืืฉื˜ื• ?ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืฆืจื” ืžื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื  

5 ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืจื™ ืชืคื™ 5 ืช ื 5 ื™ ืฆืฒื˜. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืจืจ ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืจื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ื ื– ื 5 ื™ ื”ืฒื ื˜. 
ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืจื™ ืฆืจืงื” ืื•ื ืณ ื’ืžื™^ื•ืช ื—ืืจ ืฐืืฉ ืจื•ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ืืŸ. 
ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ื–ื?ืฉื˜ื• ื ืขืžืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืชืคื™ืื” ืืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืืŸ. 
ืจื•ื ืืจื•ื™ื” ืฐืข 5 ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ืŸ. 
ื ื™ืžืจ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฒืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื•ืฉ. 
ื”ืจ ื ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืจื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคื•ืฉ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื  


10 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืืŸ 


ืฐืขืŸ ื  5 ืฒืš ืืฒืŸ ื˜ืฒ? ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื• โ– ืคืชื ื•ืฒืŸ. 
ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืš ื“ืืฉ ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฒื‘^ืฉ ืงื•ื˜. 
ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืขื™ืฆ^ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ืจ ื ื•ื˜: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื’ื™ื’ 

ื‘ืฒื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืž?ืš ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื˜ืจืืคืŸ. 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืž^ืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจ ื’ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ืœืืคื™ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื•ื ื”ืืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื“ืžืŸ. 
ื–ืื ืืš ื”ื™ืฆื•ื’ื“ืจื˜ ืงืดื ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฑื ื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื 5 ื˜ืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ื˜ื•ื ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืื•ื™^ ื” 5 ื˜ืŸ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื—ืดื• ื’ื ืฅ ื–ื™ื ื“ื’ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 
ื–ื^ืฉื˜ื• ืื•ื ื– ืžืชื ืช ื—ื™ื ื ื’ืขื‘ื™ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


5 ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืžืขืณื–^ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฐืืฉ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื– ืžื™ื“ ื–ืืืŸ ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืŸ ื—ืŸ ื•ื—ืื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืืจ ืื•ื™ื’ื™ืŸ. 
ื 5 ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื™^ ืื•ื ื– ืจื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืื ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’^ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ื“ืืฉ ื”ืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืงื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืจ ื’ืฑื•ืฆื˜. 
ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ื“ื•ื ื–ื^ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืขืืคื™ืŸ ื‘ 5 ื“. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื^ืฉื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืจืฆืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืื ื‘ื“ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืงืฒื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื ืืจืžื” ื ื™ืžืฒืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


11 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” 2 ืืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆืขื‘ื“ื’ ื’ืื˜ ื–ื^ ืื•ื ื–ืจืŸ ^ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืฒื–ืจ ืœืื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื˜ ื™ืืจ ืืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจ ืงืฒื–ืจืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืฑื ื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืžื™ื˜ ื^ืฉ ืฐืืฉ ืฆื• ืื™ื 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ืงืขืจืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืื ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืจื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืืจืžื” ื’ื™ืžืฒืŸ. 
ื–ื^ ืงืฒืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง ืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืืจืฒืŸ: 

ืืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ืืš ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื^ื™ ืžื? ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืจ ืื•ื ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืจ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืืŸ. 
ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืขื ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืชืคื™ืฆื” ืืŸ: 

ืค.ืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื”ืฉืดื™ ืคืจ 5 ืื–ืŸ ื˜ืืŸ. 
ื“ื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฒื ืจ ื ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืฆืืŸ. 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื“ืขื ืงืŸ ืืŸ ื–ืฒื ื” ืคืจ ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ื” ืฉืืฃ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ 5 ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื‘ ื˜ืืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืืš: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื–ืขื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื ื•ื˜. 
ื^ ื–ืฒืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื• ืืจื’ ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜. 
^ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ^ืื– ืงืฒื ืจ ืคืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ื• ื–ืื™ืฆืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืจ ื“ืฒืŸ ืืจืžื” ืงื™ื ื“ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืžืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืฆื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ื“ืขื ืง ืืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื”ืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ื 5 ื˜ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืฒื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ืฆื˜ืŸ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืฆ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืฐืขืœืฉื˜ื• ื–ื™ื ื”ืข^ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื– ืื ืื™ืจ ืคืฒืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


12 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” 3 ืืŸ 


ื“ื•ื ื”ืืณืื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฆื• ื’ื™ื–ืื’ื˜. 
ื“ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื™ืฆืื’. 
ืื– ื“ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ื ืฉ ืฐื™^ืฉื˜ ื— 5 ื˜ืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืื•ื“ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืืš ืืŸ ื’ืจืฒื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืฆืจื” 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืืš ืื™ื– ื“ืจื•ื™ื– ื’ืฑื•ืืจืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืจืฒืจ. 
ื–ืื™ืœืฉื˜ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืืš ื’ื™ื“ืขื ืงืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืœืื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืืฆื™ ืงืจืขื ืงืŸ: 

, ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื“ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืš ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืœืฒืจ. 
ืขืฉ ื–ื^ ื‘ 5 ื“ ื“ืจื•ื™ื– ืฐืขืจืŸืด ืืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืจืฒื“. 
ืงื™^ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื–ืื ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื“ืจื•ื™ื– ืฐืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ^ืื– ืฆื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ ื^ื™ ืงืจืขื ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื— ื”ืขืจืŸ: 

. ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืžื™ื’ืจ ืคืื˜ืจ. 
ืžืš ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื” ืคื•ื˜ืจ. 
ืฐื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื• ืฉืฐืขืจ ื‘ื™^ืื“ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ื’ื•ื˜ ื”ืข^ืŸื™ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ืจ ืคืฒืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืฐืฒ 5 ื”ื™ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืขื™ื‘ืจ. 
ืื™ื– ?ืฒื“ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืฉ^ื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. 
ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืณ^ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื–ืขื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื—ืดื• ืฉื™ืจ ืืจ ื“ืืšื‘ืŸ. 
ืคื™^ ื’ื•ื˜ืฅ ื–ืืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื‘ืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื’ื™ื’ 


13 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื— ืคืืŸ 


ืฐื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืจ ?ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ื™ื– ืื•ื™ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื™ ื–ื•ืข 5 ื˜. 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ื– ืคืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ืข^ื˜. 
ืื™ ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื” ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืงื•ืžื–. 
ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ืฉืดื™ ืคื•ื– ืื•ื ื– ืฐืขืง ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื–. 
ืคื™^ ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื˜ ื–ืื ืื•ื™ืŸ? ืื•ื ื– ?ืŸื•ืžื–: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ื™ืŸื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืฐืขื– ื”ืฉืดื™ ืฐื™ 5 ื™ืฉืจืืฆ ืฉื˜ืจืืคื™ื– ื˜ืื–. 
?ืืฉื˜ ืขื“ ืืื“ ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืŸ ืขื“ื– ื’ืืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืขืจ ื–ื 5 ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืจื” ื–ืดื–โ€ข 
ื”ืฉืดื™ ื–ื? ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื‘ ื˜ืื– ื“ื™ื ืคืฒื–: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืฐื™ื ืฐืื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒื ื” ื™ืืจ ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืดื“ื– ืื•ื™ื– ?ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืคื™? ืฆื“ืงื” ื ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืคื™ 5 ื’ื•ื˜ืฅ ื’ื™ื˜ืื–. 
ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื? ืื•ื ื– ื 5 ืฆืฒื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืฉื˜ืืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื’ื™ื  

ืฐืื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ื 5 ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืš ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ืฒื–. 
ืื•ื™ื” ื™ืขื ืจ ืฐืขืฆื˜ ื–ืืฆ ืขืจ ืคืจ ื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืื ืžืž^ื™ืฅ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืืŸ. 

ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ืื ืื•ื ืฉ ื? ืฆืฒื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืฉื˜ืืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืฉืจืฒื ืืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืžืฆืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืฑื•^ื˜. 
ืื– ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืคื” ืื•ื™ืช ื”ืฆื˜. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื‘ื™ืคืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืŸื™ื ื“ืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืื˜ืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ื•ื ื–ืืณ 5 ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืš ?ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ืž ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ื ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืžืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ?ืŸื™ื ื™ื  


14 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืืŸ 


ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื ื“ืจืฒื ื™ืืจืŸ. 
ืืš ื“ื™ื ื“ื ืงืขื ืŸ ^ืฒืืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืื•ืจืŸ. 
ืืฆ ืฉื“ื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช. 
ื˜ื•ื ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืืณืฆื™ ืจืขื•ืช; 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื  

ื?ื™ ื˜ืืจืŸ ื–ืขื ืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 
?ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ ื’ื™ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 
ื ืขื ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฒืŸ ืœืื’ื™ืฆ ืื ืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื ื“ืฒืŸ ืคืื™ืฆืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ืฆ ื–ืฒืŸ; 

ืืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืžืขืง ืื‘ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ื–ื™ื ื“. 
ื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืคืื˜ืจ ืื•ื ืณ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒื ื” ืงื™ื ื“. 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ื’^ื•ื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒืฉื˜ื• ืืง ื“ืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
?ื™ื‘ืจ ืคืื˜ืจ ืคืจ ื™ืฆืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื ื“ืจ ื“ืฒืŸ; 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื ืณ ืื•ื™ื” ืจืฒื ืจ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ื ืื“ ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื—ืŸ. 
ื^ื– ื™ืฐืืฉ ืื•ื ื– ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ. 
ืฆื• ืงืฒื ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขืจื™ืŸ. 
^ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืงื“ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื–; 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


?ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื›ื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื“ืฒื ื” ืืจืžื” ืฉืื” ื–ื^ืฉื˜ื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืื›ื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ืื™ืฆืฉื˜ื• ืื•ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื^ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ื–ืขืฆืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื 5 ืฉ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื’ืŸ ื‘?ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆืŸ; 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


15 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืืŸ 


?ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืงืืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืžืขื ืณืŸ 6 ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืŸ. 
ื“ื•ื ืงืื’ืฉื˜ ืืฒื’ื ืฐืื•? ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฒืŸ ืจืฉืข ืงืืŸ ืขืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืืŸ. 
ื”ืฉืดื™ ื–ืื ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ืชืคื™ื™^ื” ืืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืจืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืงืฒืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื˜ื•ืฉื˜ื• ืžื“ืงืจืง ื–ืฒืŸ. 
?ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื”ืขื™ืฆืš ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ื– ื 5 ื™ ืคืฒืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื ืฆืŸ ื”ืจืฆืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืžืขืจืฆื™ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืคื”. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ื’ื– ืฐืฒื˜ืจ ืคืจ ืื™:ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืคื”: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ื?ื™ ืžืืื›ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืž 5 ื–ื?ื™ืŸ ืคืจ ืื•ื ื– ืชืคื™^ื•ื– ื˜ืืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื–ืื™? ื ืขืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ืชืคื™^ื” ืืŸ. 
ื–ื^ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื’ื–ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืฑื•ืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื?ื™ ืงืจืขื ืงืŸ 5 ืื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขื˜^ื™ืš ^ื™ื“ ืฐื™ 5 ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืŸื– ื”ืขืจืŸ. 
ื^ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื^ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืฉืดื™ ื’ืฑื•ืขืจื™ืŸ. 
ืื•ื’ืณ ื–ืื ืื•ื ื– ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจ ืืื™ืŸ ืคืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื 5 ืื•ื ื– ื‘?ื“ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒ^ื™ื’ืŸ ืœ:ืจ ืื’ืฒืŸ: 

ืคืื˜ืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 


16 



ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืคืืŸ 


ืฐืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฅ ืฐืข^ื˜ ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืฐืขืจ ื“ืืณืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ืžืื›ื˜. 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” ืืฉืช ื›ืžื”ื•ืจืจ ื™ืืงื‘ ืคืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 
ื‘ืช ื›ืžื”ืจืดืจ 5 ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืฆืงืจ ื–ืดืฆ. 
ื”ืฉืดื™ ื–ืืฆ ืื•ื ืฉ ื‘ื™ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื 5 : 

ืคืื˜ื“ ืงื™ื ื™; 



[ 1710 ] 


ืชืคื™ืœื— 

ื“ื™ื–ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ ื ืฒืื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืคื•ื ืืŸ ืคืื ื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ื“: 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืœื™ ืื•ืชืฑืช ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒื ื™ ืืฒื’ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื“: 

ื’ืขืฆื” ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืดืจ ืžืฉื” ื”ืžื“ืคื™ืก 

ื•ืืžื™ ืžืจืช ืคืจืฒืจื” ื‘ืช ื”ืจืดืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืดืฅ ื–ืดืœ 

ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจ ืฉื™ืณ ื’ื™ื‘ืื— 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืื” ื ืืš ืขื˜ืฐืืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืจ ืฆืฐืข?ื” ื™ืืจืŸ: 

ื ืขืžื˜ ืืฒืš ืงืฒืŸ (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ) ื“ื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืจื‘ืฒื˜ืŸ. 
(ื”ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืขื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจื^) ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืฆื•ืช ืœื ื’ื™ ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ: 

ืืฒืŸ ื™ืืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ื“ืืฉ ืื ื“ืจื™ ื™ืืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœืŸื•ืžืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืŸืฒื ืจ (ื’ืื•ืœื”) ื ืืš ื ื™ื’ืŸืฉ ืืจ ื ื•ืžืŸ: 

ืžื™ืจ ืฉืจืฒืืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ ื^ื™ ื™ืืจ. 

ืฐืขืจ ืฐืืœื˜ ืจื– ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฒื ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื™ืŸื•ืžืŸ ืคืืจ: 

ืฐื™ื ืฐืื•ืœ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืฉื•ืฐืฒื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. 

ืื™ืš ืื•ื ืณ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืื˜ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื˜ืืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื“ืŸ ืคื™ืœ: 

ืฐื™ื ืขืฉ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืจ ื’ื™ืŸ. 
ืื–ื• ื–ืืœ ืื•ื ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื•ื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ. 

ืขืฉ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจืฒืืŸ ืืœื™ ืœืฒื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืฉ (ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ) 

ืคื•ืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื) ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื–ืœืื’ืŸ. 



ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื“ ื“ืืฉ (ื’?ื•ืช) ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืณ}} ?ืดื“. 
ื“ื™ื ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ (ื’ืื•?ื”) ืฐื™ืจืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ ืคืจืฒื“. 

ืืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ. 


(ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™) ืงื•ื™ืื˜ ืจื™ื ืชืคื™ืื” ืคืืจ ืืฒืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื’ืข 5 ื˜. 
ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ื–ืฒืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ (ืžื—ื™ื”) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืื™ื˜. 
ืฐืฒืœ ืขืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืื–ื•ื ืฐืื•ื ื ื™ืคืข^ื˜. 



ื—ื ื” ื›ืดืฅ 


ืชืคืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืช 


ื ื– 1 ึพ 18 ื™ืืจื”โ€ข] 


ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื’ืื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื“ืฒืŸ ืœื•ื‘ ืจืขืจ ืฆื™ 5 ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฉืขืคืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื™ ื–ื™ืื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ โ– ืคื™ืจ ื“ืื ืงื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจ. 

ื— ื“ื•ื ื”ืืฉื˜ ืื•ื ืฉ ืฆื• ืืฒืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืœืก ื˜ื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื– ืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื ืื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ื ืณ ืขืจื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืืคืŸ ื”ืื˜. 

ื’ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืคืฒื– ืฆื• ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื™ืื™ ื˜ืจืื ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืืœื™ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ืืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื“ืฉ) ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ (ื–ื•ื›ื”) ื–ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืงื™ื ื“ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ (ืขื•ืฉืจ) ืื•ื ืณ (ื›ื‘ื•ื“) ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ(ืฉื‘ืช ืงื“ืฉ) ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื™ ืคืœืฒืก. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื™ืื™ ืฉืคืฒื–. 


ืฐืืฉ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืื˜ืจืŸ ืืŸ ื’ื™ื’ืจืฒื˜. 
ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื’ืื˜ ืœืื– ืื•ื ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฒื˜. 

ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื“ืฉ) ืื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ (ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ) ื’ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 
ื“ืืจื•ื ื–ืืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ (ื–ื•ื›ื”) ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืณ ื™ืขื ื” ืฐืขืœื˜. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจ (ืžืฉื™ื—) ื–ืืœ ืื•ื ืฉ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืฒื ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ ื”ืื ื˜. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืืœ ืื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืฉ ื”ืฒืœื™ื’ื™ 5 ืื ื“. 

(ืืžืŸ ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ืณ ืจืฆื•ืŸ). 


20 



ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


ืืฒืŸ ื”ื™ืคืฉื” ื“ืจืฉื” 

ืคืจ ืžืื ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืดื‘ืจ ืฑื ื’ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืืื˜ืŸ. ืฐืื• ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ื™ืฆื›ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ (ืžื–? ื•ื‘ืจื›ื”) ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™ ืขืจ ื”ืื™ืฆื˜ืŸ. ืื–ื• 
ืฐืื•^ ืืจื™ื ืื– ืจืฒืš. ื’ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื ืณ ืงื™ืฆืฒืŸ ื^ื™ ืฆื• ื  5 ืฒืš. 
ื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ (ื ื–ื”ืจ) ื–ืฒืŸ. ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืื˜ 
ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจ ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื ืณ ืคืฒืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืืจื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
^ืฒืืŸ. ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืขืจืฅ ืขืจ ืืจืฒืืŸ. ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืืฒืš ืฐื™ื ืขืฉ ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื ืณ ื“ืืจื™ื‘ืจ 
ื˜ืื’ ืื•ื ืณ ื ื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ ืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ื™ื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ื“ื ืžื™ื˜ (ืžื–ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื) 

ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ. (ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื”) ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
(ื–ื•ื›ื”) ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื•ืž! ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืฒ^ื’ืŸ ?ื ื“ ืืจืฒืŸ 
ืืžืŸ: 


ืขืดื™ ื”ื 5 ืžื ื” ื—ื ื” ื‘ืช ืžื•ื”ืจืดืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ืดืฅ 
ื^ืžื ืช ืžื•ื”ืจืดืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืฉื›ื ื– ื–ืดื™ืฆ: 

ืคื” ืงืดืง ืืžืฉื˜ืจื“ื ืื™ืขืดื 


21 



ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


1( 


ืŸื“ืืฉ ืื™ื– ืืฒืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ืคืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืฒื‘ืจ) 


ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 5 ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืดื‘ืจ. 


ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ื ืืฒืš ื 5 ื™ (ืžื—ื™ 5 ื”) ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ. 

ืจืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืืฒืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ืื ืฒืŸ ื’ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืข^ื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืจืŸื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ื ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฉ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืจืืคื™ืŸ. 
ืื‘ืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื” ^ืฒื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” 

ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื“ืจ ืฉ^ืืคื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ื ืžื™ืš ื–ืข^ื‘ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื–ื 5 ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ(ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข) ืคืจ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ (ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืขื“ื•ืช) ื–ืื’ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืŸ^ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ื– (ื’ืžืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื) 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ื™ืŸืฆืื’ืŸ. 

ืื™ืจ ืฐืืื˜ ื–ื•ื ื–ืื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืฐื™ื™ืฆ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื^ืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ื•ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ืขืฆื‘ืจื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ (ื’ื–ื”ืจ) ื“ืจืืŸ. 

ื”ืขืจื˜ (ื™ืจื‘ื•ืชื™) ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื•ืžืŸ ืืฒืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืจืืคืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฆืฒืš ืืฒืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ืฐืื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉ 5 ืืคื™ืŸ. 

ืฐืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืืฉ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืืขื‘ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืืฒืŸ (ื“ืจืฉื”) ื“ืจ ื ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ื–ืื ื“ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงื•ืžืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืงืขื’ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื™^ื™ื ืŸ ื ืืžืŸ ื’ื–ื™ื ื“ื’ื˜ ื–ืื 

ืืฒืŸ ืคืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื’ื’ ื–ืฒืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืืฆ ืืค ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ(ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข) ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจืฆื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. 


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ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฐืืจื•ื ื–ื^ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื–ืจ (ื ืฉืžื”) ืคืจ ื“ืืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืฆืฒืš ืืดืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืื›ื ืจ ืฉืืจื‘ืŸ, 

ืดืจื•ื ?ืื– ืื•ื ืณื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ ืื•ื ืณ ืคื•ื™ืฆ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ?ืืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ื•ื˜ืณืข ื ืฑื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฆ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ืืฒืŸ (ื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ืžืื”) ื˜ืืจ ืžืŸ ืกืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืจื™ืจืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ืื•ื ืฉ ื“ื– (ืืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืืจ) ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืฒื“ืŸ. 

ืฆืฐืฒื (ื—ืื™ืจื™ื) ื–ืดื ืŸ ื ืืจ ื’ืื ื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ. 
ื“ื ืื™ื– ืืฒืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืจ ืื™ื–ืฆ ื ื™ืฆืขื’ืŸ. 

ื–ืื ื˜ ืืฒืŸ (ื—ืื™ื“) ืกืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืจืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืณืื˜ื™ื ืกืŸ. 
ืขื ื˜ืคืจื˜ ื“ืจ ืื ืจืจ ืฐืืจื•ื ื–ืืฆืฉื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื– ืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” 
ื–ื™ื›ืฉื˜ ืื‘ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ืฆ ืฐืฒืฉื™ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืกืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื–ืืฆ ืžืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ ื ื™ืกืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆื™ ืฐืขืฆื˜. 
ื–ืืฆ ืฆื™ื‘ืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฆ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ื’ืขืฆื˜. 

ื’ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ื ื•ื˜ ืกืŸ ืžืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืื ื’ืŸ. 

ืื‘ืจ ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืฉ ืžืŸ ืฆืืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฆ ืกืŸ ืžืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืจ ืคืื ื’ืŸ. 

(ืžื›ืฆ ืฉื›ืŸ) ื“ื– ืžืŸ ื˜ืืจ ืจืŸืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ ืงืฒืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืŸ. 
ื“ื .ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ืฉ ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืขื ืฉืŸ. 

ืืฒืŸ (ื ื—ืฉ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช) ืฐื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื ืืžืŸ ื ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืจืืŸ ืจืŸืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื ื’ ืฆืขื‘ืŸ. 


ืฐื™ื ืขืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจ ื’ืื ื’ืŸ. 
ื”ืฉืดื™ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ื™ ืฉืฆืื ื’ืŸ. 



ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


ืฐืฒ^ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ื (ืžื“ื”) ืคื•ืŸ (^ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข) ืืŸ ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ. 
ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ืคื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจื^ ืื•ื ืงื•ืžืŸ. 

ืื™ืฆื–ื• ื‘ื™^ื“ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืขื ืŸืด 
ื“ื– ื–ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืฆ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืข^ืŸ ืืŸ ื ืขืžืŸ. 

ืื–ื• ื”ืื˜ ื’ืื˜ ื’ื™ืจืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžืณืคื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืคืจ ื 5 ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืžืฉื” ื–ื^ ืืฒืŸ ื”ื•ืคืจื ื™ ืฉืœืื ื’ ืžืื›ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ื“ืจ ืฉื™^ืื ื’ ืจืฒื‘ื™ืŸ. 

ื–ืื ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ื“ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ ืฉ^ืื ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจ โ€ข^ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘^ืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ 5 ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ื•ืฐืฒื‘ืจ. ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ?ื™ื“ ืคืจ ื ืขืžืŸ ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื–ื•ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืจืฒื“ ืฆื• ?ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ื‘ื’ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฉ ืืฉ ืื•ื ืณ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืฐืืจื“ืŸ ื ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืœืŸ ื‘ืื™ืฆื“ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื•^ื” ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืžืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืฆืจื•ืช ืฐืข^ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื ื•ื’ืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ืจืขื›ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืฉ ื“ืฒื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื•ื˜ ื“ืืฉ ืื™ 5 ื™ ื˜ืื’ 

ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉ^ืื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื™ืš ืฐืข^ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืื’ืŸ ืืžืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจ ื“ืจืฉื” ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื“ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื’ืณื™ื’ืŸ ื ืืžืŸ 
ืืžืŸ. 


ื‘ 

ืืฒื ืฉ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืื›ื˜. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ื ื–ืข^ื‘ื™ื’ื™ ื“ืจืฉื” ืื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

ื“ื– ืžืŸ ื–ื? ืงืฒืŸ ^ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ืฐื™ 5 ืืฒืš ืฐืฒื˜ืจ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 


24 



ืฐืขืจ ื™ืฐืขืจื˜ ?ืดืื ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื ืŸ. 
ื“ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขืจื˜ (ื—ืŸ ื•ื—ืื“) ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืื™ื ื“ืŸ. 

ื‘^ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืฉ ?ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืคืจ ืžืฒื“ืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ืฉืจืฒื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ื ื” ื”ืขื ืจ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจ ื’ืŸืขื ื˜. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื˜^ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื’ืฑื•ืืจื ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ื“ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื^ ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ื ืจืฒืŸ. 
ื“ืขืŸ ืžืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืŸ ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืฒืŸ. 

ืจืขื›ื ืŸ ื–ื^ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจ ื™ื–ืฆืฒืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ืžืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ื ื’ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ืจืื ืŸ. 
ืคืจ ืฐืืจ ื˜ื•ื ืื™ืš ืืฒืš ื–ืื’ืŸ. 

ืืŸ ื“ืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืขื ื’ืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ืฐื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉ^ืื ื’ ืืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืฉืคื™^ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืŸ. 

ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒื ื” ื–ืื’ ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ื‘ ืืฒื ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืžืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืจื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืืฒืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ?ืฒื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื•ื™ืฉ ^ืื›ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื•ื™ื– ื’ืžืจื•ืช ืื•ื ืณ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื™ื– ื’ื™ืง 5 ื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืืคืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ ื’ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 



ื—ื ื— ื› ื– 


ืฐื™,ื ื“ื™ื ืืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืื ืŸ. 
ืšื™ื ืœืฉ([ ื”ืจืข ื”ืื‘ื– ื’ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื–. 

ืžืฒื ื” ื–ืื  ื–ื 5 ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจ ื ืขืžื–โ€ข 

ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฒื ืฉืคื™ื ื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืืฒืš ื˜ื•ื ื ืขื ื™ื–โ€ข 

ื“ืืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉืค^ื” ืณืคืจืฒื‘ืจื–. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ื ืœืฉ(\ ื”ืจืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื“ื– ืฆืฐื™^ื– ืžืื ื– ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืฒื‘ืจื–. 

ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืฆ ืฐืฒื˜ืจ ืฉืจืฒื‘ื–. 
ืจืจื•ื ื–ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืืฉ ^ืื–ื– ื‘ืืฒื‘ื–. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืืฆื˜ ื“ืขื– ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืคื•ื– ืืฒืš ืฐืขืง ื˜ืจืฒื‘ื–. 

ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฑ ื—ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™^ื•ืช ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉ(ืœ ื–ืดื– ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื ื“ 

ื ืืš ืื–ื• ื’ืจืขืกืจ. 

ื“ืขื– (ืœืฉ(\ ื”ืจืข) ืฉื ืฒื˜ ืขืจื ืจ ืื– ืืฒื– ืžืขืืจ. 

ื“ืขื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ^ืžืขืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื”ื ืžืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืขืฉ ืฉื ืฒื“ืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ื– ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืฉ ืคืจ ืžืฒื“ื–. 

ืื‘ืจ ืœืฉ(\ ื”ืจืข ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืคื•ื– ืฐืฒื˜ื–. 
ืขืฉ ื‘ืจืขื ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ืจืฒื ?ืฒื˜ืŸ. 

ื ืขืžื˜ ืืฒืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื’ืฑื•ืืจื ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืฆ ื“ื™ื ืื™ืจ ืฐืื•ืฆ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ื“ื– ื•ืžืŸ ื“ืืฉ ืฐืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืžืจื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืขื ืŸ. 

ืš ืžื–;: . 

ืจืขืŸ ืขืฉ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืจืฒื ?ืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ืื™ืจ ?ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืจื•ื ืคื^ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืฒื ื” ืจื™ื“ ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฒื ืฉืคื™ืฆ ื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืืฒืš ื˜ื•ื ื ืขื‘ืŸ. 


26 



ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืืฒื’ืจ ^ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื–ืจืข ืฆื•. 
ื“ืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืืš ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืฉืžื” ืืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื, 

ืฐืืฆื˜ ืื™ืจ ;ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ืฐืขืจื˜ ื™ืขื’ืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื‘ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื–ืื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒืš ืคืืจ ืฐืืจ. 
ื“ื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒื’ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ ื’ืืจ. 
ืื•ื’ืณ ื“ืืฉ ?ืขืคื™^โ€ข ืื™ื– ืฐืฒืš. ื“ื– ืขืจ ื–ื^ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ. 

ืจืขื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืœืฉ(\ ื”ืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ื’ืŸ. 
ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืฐืืฉ ืจื ืจืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื’ื’ืŸ. 

ืืคื™ืื• ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒืŸ ืฐืืจื˜ ืฐืืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืฉ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื“ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืขื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉืฒืจืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืฆ ืฐืฒื˜ืจ ื–ืื’ืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ืคื™ืฆ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื’ื•ื‘ ื–ืฒืŸ ื›ื”ื’ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืืจืŸ ื“ืจ ืฉ^ืื ืŸ. 

ืจื (ืจื•ืื’ ืืจื•ืžื™) ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ื ื›ื”ื’ื™ื ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื˜ืจ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ื–ื™ื ืฉืื•^ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืจืจ ื”ื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒื ื–ืฒืŸ ^ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื–ื•ื ืื™ื– (ื“ื•ืื’) ื™ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒืŸ ืจื›ื™^ื•ืช ืื•ื ืงื•ืžืŸ. 
ืื•ื’ืณ ืฉืื•^ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ืืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืžืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืฉ ื’ืืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื’ืืš ื’ื™ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ื’ืืจ ืฉ^ืขื›ื˜ ืฐื^ื˜ ืขืฉ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 

ื‘ืฒื ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื’ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ื•ื™ ื”ืขื’ื’ืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืฉ^ืื’ื’ ืืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืฉืคื™ืฆ ื‘ืจืขื’ื’ืŸ. 


27 



ื—ื ืช ื› ืฅ 


ืฐื™ื ื“ื™ื ืณื˜^ืื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืŸื– ื”ืณืขืดื™ ืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื–ืจืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขืณืข ืคืจ ื ื•ืžืŸ ืขื‘ 4 
ืื ื“ืจืฉื˜ ื”ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื’ ื’ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ืŸ'ืฆืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืฉื™ื ื” ืคืจืื  ื”ืื˜ ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืณืฆืื ื’ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. 
ืฐืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืืขืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ) ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืฒื“ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืฐืฒืฆ ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื˜ ื’ืจืขื˜ ืณืฐืืฉ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืฐืขื–ืŸ ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื–ื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืฉ ืื™ืจ ื“ืจ ื’ืื ื’ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืฑ* ื’ื™ื”ืื ื’ืŸ. 
ื–ื•ื ืฐืขืšื˜ ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ^ืฒื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืืš 5 ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจ ืฆืื ื’ืŸ. 

?ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืฒื‘ืจ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ^ืื– ืื™ืš ืืฒืš ืฐื™ืฉืŸ. 
ื“ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉ^ืื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ืจืขื˜ ืฐื™ื ืืฒืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ื’ืŸ 

ืฆื• ื—ื•ื” ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืŸ. 
ื—ื•ื” ืฐืืจื•ื ื˜ื•ืฉื˜ื• ืื–ื• ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ืฉื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืื™ืŸ. 
ื“ื•ื ืฐืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืืš ืคื™^ ื’ื ื™ืืŸ. 
ื ืืฒืš ืื– ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืฐืขืจืฉื˜ื• ืืื– ืฐื™ืฉืŸ. 

ื–ืขื”ื™ ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืืจื•ื ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืืจ ื‘ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื“ื™ื ืฐืข 5 ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืืคืŸ ื”ืื˜. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื”ืฒืืŸ ื ื™ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ื“ื•ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื• 5 ืฉื˜ ืื–ื• ื˜ืืŸ. 

ื“ื•ื ืฐืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืืคืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื ืฒืื™ ืฐืขืื˜. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื– ื’ืจืื– ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืŸ ืคืข^ื“. 
ื“ืจื•ื ืฐื™ 5 โ€ข ืขืจ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ^ืื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ื™ืฆืข^ื˜. 


28 



ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


ืฆื™ืž^ื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืื™ืจ ?ื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐืฒ? ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ืจืขื˜ ืฐืืฉ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืฐืขื–ืŸ ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืื ื’ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืฒื“ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืžืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื‘ ืฉื ืฒื“ืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ืื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐืฒืœ ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ื”ื™ื–ื‘ืดื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืืฒืš ืื•ื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ื ื•ื ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ื‘ื” ืฐืฒื‘ืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืฉืคื™ 5 . 
ื“ื– ืžืŸ ื–ื^ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื. 

ื–ื•ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืฉ ืจื™ื ืฆืฒื˜ ืขืจื’ื™ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ื ืืš ืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 

ื ื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื•ื ื–ืื™^ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ (ื’ืžื™ืฆื•ืช ื—ืื“ื™ื) ืื•ื ืณ ืฆื“ืงื— ื˜ื•ืŸ 

ืฐืฒ^ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื“ 

ืžื•ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืืฒืš ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ื’ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ื‘^ื•ืžืจ 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืฆืจืงื” ื’ื™ื‘ื˜. 

ื–ื•ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆืฒื‘ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ ื’ืจื•ื ื“. 

ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืคื™? ื–ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉ^ืื ื’. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฒืฉื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื’ืื™ื“ ื–ืฒืŸ ื^ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’^ื™ื“ืจ ืฐื™ื ืื•ื ืณ ื‘ื ื’. 

ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉืฒื“. 
ืฐืืฉ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืจืื’ื˜ ืจื™ ืืฒื˜. 
ื“ื™ื ืจื ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื•ื™ืจ ืืฆื™ ื–ืฒื˜. 

ืงืื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื ื“ืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ืžืŸ(?ืขืชื™ื“ ืื‘ื) ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืขืื‘ื™ื’ืŸ ?ืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ื™ืŸ. 


29 



ื—ื’ื” ื› ืฅ 


ื’ 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื•ื™? ื ืืš ืืดืŸ ืžืืฆ ืžืดืŸ ืคืขืŸ ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืฐื™ื ^ืื–ืŸ ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืืฉ ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ (ื—ื‘ืžื™ื˜) ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ (ืžื“ื‘ืจ) 

ื‘ืจืขื ืจื™ื’ื™ ืฉ 5 ืื ื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื– ื–ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื ื˜ืคืื ื’ืŸ. 

ืฆื• (ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•) ื–ืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืืŸ. 
ืžืฉื” ืฐืืฉ ื”ืืฉื˜ื• ืื•ื ืฉ ื’ื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

ื“ื– ื“ื•ื ืื•ื ืฉ ื”ืืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ. 
ืจื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืฆืŸ ืจื ืื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืจ ^ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืžืŸ. 
ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืจืขืŸ ืžืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืข^ืŸ ืืŸ ื ืขืžืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ื ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืฆ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ื’ืณ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืฐืขื™ืŸืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื’ ืืŸ ื’ืื˜ ื”ืขื ื’ืŸ. 

ืฆืืจืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ ื ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ื ^ืฒื˜ ื’ื™^ืื–ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื’ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืจื™ื’ื™ ืฉื™ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืงื™ ืฉื˜ืจืืกืŸ. 

ื–ื•ื ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ืคื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจื^ ืื•ื ืงื•ืžืŸ. 
ืฐืฒื™? ื–ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ื (ืžื“ื”) ืคื•ืŸ ?ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืืŸ ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ. 

ืฐืฒ? ืคื™ 5 (ื˜ืขืžื™ื) ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ื“ื™ (ื”ื›ืžื™ื) ื–ืื ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืฉ ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืœืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืืื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” (ืžื“ื” ื›ื’ื’ื“ ืžื“ื”) ื‘ื™ืฆืื™^ืŸ ืื•ื’ืณ ืฐื™ื“ืจ ืžืขืืŸ. 
ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืื˜ ืจืขืŸ ืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืž^ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ื”ืื˜ 

ืื™^ื™ืจืืฒื (ื˜ืขืžื™ื) ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืืŸ. 


30 



ื—ื ื— ื› ืฅ 


ืื•ื ืณ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื™ืฆื– ืคืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืขืžืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืžื– ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจ ืณืคืขืžืŸ. 

ื“ืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืฐื^ื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ ืฐืืจื•ื ื–ืื ืื™ืš ืจืŸืฒืŸ ^ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
?ืŸืฒื ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืฉ ื“ืืš ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื•ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืฉ ื“ืืš ืคืจ ืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื“ ื–ืืฆ ืขืจ ืฆืื–ืŸ ืณื˜ื˜ื™ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืŸ ืขืฉ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืฆ ืื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืžืฆืืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื–ืฒื ื” ืจื™ื“ ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืฆืฉ ืืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืจ ื”ื’ืŸื‘ืดื” ืืฆื™ ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืฒืš ืืŸ ืžืฒื ื” ืจื™ื“ ?ืŸืขืจืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ืืฒืš ื ืืš ืฐืฒื˜ืจ ืฐื™ืฆ ืฆืื–ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืฉ ื“ื– ื”ืœืŸื‘ืดื” ืฆืืฉื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆืฒื˜ ื ืืš ืฉื˜ืจืืคืŸ. 
ื“ื– ื–ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ?ืŸืขื ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ื ืืš ืฉืฆืืคืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ (ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื”) ืฐื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืฉืคื™ืฆ. 
ืฐื™ื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืฉืฆืื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืžืื ืื•ื ืณ ืฆื™ืฆ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืจืขื˜ ื’ืืจ ืคื™ืฆ. 

ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ื˜ ื’ืจืขื˜ ื ืืจ ืขื˜ืฆื™ื›ื” ืฐืขืจื˜ืจ. 

ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื” ืืฆืฒืŸ ื’ื™ืจืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฆื™ื›ื” ืขืจื˜ืจ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื˜ืืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื˜ ืืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื“ ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืฑื•ืขืจืŸ. 
ืื‘ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื–ืืฆ ืงืฒื ืจ ืฆืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืื ื˜ืคืื ื’ืŸ. 
ื–ืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐื™ื ืขืฉ (ืžืจื™ื) ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ืŸ. 

31 



ื”ื ื” ื  ืฅ 


ืฐื™ื ื’ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื (ืžืฆืจื™ื) ืื™ืŸ (ื™ื) ื“ืจ ื˜ืจืขื ืงื˜. 
ื–ื•ื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš (ืžืจื™ื) ืืฒืŸ ืคื•ื™ืง ืืŸ ื’ื™ื”ืขื ืงื˜. 
ืื•ื ืณ(ืฉื™ืจื”) ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื”ืื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื™ืจ (ื’ื“ื•^ื”) ื“ืขืจ 5 ืขื ื’ื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ (ื™ื) ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืื” ื’ื™ืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืฑื•ืืจืŸ. 
ืื‘ืจ ื™ื ืืš ืื™ืจืŸ ื™ืฆืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื™ืฆืฉ ืคืจ ืืืจืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ?ืื–ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืฉ^ื™ืืŸ. 
ื“ื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืืฆ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืืŸ. 

ืฐืฒ? ื–ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื˜ืืŸ ืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ื–ื•ื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืŸ ืงืจืืฆืŸ ื ืืš ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 

ืฉื•ื ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื“ืจืืŸ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฐื™ื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ื’ื˜ืืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื–ืื ืžืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื•ื‘ื ื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ื™ืžืืจื’ื ืฉ ^ื•ื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐืฒื ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื™ ื˜ืื’ ื–ืฒืŸ ืงืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืฆืฒืš ืื– ืืฒืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืื›ื ืจ ืฉืืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื“ื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืจ (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”) ืื•ื ืณ (ืฆื“ืงื”) ืฆื• ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื‘ืŸ. 

ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื’ื•ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒืŸ. 
ื”ืข^ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื’ืืจ ื”ื™ืคืฉ ืื•ื ืณ ื’ื™ืื“ ืคืฒืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืื‘ ืงืขืจืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ื ื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื•ื ื–ืื ืจืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืจื˜ืจืขื ืงืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืงืขืจื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ืขื ืงืŸ. 
ื“ื– ื ืื˜ ื–ืื™ืฆ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ื” ื–ืฒื ื” ื–ื™ื ื“ ืืฒืŸ ืคืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฉืขื ืงืŸ. 


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ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืฆื• ื˜ืืŸ. 

ืื– ืฐื™ื ื“ื™ื ?ืฒื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ (ืžื“ื‘ืจ) ืฆื• ืžืณืขื” ืฆื• ื’ืืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ ื–ื™ืกื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืขื ืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืžืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืข^ืŸ ืคืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืŸ ื ืขืžืŸ. 

ืื–ื• ื”ืื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื™ืจ ืชืค^ื” ื“ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื”ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ื™ ืณ{ื–^ืืกื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื‘ ื’ื™ืงืขืจื˜. 

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ ืืš ืžืฉื” ื’ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืจ ื’ืื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 
ื“ื ื™ืฉืจืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื˜ ืื‘ ืงืขืจืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืฉ (ืขื’ื™ืœ) ืืŸ ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ. 

ื“ื– ื–ืขืื‘ื™ื’ื™ ืžืืœ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉืจื?(ื—ื™^ื™ื™^ื”) ื–ื?ืŸ ืื•ื ืงื•ืžืŸ. 

ื–ื•ื ื‘ืœื“ ื”ืื˜ ืžืฉื” ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืฆ ืคืจ ืฉืคืจืฒื˜. 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื’ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื’ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ?ืฒื“. 
ืฐืืฉ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื ืฆื• ืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ ืคืฒื ื“. 

ื›ื ื™ืฉืจืืฆ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืกื“ ืคืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืจื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืื™ืจ ^ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื– ื”ืื˜ ืžืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืชืคืฆื” ื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ื™ืฉืจื 5 ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืขืื‘ืŸ ืžื? ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื?ื˜ ืื™ืจ (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชืคื™ 5 ื” ืฆื“ืงื”) ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืง^ืฒืŸ. 
ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืื˜ ืคืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืฆื™ ื’ืžืฒืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ื“ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•^ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ ืืืฒืŸ. 

ื–ืฒื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืฒื ื” ืจื™ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืืŸ. 

ื’ืื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ืฉ ืฆื• ื–ืื’ืŸ ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืฐื™ื“ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืืŸ. 

33 



ื—ื ื— ื› ืฅ 


ืื‘ืจ ื“ืืณืฉ ื–ืขื™^ื‘ื™ื’ื™ ืžื 5 ื”ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื (ืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข) ื’ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื–. 
ืจืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืดื” ืฐื™ืฉื˜ :ื’ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ืื‘ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ืฉ ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืž ืฐื™ื“ืจ ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ื ืฐื™^ ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฉ 

ืื•ื’ื–ืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืืฉื˜ ืื•ื ืฉ ื“ืขืŸ (ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข) ืื•ื™^ ืืฒืŸ ื–ืฒื˜ ื™ืื’ืŸ. 

?ื™ื‘ื” ^ืฒื˜ ืฆืื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื’ื–ืจ ื”ืจืฅ ืฆื• ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืจ ืงืขืจืŸ. 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืจ ?ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจืŸ ^ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืืื–ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃื– ืื™? ืื•ื ื–ืจ ื–ื™ื ื“. 
ื“ืืฉ ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื–ืืฆ ืื•ื ืฉ ืคืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ (ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”) 

ืื•ื ื–ื“ ื–ื™ื ื“ ื’ืฉืฐื™ื ื“. 

ื’ืื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืฒื“ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืขืฉ ื–ืื™ืฆ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื (ืž^ืืš ื”ืžื•ืช) ืฆื•ื ืคืจืฒื“ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ ื ืฉืžื” ื™ืฆืื–ืŸ ืฉืžืืจืฆื™ืŸ ืฆืฒื“ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืฉ ื“ื– ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืฆืื’ืŸ. 

ื“ืืฉ ืื•ื ืฉ ื“ื– (ืืคืจ ื”ืžื•ืืจ) ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ืขืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆืฒื˜ ื“ื™ื (ืจื›ื™ืฆื•ืช) ื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ื– ืื™ื˜ืฆื›ืŸ ืฐืืจื˜ ืฐืืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื“ืŸ. 

ื“ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืืคืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืฐืืจื•ื ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืื‘? 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืขืจื. 

ืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฆื™ืจืฆื™ ืฐืขืจื™ื. 

ืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืงืืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืขื™ืฆื‘ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืจื˜. 
ื“ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืฆ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื”ืืฆื˜ืŸ ื ืื˜ืฉ ืฐืืจื˜. 


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ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื” ืืฒืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆ^ ืฆื• ื’ื™ืคืขื“ืŸ. 
ื“ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืข^ืŸ ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืŸ. 

ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื“ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืืืŸ (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”) ืื•ื’ืณ ืฆื“ืงื” ื˜ืืŸ. 
ืื– ื–ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื 5 ืŸ ืงื•ืžืŸ (^ื™ื™ืฆื”) ื“ื™ื (ืžื™ืฆืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช) 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืืŸ. 

ืื•ื’ืณ ื–ื™ื ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉืฆืื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒืืจื’ื™ ืจื•ื˜ืŸ ื™ 
ื“ื– ื–ื™ื ื™ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ืฉื˜ืืŸ. 

ืฉื™ื ื” ื–ืื›ืŸ ืฐืืฆื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 
ื ืฒืืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฒื˜ ื’ื™ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจ ื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ. 


ื“ืจื•ื ืฐื™ื ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื” ืืฒืŸ ืขื’ื“. 

ืื– ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื–ื^ ืื•ื ืฉ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ?ื™ื‘ืŸ (ืžืฉื™ื—) ื‘ื”ืขื ื“. 

ืงืฒืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืขืฉ ื^ ื–ืฒืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืจืฒื“ ื“ืืฉ ื“ื– ื–ืขืื‘ื™ื’ื™ ืžื^ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืฆื™ื’ืŸ ืฆืื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืืจืŸ. 

ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื˜ 5 ื’ืืจ ืคื•ื ืง 5 ืื•ื ืณ ืืฒื“^ ื’ื™ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืืจืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉืŸ (ื›ื‘ื•ื“) ืฐืืฉ ืžืŸ ื™ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจืŸ 

?ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’(ืžืฉื™ื—) ืืŸ ื˜ืืŸ. 

ืืฒืŸ ื’ื™ืฆื“ื ื” ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืืฒื˜? ืฉืžืขืงื“ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ (ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ) ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ืืŸ: 


35 



ื—ื ื” ื› ืฅ 


ื“ 

ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืžื” ื•ื•ื•ืฒื‘ืจืŸ. 

ื“ืืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื” ืฉืคืฆื” ืฉืจืดื‘ืจืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ืฐื 5 ื˜ ื’ืขืจืŸ ื’ื™ืŸ ืืฆ ื“ื™ื ื”ืฒื–ืจ ืื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ื ืณ ืืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืจืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื–ื” ื–ืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืจืฒื ื’ 5 ื™ื“ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื™ื ื ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืขืงื˜. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืืฒืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื’ืŸ ืืฒืขืจ ื™ืณืืจ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 5 ืื–ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืฒืขืจื™ ื”ืืจ. 

ื“ืขืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ (ืื›ื ื”) ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืจื•ื™ืฃื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ. 
ืฆืฐืฒื ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ืฆืฐืฒื ืื•ื ืณ ื–ื™ื‘ื ืฆื™ื  (ืฉื“ื™ื) ืจื•ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื” ืืฒืŸ ื”ืืจ ืฐืืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืŸ. 


ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ^ื™ื‘ื” ืฐืฒื‘ืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืื›ืŸ 

ื’ืฑื•ืืจื ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ. 

ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืฒืš ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฉืขื ืœืŸืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ ืคืจื•ืžื™ ื™ืŸื™ื ื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” 

ื’ืืจ ื”ื™ืคืฉ ืื•ื’ืณ ื’ืืจ ืคืฒืŸ. 

ื–ื•ื™ื ืคืจ ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ืžื” ืคืจื•ื™ื ืื•ื ืณ ืืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจ 

ืื™ื– ื’ืฑื•ืืจื ื˜ ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ื˜. 

(ืงืžื—ื™ืช) ืฐืืจ ืื™ื“ ื ืืžืŸ. 

ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ืฉืขื ื™ื–ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ืืžืŸ. 

ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื•ืžืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ (ื›ื—ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืฆื™ื). 
ืื•ื ืณ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื“ืฉ) ื“ื™ื (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”) ื’ื™ื˜ืืŸ. 


36 



ื—ื ื” ื› 


ื– 


ืจื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื (ื—ื›ืžื™ื) ื ืืš ืื™ืจ ื’ืณืคื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื ืณ ืคืจืขื’ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื•ื (ื™ืŸื™ืžื—ื™ืช) ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืŸ ื”ืืขื–ืžื• (ื–ื•ื›ื”) ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ 

ื–ืข^ื›ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ. 

ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ื™ืขื ื˜ืคืจื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– (ื ื–ื”ืจ) ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ ืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืืจ 

ืื™ื– ืงืฒื ื™ ื’ื™ื’ืื ื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฉ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืืคื™^ื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื^ืœืŸืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–. 

ื“ืจื•ื ืืš ืื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฐืฒื‘ืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ืจ ืณื’ื™ื“ืขื ืงืŸ. 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืฒืš ื’ืื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืืš ื–ืขืื›ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ ืคืจื•ืžื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืจ ืฉืขื ืงืŸ. 


ืื•ื ืณ ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืจ ื–ืฒื ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื 5 ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ. 
ืจื– ืืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืš ืืื›ืŸ. 

(ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜) ื“ื– ืืฒืŸ ืคืจืขืžืจืจ ืžืืŸ ื–ืื™ืฆ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื’^ืฒืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ืณื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจื™ ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ื‘ืื“ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ (ืฉื˜ืŸ) ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉืคื™ืฆ. 
ืจื– ืขืจ ืงืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืโ€ข 

ืื•ื ืณ ื™ืฆืื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื’ื™ืฆ ืื•ื ื–ืจ ืคื ื™ื ืืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืดื™ื”: ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ืŸ. 

ืฐื™ื ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืจ ื ืขืžืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื^ื™ ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืจ ืคืณ^ืฒืฉ ืจืฒืืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืงืขืžืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืื™ืŸ (ืžืฆืจื™ื) ืื™ื– (ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช) ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžื™ ืฐืฒื‘ืจ 

ืจื™ื (ื’ืื•^ื”) ื’ืฑื•ืขื–ืŸ. 

ื“ื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืฒื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืจืŸ(ื’^ื•ืช) ืฐืืจืŸ ื’ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืŸ. 


37 



ื—ื ื–ื– ื› ืฅ 


ื“ื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืฒื ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจื™ ืœืŸืจื™ื’ ืฆื•ื ืฐืืฉืจ ืฉืขืคืŸ ื’ื™ื’ืื ื’ื™ืŸ. 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ ืœืŸืจื™ื’ ืคื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืคืื ื’ืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืŸืื›ื˜ ื“ืจ ื”ืฒื. 
ืื•ื ืณ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืืจืžืŸ ืฐืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ืจื™ ืžืื ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื‘ ืฐืืฉืŸ ื“ืฉ ืืฒื. 

ื“ื ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ืจื™ ืžืื ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืŸืฐื™ืงืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ (ื–ื›ื•ืช) ื”ืื˜ ื”ืฉืดื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื (ื’ืื•^ื”) ืฉืฒื–ืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืณ ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืš ื–ืข^ื›ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ื ืืš ื’ื™ืŸ. 

ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ(ื–ื›ื•ืช) ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืฒ^ื™ื’ืŸ ืืื ื“ ื‘ืฒื (ืžืฉื™ื—) ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืŸืด 

ืื•ื ืณ 5 ืื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืื™ื˜^ื›ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืจ (ืชืค?ื”) ืืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ. 
ื“ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื?ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ืŸ. 
ืื•ื ืณ.ืฐืขืจืŸ (ื—ืŸ ื•ื—ืื“) ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืคื™ื ื“ืŸ: 


38 

















ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


[ 1888 ] 


ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฆืื ื“, ื’ืื ืฅ ืฐืฒื˜, 
ืคืขืจืฐืืจืคืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒื˜, 
ืฐืื• ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืขืจืื›ื˜ืขื˜, 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ืขื˜ โ€” 
ื“ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ืโ€” ื™ืขื ืขื ืœืืกื“, 
ืฐืื• ืงื•ื ืื˜, ื‘ื™ืœืจื•ื ื , ืคืขืจืฉืžืื ื“ 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืขืจืื˜ืข ื ืขืื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ โ€” 
ื“ืืจื˜, ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 
ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ืฅึพื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืžืฉื” โ€” ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ืœืขื”ืจืขืจ, 
ืจืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืืŸึพืขืจืกืืืจืขืจ... 

ืื•ื™ืฃ! ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜โ€” ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืจืืจืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ; 
ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืŸื– ื“ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืงืืจื˜ื™ื ืข, 
ืฐืื• ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืขื. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืขื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืœืœ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืขืจืฅ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงื ืขื›ื˜; 
ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒ ืื™ื–, ื ืขื‘ื™ืš, ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. 

ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืœืขืื˜ื™ื ืข... 
ื ื–ื™ืืข, ืคืจืื”ืœื™ื›ืข ืžื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜; 



ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ 8 ืœื™ื›ื˜ โ€” 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืจืื ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขื ืคืฒืขืจ 
ื’ืืจ ืึพื ึพืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื ืฒืขืจ, 
ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– โ€” ืดืคืจืฒื”ืฒื˜ืด, 
ืดืžืขื ืฉืขืŸึพืœื™ืขื‘ืขืด โ€” ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืื”ืŸ, 
ื–ืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ โ€” ืดื˜ืจืฒื”ืฒื˜ืด 
ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื˜ืขื ื˜ื”ื•ืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜: 

ืดื“ืืจื˜, ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืฒืข, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒืข; 
ื“ืืจื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื–ื‘ื— 
ืคืืจ ืืฒืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืŸ ื’ืื˜ื˜; 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒืš ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืŸืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื”; 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ืณื ืฉืคืื˜ื˜. 
ืื•ื  ืืœืœืขืจืœืฒ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืืฒืš... 
ืืœืœืข, ืืœืœืข ื’ืœืฒืš!.. .ืด 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒื˜ืข ืฐื™ืื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืื˜ืข, 
ืฐืื• ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื”ืฒืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ โ€” 
ื“ืืจื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืจื’, ืืจื•ื, 
ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืžืขืฆ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืœืจืŸืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืื ื ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื 55 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื’ืื˜ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืžืข ืขืจืฉื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžืขื“ื™ื’ืข ืฑื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ืฆืœ. 
ื“ืื ืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืื˜ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื•ืžื” 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืžืข.. 


42 





ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


ืขืจ ืฆืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขื ืฐืื”ืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ 
ืื•ื  ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ืื’. 
ืฉื˜ืขื”, ืจืฒื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืขื”! 
ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”!... 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืฆื•ืณื ื”ื™ืžืžืขืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื“! 
ื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืžืืžืขื ื˜, 
ื”ืืจืื˜ ื“ื• ืฐืขื’ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸึพื‘ื•ื ื“ 
ื’ื™ืœืฒืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื˜ื˜ืขื ืžื•ื ื“!... 


ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ืคืืœืง 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜! ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืจื™ืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฆืขื–ืขืŸ, 
ืคืขืจืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืขืจืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ ืข ื, ืฐืื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ?ืื’ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืขื’, 
ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ! 
ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฒืข ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืข ืขืจืฐืขืงื˜, 
ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืฒืืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ?ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ... 

ื ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขืŸ, ืšืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื”, ืฐืขืŸ ื’ืื˜ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืคืขืจื’ืขืืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืฒืœื™ื’ืข, ื˜ื”ืฒืขืจืข ื‘ืฆืื˜ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืื• ืืณืื™ื– ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ! 

ืฆื•ื ื“ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ืจื™ืจ... ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืืกื˜ ืื•ื  ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช!. 
ืคืขืจืฆืฒืข ื“ืฒืŸ ืขืœืขื ื“ืขืก ืงื™ื ื“! 
ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืข, ืžืฒืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื ืฆื• ืคืืจ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, 
ืคืขืจืฆืฒืข ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื“! 



ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉืคืฒืŸ 


ืฆื•ื ื“ ื”ืืค ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื“ื™ื ื’ืื˜ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื’ โ€” ื”ืฒื‘ ืื•ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืžืขืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“: 
ื ืืจ ื“ื™ืš, ืžืฒืŸ ื™ืคืืœืก, ืฐื™?ืฆ ืื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื  ืฉืืฆืขืŸ, 
ื ืืจ ื“ื™ืšโ€” ืฐืฒื ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜! 


ื ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืœื ื ื ื‘ื•ืจ, ื ื™ืณืคื˜ ื^ื ื ื”ืข 5 ื“ 
?ืŸืื ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ืžื”, ื“ื™ืจ ื ื•ื˜ืฆืขืŸ... 

ืื™ืš ืงืื ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืขืจื ื™ืขืืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืณืขืŸ ืคืข^ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืื ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ; 

ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื?ื ืœืขื”ืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ืจ ืฆืฒื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื  ืฐืฒื–ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ?ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืืžืชืณืขืŸ ืฐืขื’, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงืืžืคืื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ... 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืื ; 

ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืœื ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ, ืฐืื ?ืŸืื ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืขืจืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืŸ 
ืจืคื•ืื•ืช, ืจืขืฆืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืขื‘ืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ืงืื ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืฒืœืขืŸ, ืคืขืจื˜ืจืฒื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื™ื–ืื ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืŸืฒืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ โ€” 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื ื•ืจ! ืคื•ืœื™ืฆ ?ื™ืขื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืŸ... 

ืื™ืš ื™ื–ืื ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ?ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื  ืขื”ืจืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ?ืŸื™ื ื“ ื ื•ืจ, ืคืืจ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ! 


44 



ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


ื“ื™ื ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ืข 
(ืขืœืขื’ื™ื) 


ื“ื™ื ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ืขโ€” ื–ื™ื ืณืขืจืฒื˜ ืื•ื  ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื™ื ื˜! 
ื ืงืœืื’ึพืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืฐ^ื–ืจืขื–!,.. 

ื ื™ืชื•ืžื”, ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฐืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจืขืŸ!... 

ื ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“, ืื•ื™ื™ืคืณืขืŸ ืคืœืฒืฆืข โ€” ื ืงืœื™ืžืขืจืŸ, 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืืจืคืขืจโ€” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื ืฒื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื  ื“ืื’ื•ืช, 
ื“ืืก ืคื ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืืืจ, ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ!... 

ืื•ื  ืดืงื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ื•ืชืดโ€”ื“ืื ื–ืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขื, 
ื–ืฒื ื–ืขื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืช ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื’!.,. 

ื“ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืœืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉืจืืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื–ืœ, 
ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืื’!... 

ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืฒืณืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืณืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ... ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ื ืคืฒืขืจ, 
ื ืคืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜!...*) 

ืื˜ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš โ€” ืคืขืจืœืืฉืขืŸ, ืขื ืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื  ืœืฒื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜!... 

ืื•ื  ืฐื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื  ืคืจืฒื”ืœื™ืจ ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืขื 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ!... 

ืขื ืฉืฐืฒื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื“ื™ื ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืคืขืจืฉื•ืฐื™ื’ื“ืขืŸ, 
ืคืขืจืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืขืŸ โ€” ื ืคืฒืœ ืคื•ื ืณืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ!... 



ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืดืŸ 


ื“ืื ืฉืœืืคืขื ื“ืข ืงื™ื ื“ 

ืื—, ืฐืขืงื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืืก ืงื™ื ื“, ืœืื– ืขื ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืืคืขืŸ, 
ืฆืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืืกืขื ืงืข ื“ืจื™ืžืžืขืœ. 

ืขื ืฉืฒื ื˜ ื ืืš ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื•ื  ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืดืŸ ืฐื^ืงืขื–ืด 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒืœ ืื™ื– ื ืืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ื™ืžืžืขืœ!... 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคื ื™ื ื ื”ื™ืžืœื™ืฉืข ืจื•ื” ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืืืืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคืขืœืขืš ืฉืžืฒื›ืœืขืŸ ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืฒืŸ... 

ืขื ืฉืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืืš ืจืขืจืฐืฒืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ, ืงืฒืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื’ื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขื ืจืฒืŸ!... 

ืขื ืฐืฒืื˜ ื ืืš ื–ืื’ืืจ โ– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ื ืืžืขืŸ, 

ืฐืื ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื˜, ืคืขืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜!... 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒืœ ืื™ื– ื ืืš ืจืฒืŸ ืื•ื  ื ืืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ื™ืžืžืขืœ... 
ืื—, ืœืื–ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ืืš ืฉืœืืคืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืฒื ืขื ืฑื“!... 

ืื—, ืœืื– ืขืจ ื ืืš ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืฐืขืœืขืŸ! 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืขื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื, ืฐืืจืขื ืื•ื  ื’ื•ื˜... 

ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ, ื ื–ื•ืžืคื™ื’ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, 

ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆืฒื˜, ื ืืจ ื–ื™ื ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื  ื–ื™ื ืค^ื™ื”ื˜!.. 

ืขื ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื˜ืื’ ืื•ื  ื“ื™ื ื™ืื”ืจืขืŸ, 
ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื ืืš ื“ื™ื ืฆืฒื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืืฃ. 

ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืžืขืจ ืื•ื  ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ื”ืจืขืจืขืŸ, 

ืฆื• ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ื  ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืืฃ!... 


46 



ืื ื ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ 



ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื—ื˜ ืื•ื™ืŸโ€ข 

ื“ืขืจ ืณืžืืจื’ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืณืฆื™ื– ื”ืข^ืขืจ, ื”ืขืืขืจ: 
ื ืณืฆืŸื˜ืจืื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 5 ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜; 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืฆืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขื“, ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืณืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ?ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืขืจืฐืื›ื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™^ืื”? ื, ื ืฒืŸ! ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ื”ืฒืŸ ืจื•ื” ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขืŸ: 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืจืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฐืขืจื˜ืก, ืื”ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ, 
ื ื ืื›ื˜ืฐืื ื“ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืื™ืœื‘ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืฐืขื’ ืฐืื ื–ื^ ืื™ื”ื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืื™ื”, ืฆื•ื ?ืื ื’ึพื’ืขืฐื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืŸ โ€” ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืจืฒื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ 5 ื™<ื–.. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฐืื•ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืŸืฒื ืžื? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ื’ืŸ. 


[ 1893 } 


47 



ืื ื ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ 


ื“ืืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื’ืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืฐืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: 
ื’ืขื‘^ืื ืจื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืื™ืจืจื˜ ื™ืื”ืจ ื ืืš ื™ืื”ืจ; 
ื”ืื™ืฆื‘ึพืฐืื›ืขื ื“, ื”ืืฆื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืื ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ื’ืขืงืขืžืคืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืฉืื˜ืขื ื ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื ืืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืค 5 ืขื’ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ืขื ืฐืฒื– ืขืจืฉืดื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ื ื‘^ืืกืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”?, 
ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืžืขื ืฉืขื’ื ื’ืื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืŸืขืจ; 
ืจืืš ื“ื•ื ืงืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื^. 

ื ื•ืจ ืขื ื“ืื™ืš ืฆืฒื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ื›ื˜, ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืฆืฅ ื”ืข^ืขืจ, 
ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’, ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืจืื‘ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืื”^ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ .ืฐืขื’ ืฆืฒื’ื˜ ื‘ื•ืื˜ ื–ื™ืšโ€” ื“ืขืจ .ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ืž ื’^ื™ืง!... 


ื—ื—ื™ืช ื—ืžืชื™ื 

ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 5 ืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ; 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืฒื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืžืขืจ ื 5 ืฅ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฑื“ืขื ื ืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืฆื™ืขืจืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืค, ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืš; 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื•ืขื”ื›ืขืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืื™^ืฅ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืฒื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ื•ื”. 

ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ืืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื“, ืฐืข 5 ื›ืข ืฉื™ืฆืื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ื, 
ืขืจ ื–ื•ืฒื ื“ืื, ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ?ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืฉืืคืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืคืขืŸ, 
ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฐื™ ื ืงื ืขื›ื˜. 


48 



ืื ื ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ 


ืคืืจ ื–ืฒื ืข ืคืขืจืคื^ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒื ื“ืข, ืื•ื– ื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืจืฒืขืŸ; 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื™^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื’ื˜ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื ืžื™ื˜ื’^ื™ืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉื”ืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคืฒืขืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืžืื›ื˜, ืฐืื• ืืณืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื‘ ืคืืจ ืจืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืจื˜; 
ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืคื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืงืขืžืคืคื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒื”ืฒื˜, 
ืงืขืžืคืคื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืจื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื”. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜, ืฐืื• ืขืจ ืงืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืคืจืฒืขืจ ื‘ืขืฐืขื’ืขืŸ, 
ืจื ืณ^ืื–ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™^ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจืื’ืจืขื ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข ืฐืขื ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืื, ืฐืื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 


ื, ืœืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืขืŸ 
(ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื ืกึพืœื™ืขื“) 


ืคืฒื ืขืœืขืš ื˜ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืœื™ืžืขืœืขืš ืฉืคืจืืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืงืืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื”ืขืŸ, 
ื˜ืฒื›ืขืœืขืš ืจื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืืขืŸ... 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื 5 ืข, ื, ืœืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืขืŸ... 

ื”ืขืฆ ืฉืฒื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืขืœืจืขืจ, 
ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ื˜ื”ืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืฐืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืืฒืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืืขืŸ... 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื™^ืข, ื, ืœืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืขืŸ! 



ืื ื ื ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ 


ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฐืขืฆื˜, โ€” ืคื• 5 ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืขื–, 
ืจืดื›ื˜ื•ื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื’ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืขืฆ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื–, 
ืื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ, ืื˜ ืจืื ืฐื™^ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืืขื–... 
?ืŸื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื’ืฉืขื– ืื™ืฆืข, ื, ^ืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืขื–! 

ื^ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื ืื™ื– ืจืขืจ ืฐืข^ื˜ ืื•ื’ื– ืฆื• ื™ื–ืฐื™ื™ื–ืขื–, 
ืฉืขื ื”ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืฒืŸ โ€” ืฆื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงืขื–. 
ื“ืืš ,ืฐืขืจืขื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืืขื–!... 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืืฆืข, ื, ?ืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืขื–! 

ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ืฆื• ื–ืืจื’ืขื–, 
^ืขื‘ื˜ ื‘ืขืืขืจ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ^ืขื’ื˜ ืื‘ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ. 
ืขื–ื˜ื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ ืฆืฒื˜, ืฐืฒืฆ ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒืš ืคืขืจืจืจื™ืืขื–.. 
ื’ืŸื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืืฆืข, ื, ืฆืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืขืŸ! 

ืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืขืฆื›ืข ื–ืขื ืขื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื–, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืืฒืขืจ ืฐืขื”ื˜ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขื–, 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ื–ืฆืื’ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืขื– ืคืขืจื’ื™ืืขื–... 
ืขื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื ืณืคืขื– ืืฆืข, ื, ืฆืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ื™ืืขื–! 

ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒื– ืฑืฉืจ โ€” ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื–; 
ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืฒื˜ืขื–โ€” ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืขื–. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืฐืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ืืขื–.. 
ื™ื–ื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืืฆืข, ื, ืฆืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืืขื–! 

ืคืืจืฐืขืจื˜ื! ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืืจืขืŸ ืœืŸืฒื– ืฆืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืขืจืฆื™ืจืขืŸ. 
ืฐืืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜! โ€”ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฆืื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจ,ืื™ื”ืจืขื–. 
ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ! ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขื– ื“ืื ืฆืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื™ืืขืŸ... 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขื’ืฉืขื– ืืฆืข, ื, ืฆืืณืžื™ืจ ื ืขื ื™ืืขืŸ! 


50 



ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืจื• 



ื›ืกืจื–ืช 

) 1 

ืขื ืจื•<ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืื™ืขืŸ, 
ืคืขืจื™ืืžืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื^ื“; 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืื“ืขืŸ <ื–?ืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืžื 
ื›ืคืจื•ืช ืณืค^ืื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื^ื“. 

ื“ื™ ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ, ื˜ืจืฒื^ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”^ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืณืคื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืฒื˜;' 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื”ื˜ ืื•ื, 
ื“ืขืจ ืž^ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฐืืจืคืขืŸ ืงื•ืคืขืื—ืฐืฒื– 
ื›ืคืจื•ืช ืื”ืŸ ื ืฉืขื•ืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื?ื› ืืขืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืข^ื™ืš 
ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืฒืณืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ. 


51 



ื–ืขืœืจืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง 


ืžื™ื˜ ืื ืณืขืจืขื ืื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืจื™ื’ ืคื ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื‘ืฒื ื˜ื™ืขืŸ ืจืข ืžืขื ื“ื™^, 
ื”ืื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื ื’ืจืื‘ืขืŸ ืื“ื•ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืฒืืขืŸ ื”ืขื”ื ื“ื™?. 

ื–ืื’ื˜ ืดื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฑืณื˜ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืšืด, 
ืงื ืฒื˜ืณื˜ื˜ ื“ืื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื“ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ื˜ื“ืืคืขื ื ื“ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืืืขืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ... 

ืณืื˜ื•ืžืคืคื™ื’ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืจ ื”ืจื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ืจ; 
ืคืื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื ืข ื”ืขื™ืฆืข ืค^ื™ื’ืข^, 
ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’^ื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืงืขื ื˜ื™ื’, ืืณืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืดืฑืฉื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืšืด 
ื˜ืืงื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืฑ ื‘ืฒื“ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, 
ืฐืื ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืฒื“ืขืŸ... 


ื‘ืฒื ืคืขื ืื ื–ืขืจ 


ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืืจื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื• ืืณื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืฆื™ื”ื˜. 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– 
ืืฆืฅ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืณืคืขืจื’ื™ืฆืฑื•ืขืจื˜, 
ืขื ืค^ืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜. 


52 



ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง 


ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืฆืณื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื•ืณืข ืจืง ืณื˜ื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื‘ื˜. 
ืฐืื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืืš, ื™ืขื ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืฆื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”^ื™ื ื’, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื™^ืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืณืคื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜? 

ืฐืื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืข^ืข, 
ื“ื™ ?ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ื™^ืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ื’ื™ืฆื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’? 
ืฐืื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื^ื“ืขื ืข, 
ื–ื™ืกืข ื”ื™^ื•ืžื•ืช? 

ืคืขืจืฉืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืฉืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’. 

ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืืš ืฆื• ืฆืฒื˜ืขื ื 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืข?, 
ื“ื™ ืงืจืื” ืื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขื ื ืงืจืขื”; 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขืžืืœื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืืื˜ ืื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒ... 


ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 

ืคืขืจืฐื™ืื˜ืข, ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืขืฆื“ืขืจ, 
ื ื™ื˜ื ืงืฒืŸ ืคื•ื ืง ?ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืข^ื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื”ื^ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื 
ืคืขืจืฐื™ืงืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ืฆื™ืชื™ื. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื^ืขื ืคืขืจื’ืจืื‘ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื˜ืขื–, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืž^ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื–ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืฒ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขืจืฉืื˜ืขืŸ; 
ืคืขืจื’^ื™ืฐืขืจื˜ ืจื™ ื˜ืฒื›ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื‘ืขืก ืคืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขืŸ... 
ื ืืจ ื“ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ื^ืฅ ืฉื•ื™ืŸื™ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ 


53 ' 



ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืื™ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขื– โ€” 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืคืขื– ืื•ื– ืณื˜ื˜ืจืขื ืขื– โ€” 
ืจืื ืืœื˜ืข ืื•ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ืฐืขื˜ โ€ขืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค^ืขื‘ืขื–... 


ื ืฉืคืขื˜ื™ื’ืข ืจื•ื™ื– 

ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขื– ืืืžืขื˜ ืืฒื ื’ืขื”ื™^ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆ ื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจื•ื™ื–, 
ืื•ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉืฐืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื ืคืจืืื˜ 
ืื•ื– ื’ 5 ืืฆื˜ ืจื™ ืื•ื™ืณื’ืขื– ื‘ืฒื–. 


ืื•ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉืฐืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื ืคืจืืื˜ 
ืื•ื– ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืืข ืจื•ื”; 
ืขื ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆ ืจื™ ืจื•ื™ื– 
ืื•ื– ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืฆื•. 


ืื™ื– ื•ืฐืขื– ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื” ื–ื•ื– ืขืจืฉืฒื ื˜ 
ืื•ื– ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ?ื™ืขื‘ ืืจื•ื, 
ื“ืื– ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืจื™ ืจื•ื™ื–, 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืงื˜ โ€ขืคืขืจื’ืœื™ืฐืขืจื˜ึพืฉื˜ื•ื. 


ืขื ืงื•ืฉื˜ ืื•ื– ื’ืœืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื”?: 
ื–ื™ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ. 
ืคื•ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื– ืื•ื™ื’ ื ืืจ ืงืืคืขื˜ ืื‘ 
ื ืงืืœื˜ืข, ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขื”ืจ... 


54 



ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง 


ืฐืืœืงืขื ื 

ื”ืข?ืข ืฐืืœืงืขื ื, ืฐืดืืข .ืฐืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, 
ืณืืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืขืจ. 
ืืš, ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืข^ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ืข ื’ืจื™ื, 
ื–ืฒื ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืจ! 

ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฐืฒื ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืฒื– ืจื•ื” ื ื™ืฉื˜: 
ืฐื™ ื’ืขื™ืื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื“, 
ื˜ืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ืจืขืจ ื”ืืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื– 5 
ืฆืฐืขืง^ืื–, ื–ื™ื ืืื–, ื‘ืื™ื ื“. 


ืื•ื ืคื–ืขืจ ืฉืœืื 

ืขื ืคืขืจื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉ 5 ืื 
ื ื ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ, ืฐืื ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืขืŸ; 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืขื”ืจ, ืฐืื ื–ื™ ื˜ืืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืชืคื™ 5 ื”, ืฐืื ืฉืคืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืฒืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ,.. 


ืžืดืŸ ืœืขืฆืคื–ืข ืœื™ื›ืคื– 

ืžืฒืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒ ืžืฒืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ื  ืชืค^ื” ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืžืชืคืœืฆ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฐื™ ืชืžื™ื“. 


55 



ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ื™ืŸ 


ืขื ื’ืœืืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 0 ื™ื ืื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ื ื ืจื•ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืืœื˜ืข; 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืชื™ืึพืฉืื˜ืขื ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•^ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื”ื ื“ื™ ืืฆื˜ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืชึพืžื•ืช ื–ื•ืš ืื™ืš ืืืฅ 
ื ืฉืฒืŸ, ื ืคื•ื ืง ืืฐืื•! 
ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจึพืฆื•... 


ืžืืจื ืขื– 

ืืืจื’ืขืŸ! ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ! โ€”ื ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื ื•ื ื’-- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื–ืฒืŸ; 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขืจ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœ, 
ืื”ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœ ืฉืฒืŸ. 

ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืจื’ืขื ื, 
ืฐื™ ื ืœืื ื ืข ืงืฒื˜, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืจืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืณืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื” 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืจืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื” 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจื˜, 
ื ื™ืื•ืฉ ืจืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืขืฐืขื‘ื˜, 
ื–ืฒ ืฐื™ืืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืื ืื™ื– 
ืจืขื“ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข, 

ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜. 


56 



ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื–ืง 


ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืณืฆื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืฆืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื“ืขื ืงืืค; 
ืคืขืจืฆืืจืขืŸ ื ืืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืฒืจืขืœืื˜ืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื–ืฒ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื‘. 


ื, ื”ืฒืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื 

ื, ื”ืฒืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื, ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืจืฒื ืข ืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืขื“ืข, ืฐืื ื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืื’ืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ืฑ* ืืœืขืจืœืฒ ื™ืžืณืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืžืื›ื˜; 

ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจืขืจ, ืจื™ ืขืœืขื ืจืข ื’ืจื™ื, 
ื’ืขื™ืื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขืจืจืขืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืื ื“, 
ืฐืื ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื ื”ืฒื ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“. 

ืขื ื–ืืœ ื–ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืฉื•ื ื’ ื–ืืœ ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืขื“ ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ 5 ื™ืง ื–ืฒืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’.' 


ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 

ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ื ื–ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•; 
ื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืข, 
ื ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ โ€” ื’ืื˜ ืฐืฒืื˜ ืฐืื•! 


57 



ื–ืขืœื“ืข (ืŸื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง 


ืคืขืจืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ืžืดืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืข^ืข, 
ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื” ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื ื•ืจื– 
ืฐืื• ืื™ื–, ืฐืื• ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื? 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื ื”ืืจืฐ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, 
ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืจืฒืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘, ืื•ื™, ื”ืฒืžืขืŸ ื’ืืจ ื ืืš, 
ืจื•ื” ืื‘ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜! 


58 



ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ 



ืงื•ื!... 

(ืคืืœืงืึพืžืื˜ื™ืฐ) 

ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจืณืขืฆ, 
ืฐืขืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืณื˜ืืฆืขืฐืขืŸ, ืžืฒืŸ ืกื™ื ื“: 
ืจืฒืŸ ืฐืขืื˜ื• ืืจืฒื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื”ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื ื“... 

?ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื—ื“ืจืณืขืœ, 
ื‘ืฆื™ืž^ืขืš ืฐืืงืืขืŸ ื›ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ, 
ืฐืขืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืข^, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืื”ืขื ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืจื™ืจ... 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืžื‘ืขื ึพืงืขืื˜ืขืืข 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ื ืณืคื™ืขื“ืข^ืข, โ€” 
ื›ืณืฐืขื ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืื™ื”ื, ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืฒื‘ืขืœืข, 
ืฉืคื™ืขืืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืฆื™ืขื“ืข^ืข... 


ืคืืื•ืœื ืจโ€ข 


ื“ื• ื•ืฐืขืื˜ ื’ืฆืขื˜ืขืŸ ืžืดื ืข ื”ืื”ืจ, 
ื’ืŸื•ื›ืŸืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’.., 
ืคืจืขื”ืœื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื™ื– ื‘ืดื“ืข ื–ืฒืŸ... 
ืงื•ื! ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ืณืžื˜ ื˜ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’... 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•? 


ืฐืขืจ ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•, ื–ืื’, 
ืฐืื ืงื•ืžืกื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคืืœื˜ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉืžืื›ื˜, 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, 
ื–ืื’ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืื•ื“? . . . 
ื–ืื’: ืฐืขืจ ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•? 
ื ืžืœืืš? ื ื ืื˜? 
ืืจืขืจ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ืฐืื• ืจื™ ื ืฉืžื” ื’ืขื”ื˜ึพืื•ื™ื 
ืคืืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜? 
ืฆื™ ืื ืณืื•ื ืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืืณื ื ื’ืฒืื˜, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ 
ื ืืš ืืœืฅ, ืฐืื ืขืจ ืฐืฒืื˜? 
ืฆื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืืจ ื“ืื. 
ืฐืืก ืฉืืคื˜ ืœืฒืจืขืŸ ืื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ?... 
ื–ืื’: ืฐืขืจ ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•? 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ! .. . 


60 



ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ. 


ื ื‘ืจื™ืฐืขืœ 


ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืื’ 8 ื‘ืจืฑื•ืข^ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื– ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืฐืฒื ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขื–... 
ื›ืณืฐื^ื˜ ื ืขืฐืืœื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ: 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื• ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฉืขืžืขืŸ! 

ื‘ืฒ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ืฆืขืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ, 
ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืข^ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืขืคืขื ืฐื™ืืขืŸ: 
ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ,ืฐืื ืฉืจืฒื‘ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืžื™ืจ? 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืืณืจืข ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื™ืืขืŸ? . . . 

ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืฆืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ: 
ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื“ืื™ ืขืจืง^ืขืจืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืงืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ื ืืจื•ื™ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ? 
ืคื™ืขืฆ ื’ืœื™ืง? ืฆื™ ื’ืืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ? 

ื ืฒืŸ, ื›ืณืฐืข? ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒ ื“ื™ ืฐืื™ืฆืงืขื ื ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืฒืžื ื™ืึพื˜ืจื™ื‘ืข, 
ื–ืฒ ืฐืข 5 ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืื’ืขืŸ: 
ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืคืจืฒื’ื“ืฉืืคื˜? ืฆื™ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข? ... 



ื™ื”ื•ืฑืช 



ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืขืœ 

ืื™ืŸ $ ืฐื™ื ืงืข^ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื’ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ืข^ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ; 
ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉืœืืืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืขืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืื ืื ืณืืœื˜ืขืŸ... 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืจื’ืข ืจืฒืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื’ืขื ื“ 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ืืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžืฒื›ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื™ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ.. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืฒื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื’ืขื ื“ 
ื ืขื”ื˜ ืืฐืขืง ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืฐืืœืงืขื ื“ืขืœ ื ืฐืฒืืขื, 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืณืืฐืขื‘ืขืŸ. 



ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžื? ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื”^ื™ื ื’ 
ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื’ืขื ื“ ื^ืขื ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ: 
ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒืš... ืขื ืง^ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ?ื™ืขื“ืขืจ... 

ื“ืืจื˜ ื‘ืฒืณืŸ ื˜ืฒืš ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืฑื ื’ืข?, 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืฑื ื’ืข 5 ... ื‘?ื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ... 
ืืณื™ืคืคื™ืขื’ืข^ื˜ ืื‘ ืฐืื... ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื“ืขื ื ืจืื– ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ... 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื‘^ื™ืงืขืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื ืฉืžืฒื›ืขื™ืฆ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ: 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ืืš ืคืขืจืงื™ืฆืขืจื˜ ื ืฐืฒ?ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืขืชืขื”ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 


ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ 


ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ืขืจืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืฒื ืข ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื”ืฒืืข โ€” 
ืืœืข ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื... 

ืื•ืŸ ืืขืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืคืขืจืฐื™ืขื’ื˜ืข, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื‘ึพืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข, 
ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื... 

ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ... ืฐื™ ื ืฐืืจื™ื ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืขื”ืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ... 
ืฆืืจื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคืœื™ื’... 



ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


?ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืืคืขืŸ, ื”ืืืขืŸ, ื’ืฒื ืงืขืŸ... 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืฆืขื ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ?... 


ื ืฒืŸ 1 ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’! 

ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื ?ืื›ืขืŸ, ืฉืจืณื™ืฉ ืืื›ืขืŸ, 
ื›ืณืฐื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆืขื ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืื›ืขืŸืด 
ืฆืื›ืขืŸ, ?ืื›ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš! 

ืขื ื–ื^ ื“ื•ื ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘^ื™ืฆืขืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืข^ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืืืขืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆืขืŸ 
ืคืฒืขืจึพื•ืคืฆืืžืขืŸ, ืจื•ื™ืš! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืž^ืขืŸ ื–ื^ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื–ืื™^ืขืŸ ืจืฒื“ืขืŸ,โ€” ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆืฒื“ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ! 

ืจืขื“ื˜! ื›ืณืฐื™ื ื”ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ืจื•ื—, 
ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืฐืขืฆ, ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ื›ื— 
ื”ื 5 ื˜ ืืฒืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ!... 


ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ 

ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืขืš, ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืืจืฅ... 
ืขื ืจืฒืื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืณืจืฒืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ... 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ ืงืืืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื“... 
ืขื ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืขืจ ืจืขืจื˜. 
ืขืจ ื–ืื’ื˜; ืดืืณืื™ื– ืฉืคืขื˜, ืขื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜.. 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื˜, ื–ื™ ืฉืคืื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“... 


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ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“." ืื™ืš ืฐื™^!โ€ขืขื”ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื ืืจ 
ืžืดืŸ ืฑื’ืขื ื“ึพื˜ืจื•ื™ื. ื›ืณืฐื^ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืณืŸ ืฐืื”ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืŸื˜ื™^ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜... 
ืดืขื ืื™ื– ื ื–ื™ื ื“. ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื–ื™ื ื“... 
ืขื ืฉืืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืฒืŸ ืœืŸ^ืฒื ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ืด... 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ื™ื, ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื ื“ 
ื ืื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ ืขืžื™ืฅ ื“ื•ื™ืžื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืืจืš ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื! ืขื ืฐืฒื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื“: 
ืขื ื˜ื•^ื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื›ืŸื™ื ื“... 
ืื™ืš ื ืขื”ื ืืจื•ื ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ืฆืฒื ืณื... 
ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืืจืฅ, ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆืขืขืจ, 
ืขื ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืžืฒืŸ ?ืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขื”ื“, 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื?ืฅ ืืฒื ืก, ืืืฅ ืืฒื ื... 


ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื‘ืขืŸ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื’ื ืขืืขืณืŸ 


ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืขื ื”ืื™^ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืื•ืš; 
ื‘ืขื–ื•ื™ืžืขืŸโ€” ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืืš... 

ื“ืขื“ ืื ืคืื ื’ โ€” ื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื”ื™ืžืขืึพื‘^ื•ื™ ืจืฒืŸ, 
ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ึพืžืฒืŸ ืืจื‘ืฒื˜ ืื ืณืืจืž ื’ืืจ ื ื ืŸ^ืฒืŸ... 

ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื“ืค^ืื ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืงืจื•ื, 
ื“ืืš ืคื™ื ื˜ืขืื˜ ื ืคืืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ื™ื ืฐืื• ืื•ื... 

ืฐืื .ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจโ€”ืืฆืฅ ื’ืจืื“ืขื“, ื“ืขื“ ืคืื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคืื ื˜... 
ืขื ืืจื‘ืฒื˜ ืื”ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’^ืฒื›ื’ื™ืฆื˜ื™ื’ ื”ืื ื“. 


ืื™ืš ืฉืœืืŸ* ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ 

ืื™ืš ืฉืœืืš ืฉื•ื™ื– ืืื ื’... 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืŸื•ืœืŸ, ืฐืื ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคืขืŸ, 
ืฐืืก ืืคื˜ ื ืืš ืฉืžืฒื›ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“;โ€” 


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ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื, ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื ื“, 
ืขื ืืื›ื˜ ื ืืš ืื™ืฆืฅ ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื’ืขื ื“... 
ืฐืื ืจื•ืฒื˜ืขืจ ืื‘ืขืจ, ืขื–ืฐืื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื“... 
ืฐืื ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืฆืฅ ื“ื•ื ื™ืŸืข^ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื•ื–ืฆื•ื; 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืข? ืฐืขืจื˜ ื^ืฅ ื™ืฆืขืขืจืขืจ; 
ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ?ืขืณืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš, ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืื”ืŸ ืืื›ื˜. 
ืžืฒืŸ ืง^ืฒื ืข ืฐืขืฆื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืณื˜... 
ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื 5 ืฅ ืงื™ืฆืขื ืขืจ... ืง^ืขื ืขืจ... 
ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜โ€” ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ืด 


ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 

ื’ืขื ื•ื’! ื ื™ืณื˜ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจื”ืื ื“ื™ ืื™^ื˜ืข ^ื™ืขื“ืขืจ,โ€” 
ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒื ืณื!.., ื ืืจ ื–ืฒ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื ืžืืœ, 
ืฐื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ?ื™ืขื‘ืข.., ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืข?.., 
ืจืื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ื 5 ,.. 

ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืžืื!... ืฆืฐืฒืžื? ืฐืขื˜ ืขื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ?ืขื‘ืขืŸ! 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืœื™ืขื“ ืงืื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืืจ ืคืื™ืฆืฉ: ืืณืื™ื– ืคืื“ื‘ืขื ^ืื– ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ 5 ื•ื; 
ื“ืฒืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ โ€” ืงืฒืŸ ื ืฒืขื; โ€” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื˜? โ€” ืขื ื’ื™ืฆื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืฒื ืขืจ. 
ื, ืฉืฐืฒื’! ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืจื•ื, ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ!... 

ื“ื• ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืื’ื’ืขื ืขื ื’^ื™ืง... 
ืจืฒืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืจืฒืฅ ืื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืณ.ืขื™ื˜ืขืจึพื’ืจื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืงื 5 ื˜;โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•!... ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื•ื˜^ืื–... ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืฉืฐืืš! ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืื™ื™^ื•ื–ื™ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืื˜ื•;โ€” 
ืคื™ืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ? โ€” ื“ื• ืคืขืจื’ืขืื˜; ื“ื™ ืฐืข^ื˜ ืื™ื– ืืฆื˜! 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฆืข ?ืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืืงืืขืŸ, ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื–ื? ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ื, โ€” ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื?ืฅ ืื™ื”ื ืืŸ, 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ! ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ... ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืžืืขืŸ. โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื’ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื™ืง. 


66 



ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


ืคืืขืžื ืคืื“ ื“ืขื“ ืฑื’ืขื ื“ 
(ืคืจืื ืžืขื ื˜) 

ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 76 ื™ืื”ืจื™ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœืขืื•ื 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื! โ€” ื–ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืฒ ืืฒืŸ ื–ืฒื˜ โ€” ื ืฆืฒ? ืžื™ื˜ ืงื“ืืžืขืŸ; 
ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืŸ โ€” ืงืจื•ืžืข ื”ืฒื–ืขืจ, 
ื’ืจื™ืŸึพ&ืืจืฉื™ืžืขืœื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืืžืขืŸ ... 

ื?ืข ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืฒื ื˜ืฒื›ืขืœ, 
ืฐืื ืขื ืคืœื™ืื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ; 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื ืฐืื”ื ืขืจ โ€” ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜, 
ื 5 ืข ืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ... 

ืฐืฒืืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฒื ืข ืชืืฐืช; 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™^ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒ -โ€” ืžื’ื™ืจื™ื. 
ืืฒื ืข, โ€” ื‘ืขืœื™ึพืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ื . . 
ื ืคืืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ึพื‘ืชื™ื โ€” 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฑื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™ื 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื ื™ื ื™ื ... 
ื ืืจ ืžืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืื™ืœื”, 
ืืœืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขืŸ... 
ื^ืข ื“ืืฐื ืขืŸ, ื 5 ืข ื”ืื ื“ืืขืŸ โ€” 
ืืœืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ... 

ืืณื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืืžืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื: ืžื™ื˜ ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืคืจื™ืฐ ืขืคืขื ืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื’ืขืœื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข, ืขื ื’ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ: 


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ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


ืดืื™, ^ ื‘^ื™ืžืขื™ืฆื•ืด ืดืื™, ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืžืข?!", 
ืดืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืœื™ืžืข?!, ืดืžื™ืจ!" ืดืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš!" 
โ€”ืดื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืžืฒื ื˜, ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ืืจ ื’ืข 5 ื“ 5 ื™ืขื‘, 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืณ^ื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืืจ ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ!ืด,โ€”ืฐืฒืš 
5 ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฅ, ืฐืืจืคื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื— ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืจื™ ื‘ื™^ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืŸื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื—ืืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืขื”ื™ืฆื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจืฒโ€” 
ืคืืจ ื ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื›ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื”^ื™ื›ืงืฒื˜ โ€” ื ื—ื“ืจ 
5 ืื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ืืจืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•^ืณื›ืฆืขืš , 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ืฑื ื’ืข^ืขืš ื›ืื“ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื”ืข^ืข ืง^ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ . . . 


ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ ืืคืขืŸ; 
ืืณ^ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืžื™ืขื“ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘^ื™ืงืขืŸ; 
ืฐืขืจ ืขื ?ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื“ืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืืืขืจ ืงืฐื™ืงืขืŸ; 
ืฐืขืจ ืขื ื‘^ืื ืงืขื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืข^ืข ื ืงื™ื” 5 ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืžืขืจื™?, ื ืฉื˜ืข?ื›ืข 5 ; 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืŸ ืื ื’ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืŸ . . . 
ื”ืฒื. ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืขื ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื˜, 
ื^ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“. ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒ^ืข 
ื“ืจืขืžืขืฆื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืฆื” 
?ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืืขืš 
ืฉืคื™ืขืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืณืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃื™, ืฐื™ ืคืขืจืขื™ืฆ 
ืงืืคืขืŸ ื˜ืจืืคืขืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื ื–ืฒ, ืกืณืงืฆืขืคืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขื ื“^ืขืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื”ืจ^ืขืš . . . 


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ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฐื™ืฉืขื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจื’ืข? 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื ื™ืืณ^ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืŸ . . . 


ืงืœืฒื ืข ืžืฒื“ืขืฆืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ 
ืณืคืคื™ืข^ืขืŸ, ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ืขืŸ. 
ืฐืขืจ ืดืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืืขืšืด, ืฐืขืจ ,,ืื™ืŸ ืžืืžืขืืด, 
ืฐืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื•ื™ืืขืšื‘^ืื–ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืขื™ืฆืขืจื™? ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืฆืขืš, 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ื‘ืืื–ืขืŸ... 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื”ื˜ ื ืคืื•ืฉืงืขืจืฒ, ื ื–ืฉื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืฆ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืฑื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืŸื•ืกื˜ืขื ื‘ืฒ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ^ืขื‘ื˜ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜. ื ืฐื™ื ื“ืข?, 
ืฐื™ ื ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ, ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืข^ื˜ืขื“, 
ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื ื‘ื™ืืขืฆ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืขื˜ืฐืื ืงืขื™ืœื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืžืขื™?. 
ื ืืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืื– ืืณืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืช, 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืข^ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืฐืืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืื‘ืขื ... 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืฐืขื˜ืฉืขืจืข ^ื•ืคื˜ ื›ืืคืขืŸ 
ืฉื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ื ืžื—ื ื” ืฉื›ื ื™ื; 
ืฐืฒื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืฆืฒื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ... 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื^ืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขื ืงืืค ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืขื 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ; ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืงืขื 
ื›ืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ื ื“ืจื™ืžืขืœ... 


69 



ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 


ืฐืขืจ ืขื ืจืจืขืžืข^ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืขื ืฉืžื•ืขืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืื™ื˜ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ 8 ืฉื›ืŸ... 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒื‘ืขืจ ื ืืž ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ื”ืื™ืš 
ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ื‘ืื™ืŸืขืŸ, ืกืื›ืขืŸ... 
ืฐืข^ื›ืข ืงื•ื’^ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืฆื›ืข ื˜ืฉืืืขื ื˜ืณื! 
ืืณื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ืขืŸ: 
ืฐื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ ื‘ื•^ื‘ืขื ื–ื^ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื™^ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืจืื–ื™ื’ืขืŸ .. . 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื’ืข^ ื–ืื ืฆื•ืฉื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ... ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ืฆื™ื 
ืืืข ืฆืฒื›ืขื ื, ื 5 ืข ืžื™ื˜^ืขืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขืŸ ื ืืš ื“ื™ ื›?ื™ 5 ื™ื 
ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืข^ืขืจืขื ื˜... 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ื‘ืขื ืณืึพ^ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ื— 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒื–ืขืจ ืฆืื ืœืŸื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืื“ืขื˜, 
ืคื™ 5 ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ืชึพืจื™ื— . . . 

ืืณืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒื›ืขื•ืด 
ื’ืจืฒื›ื˜ ืืžืืœ ื ืฑื ื’ ื’ืข^ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื ื’ืขื–ืื’ื’ืŸ ื^ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืืืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคื˜ืข ืœืฆืขืค ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ... 


70 



ืจืื–ืืœื™ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืืŸ 


[ 1908 ] 


ืื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ 


ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืืขื–, 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืื™ื”ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืกืณื”ืขืœื™ืคื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื’ื^ื“ืขื ืข ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืžืฒื ืข ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื”ืขืŸ. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืื•ื™ื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืขื ืขืจื’ืœืขื ืฆื˜, 
ื“ืืŸ, ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืขืŸ, 
ื–ืฒื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ืข? 

ืฐืขืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ ืขื ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ ืื‘ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ โ€” 
ื“ืื ^ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฆื•ื ื“, 
^ืŸ, ื–ื•ืŸ, ื, ืฐืื ื˜ื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืจืฒืฆืื˜ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคื™ืขืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืื•ื ื“! 













ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ 



ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืกึพื˜ืื’ 

ืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืึพื˜ืื’ 
ืื™ืขื‘ ืคืขื’ืจื™ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืฒื’ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’^ืฒืš ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ื”ื— 
ืฐืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื ื“. 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐืื ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื,โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื™ืŸื•ืžืื˜ื• ืคืืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ืฉืขื”? 

ืฉืฐืฒื’ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ ื’ืŸืฒืŸ ืฐืืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื’ื’ ืฐืืจื˜,โ€” 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ื’ืขื ืืจื˜... 


75 




ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ 


ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืื™ื ื’ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืด 
ืงื•ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืžืขืจ (ืŸืื™ืฆื˜,โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขื™ืฆ ืœื•ื•ืžื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื .ืฐื^ื“. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืณื ืŸืฐืืจืฆืขืจ ืฐืื™ืฆืงืขืŸ ืกื•ืžื˜, 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืข^ ืฆื•... 
ื, ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืฆื™ื ื’ ืฐืฒื ื˜, 
ืฐืื ื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ื”ืืื˜ื•. 


ืงืœืืค ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ 

ืงืœืืค ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืด 
ืžืฒื“ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ื! 

ืขืœืขื ื“ ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืฆืื ื’, ืณืคื•ื™ืŸ ?ืื ื  
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–. 


ืข^ืขื ื“ ื”ื™ื˜, ื”ื™ื˜ ืžืดืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ื˜ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืณืื™ืฆืื” โ€” ืขืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฐืื›ื˜. 

ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื”, ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจ, 
ืฐืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 

ื”ืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืณืคื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ. 

ื’ืขื” ืคืืจื‘ืฒ, ื’ืขื” ืคืืจื‘ืฒ, 
ืžืฒื“ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื. 

ืขืœืขื ื“ ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ?ืื ื’, ืฉื•ื™ื– ืืื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–. 


76 



ื™ืžืจืช ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ 


ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 

ื’ืขื ื•ื’! ื’ืขื ื•ื’! ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜... 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”^ื™ื ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื’ืขื‘^ื™ื”ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืณืŸ ืคืขืื“ ืื™ื– ื ืื›ืณืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฐืข?ืง, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘^ื™ื”ื˜. 

ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ?ืื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜... 
ื ื™ื˜ ^ืื ื’ ื‘ืขืฐืดืŸ, ^ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืคืขืจื“ืืจื˜, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ โ€” ื“ืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ, 
ืคืขืจื’ืขื, ืคืขืจื’ืขื, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื^ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒืื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืฒืื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื’ืขื” ืคืืจืื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื” ืคืืจืื•ื™ืก โ€” 
ื“ืืก ืขื™^ืขื ื“ ืฉืžื™ืณื“ื˜ ืจืฒืŸ ื’ื•ืจ^ ืื•ื™ื... 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™^ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ,โ€” 
ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ืคืืจืงืœืืคื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ. 
ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืฒ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ ื“ื ืœื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื›ืณืฐืขื™? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ: 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ,โ€” 
ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ื ืคืืจืงืœืืคื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ^ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ. 


77 



ืณื˜ืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขื– 


ืขื ืื™ื– ื ืณื˜ื’ืฒ 


ืขื ืื™ื– ื ืฉื ืด ื ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืจ 
ื?ืฅ ื’ืขืคืืฆืŸ, .ืื™ืฆืฅ ื’ืขืคื^ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืณืค^ื™ื˜ืืขืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ. 

ื ืืจ ื˜ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฃืื ืง 
ื’ืขืงืื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒ ื“ืขืจื™ืื’ืŸ. 

ืจืขืจ ื”ื™ืžื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืŸ 
ื’ืืจ ืืŸ ืณืคื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ืฆื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืืจ^ืืฉืŸ 
ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ? 

ื“ืื ืข^ื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืฅ 
ืžื™ืš ืืฒื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉ^ื™ื˜^ืขืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ. 
ืจื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ 

ืฐืขื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื^ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืจื™ืื’ืŸ. 


ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื’ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืžืขืจ ื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืฒื˜ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืšืด 
ื ืืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ืืืฅ ื‘ืขื’ืงืขืŸ. 


78 



ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขื– 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืจืดื™ืŸึพืฆื•ื’ ื ืืš ื’ืื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืฆืขืจ 
ืจื™ ืฆืฒื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฒื“ืŸ, 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืื˜ ืื‘ืขืจ ื‘^ืฒื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืื™ื‘ืข ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณืฐืขื™ืฆ ืจื•ืจืš ืžืฒืŸ ^ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืจืฒ-ื“ืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืืคืืœืŸ ืฐืฒืกืข 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืืคืืฆืŸ ืฐืฒืืข, 
ืฐื™ ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช ื–ืฒ ืณื˜ื˜ืฒืขืŸ. 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืฒืขืŸ. 
ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™^ื™ื ื’ 
ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืœื•ื, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ. 

ื›ืณืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ. 


ืฐืขืคื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื–ืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ 

ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื–ื™ืฆ ืฐืขืืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฒืŸืŸ,โ€” 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื˜ืฒืš ืืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, 
ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืŸืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืฒื˜ืŸ; 
ื›ืณืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ื™ืื•ื’ืŸ, ื™ืื’ืŸ,โ€” 
ื‘ืœืฒื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ. 


79 



^ื˜ืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ 


ืฐืข^ ืื™ืš .ืฐืฆืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ืŸืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, 
ืจื•ืจืš ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ; 

ืฐืขื˜ ืจืขืจ ืžื–ื ืฐืขืฆืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ... 


ืฉื ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืค ื“ืื ืคืขืœื“ 

ืฉื’ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืค ื“ืื ืืขืœื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืดื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื ื’; 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’. 

ืืณืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืจืฒืœืขืš ื–ืฒ: 
ืืณืœืื ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜,โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืื ื“ืื ืคืขืœื“ ื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืฐื™ ื“ืื ืคืขืœื“ ื ืืš ืณื˜ื ื™ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืฐื™ืื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ ื“ืื ืคืขืฆื“ ื“ืขืกื˜ ืืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืื˜... 


ืื™ืš ืจื• ืฉื•ื™ื– ืœืื ื  

ืื™ืš ืจื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืดืฆืขืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื–ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืื ืง ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื ืฉืžื”, ืงืจืื ืก 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืŸ... 


80 



ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขื– 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ 5 โ€” 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘^ื™ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ืื“^ืขืจื ืค^ื™ื’? ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืฒืฆ, 
ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื“^ืขืจ ืคื™ืฆื™ืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืคื™ื– ืžื–ืœืณืก ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ 


ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–^ืณื ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ 
ื ื›ื•ืื” ื ืืš ื ื›ื•ืื”. 
ื“ืขื“ ืžื–ื ืื™ื– ืžื›ื‘ื“, 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืšโ€”ืžืื›ื˜ืฒืืข! 

ืืฒื ื ื ืืจ ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืš: 
ื‘ืืฆื“ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืื•ืช ?ืขื“ื™ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืืฆืฅ ื ืืš 
ืคื•ืฆ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื”ื˜ื™ื’. 


ืื™ื“ ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ 


ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื’ื’ืฆ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฆื• ื”ื™ืฆืš ืื™ืš ืจื•ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ. 
ืžืฒืŸ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ื .ืคืืจืฐืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ื ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืฆืขืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงึพืจืฒืš, ืฐื™ ืฉืฒืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื ื’ืฆ ื–ื™ืšืด 
ืฆื• ื”ื™ืฆื” ื•ืฐืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืฒืŸ? 


81 



ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ 


ืžืฒืŸ ื ืืขื ื˜ืื˜ืขืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืฒืขืจืื˜ืขืจ 
^ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, 
ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’^ืฒืš ืคืืจืฐืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืจื•ื™ื‘. 


ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื... 

ื”ื‘? ื”ื‘?ื™ื... ืืณืคื^ืŸ ืจื™ ื‘^ืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืคืืจืฆืฐืฒืคืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื™ืฆื“. 
ื”ื‘ื ื”ื‘^ื™ื... ืคืืจืฐืขืœื”ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ .ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืืฆื“. 

ื”ื‘ืฆ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื... ืืณืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืืจืŸ, 
ืคืืจืœืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜. 
ื”ื‘? ื”ื‘ืœื™ื... ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืืขื ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื  ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฆื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื˜. 

ื”ื‘? ื”ื‘ืœื™ื!... 


ืื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจึพืงืจืื ืฅ 

ืื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ?ื™ื“ืขืจึพืงืจืื ืฅ, 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™^ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ืื™ืจ ื•ืฐืฒืืข ?ื™^ื™ืขื โ€” 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืืฒื ื ืขื”ื™ืœื˜... 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืืฒืš 
ืื•ื™ืฑ ืžืฒืŸ ?ืขื‘ื ืึพืฐืขื’, 
ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ^ื™ื“ ื ืขืฉืคื™ 5 ื˜... 


82 



ื“ื ื ืคื™ื“^ึพื™ื–ืฆืื ื’, 
ื“ื ื˜ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸึพืฉืคื™^, 
ื“ื ื ืคืฒืคืขื™ืฆืข 
ืื™ืŸ 8 ื–ื•ืžืขืจึพืคืขื™ืฆื“. 

ืื™ืฆืฅ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื“ืฆื˜ ืืฒื•, 
ืืฆืฅ ื’ืขืง^ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฒื• 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ื ืื˜^ื˜ืข, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืจืขื ืข, 
ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ืฐืฒืืข ืื™ 5 ื™ืขื... 


ืื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ^ื™ื“ืขืจึพืงืจืื ืฅ. 



ืจืื–$}ื• ื™^ืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ึพื˜ืฉ 


[ 1910 ] 



ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืœื”ึพืื“ื•ืจ 

ื›ืณื”ืืค ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ืžืณืจื™ื’ืขืœืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขึพืžืืžืขื ืžื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืคืœื™ื’ืข 5 ืข, 
ืืจื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืข 5 ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ; 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื›ืขื ื“ืขืœืขืš 
ืžื™ืจ ืื ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ืืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ืขืœืขืš 
ืฆื• ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ; 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ืื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืืณืฆื™ื›ืขืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพื’ื^ื“ ืงื^ื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื›ืขืœืข, 
ืฐื™ ืฆืืจื˜ ืืณืื™ื– ืžืฒื“ืœึพืฆื™ืจ; 


84 


ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืื•ืŸ ืงืฆืืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขื ืงื ืขืคืข^ืข, 
ืฐื™ ืืณื™ืฆื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคื™ืจ, 
ืฐืฒื ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืคืข^ืข 
ืืจืฒื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ! 

ื ืฉืื“ ื ืืจ, ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืข^ืข 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืื ืขืคื•ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, 
ื ืืจ โ€” ืงื•ื, ื“ืื ืฐืฒืืข ืฉืขืจืฆืข^ืข 
ืื™ื– ื”ืฒ^ื™ืง ืฐืฒื ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ 1 


ื‘ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 


ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืžืฒื ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืข^ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™^ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืจื•, 

ื”ืื‘โ€ข ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืง ื“ืขื ืคื•?ืŸ, 
โ€”ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืื ืื™ื– ืฆื•. 

ืขื ื’^ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืค^ืืžื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืืจื”ื•ื™^ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื’ื ืจื•ื™ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื‘^ื™ืงืŸ, ืืš, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ื ืืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ืืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™^ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืืŸ ื–ืขืฆื ืจื•, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒืืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ืžืฒื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืื•... 



ืจืื–ื ื™^ืงื•ื‘^ืฐื™ื˜ืณื˜ 


ืืŸ ื ืื˜ืืฆื™ืข 

ื“ื™ ืืฒื–ื ื‘ืืŸ ืค 5 ื™ื˜, ื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื™ืฅ, 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒ ืžืฒืŸ ^ื™ื‘ืื˜ื ื ืณืขื˜ืื˜; 
ืขื ื™ืื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ* ื’ืื˜ื ึพื‘ืืจืื˜! 

ื›ืณืฐื™? ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืžื™?ื“ืŸ ื‘^ื™ื™ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ืคืŸึพืคืืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒืŸ ื—^ื•ื ืื•ื™ืจ ืจืขืจ ืฐืืจ. 

ื ืืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืค ืžื™ืš ืฐืขืช 
ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืฆืื˜ื•, ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 
ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืœื• ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฐืขืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืฉื˜ืขืืŸ, ืฐืื• ืืณืื™ื– 
ืงืฒืŸ ืื˜ืืฆื™ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ,โ€” 
ืฆื• 5 ื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒืื™ืงืื˜ืŸ, ืฐืืก ื“ืฒืŸ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉ^ืขืคืŸ ืื™ื–ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘^ืฒื‘ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™?ืจืŸ ืฐืืฆื“ ื 5 ืฒืŸ! 


86 



ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื“ื™ ื ืื‘ื˜ึพืฐืื ื“ืœืขืจื™ืŸ 

ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ื’ืด, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ื™ืŸื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืŸืŸึพืคืืจืฉืœืืืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ืœื•ื โ€” 
ื”ืื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื›ืฉื•ืš ืื ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ? 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ืื ืœื›ื ื”ึพืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฒืœ, 
ื’ืขื’ืืืŸ ื–ื™ืœืคืขืจึพืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื’ 5 ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื 
ืืŸ ืจื•, ืืŸ ืืคื”ืืœื˜, ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ? 
ืžื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพื’ืœืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜. 

ืืณืงืืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ, ืณืื– ื˜ืื˜ืขึพืžืืžืข ืฉืืงืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืค, 
ืžื•ืจื ื”ืื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืฒื ื ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ, 
ืืณืงืืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืคื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจ, 
ื ืืจ ืฐืื ืงืืŸ ืžื™ืจ.ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ, 

ืื– ืžื™ืš, ืžื™ืš ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”ึพืฉื˜ืจืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืขืจึพื ืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืืœืฅ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ- 


ื“ื™ ืขืงืจื— 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ: 
ื›ืณื–ืืœ ื ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš .ืฐืขืจื– 
ืฆื• ื.ืฐื™ืื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืœื™ื‘ืื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื—ืŸ. 
ื‘ื™ื– ืจืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ื’ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืž 5 
ื”ืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ืขืฐืฒืŸ 


87 



ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื™ื ื“โ€”ื ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ืจืขืจืฐืฒ? ื‘ื™ืื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืฒื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 
ืฐืืึพื–ืฉืข ื”ืขืืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืณืฐืข^ ื ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืื– ื•ื“ื™ ืงืื ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืื˜ืขื ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืงื™ื ื“^ืขื‘ ืžืฒืŸ! 


ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขืŸ 
(ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜) 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืฆื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืข^ ืคืืจื˜ืื’ 
ืคื™^ืื˜ืขืจื˜, ืฆืฒื“ืขื ืฉืืคื˜^ื™ืš ืค^ืื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅึพืจืฒืืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจึพื’ืขื–ืื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืชื•ืจื”ึพื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜... 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ืขืจ ืชืคืื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืืฒื ื–ืืžืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื›ื”ึพืง^ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ: 

ื ?ืื ื’ ืคืขืจืฐืื ืขืื˜ ืคื^ืง โ€” 
ื’ื™ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ื”... 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืื’ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขื ืืฒื ื’ืขื”ื™^ื˜, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ืึพืฐืืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ื• ื˜ืื˜ืข!โ€” 
ืžืฉื”ืณื ืฉื˜ืขืึพืคืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ?ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 


88 



ืจืื–ื ื™ 8 ืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืฉื˜ืจืฒื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืื™ืœืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃื• ื“ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืค^ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฑื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืฒ ืžื™ืจ,โ€” 
ืืฒืคื™ื’ ?ืฒื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืข^ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ, 
ื’ืขื’ืขื”ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจึพืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื™ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ื™ื’.,. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืข^ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืื’, 
ื›^ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืจื‘ืงื•ืชืณื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ืงืฒื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ โ€” 
ืื”ืŸ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื’ึพืฉื˜ืจืื”^ืขื ื“ืข ืืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒื˜, 
ืฐืื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื’ ืืณื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื‘ื’ืขื–ืขื ื’ื˜... 

ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงื•?:โ€” 
ื›ืณื”ืขืจ ื“ืื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ?ื‘ื ื•ืŸ:โ€” 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™^ืขื ืจื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ื‘ืืจื“:โ€” 
ื›ืณื–ืขื” ื“ืขื ื”ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืข. 
ื›ืณื‘ืื“ ืžื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฉืจื•ืŸึพืงืฐื^ืขืŸ... 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžืฒืŸ! 


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ื™ืฐืŸ 
ืจื—ืœ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืœื‘ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืจืขืจืŸ ืฉืื˜ื ื ืื•ื™ืฑ ื‘ืจื•ื’ืขืžื, 
ืจืืจื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืชึพืœื—ืžื ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื ืœืŸืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืฑ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ืข, ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ืข ืื”ืฒื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆืขืคืœืืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืžืขืจื•ื ื’ืึพืฉืฒืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืืื . 
ื ืืจ ืœืื”, ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื ื–ืืžืข ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื ื‘ืœืฒื›ืข: 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืฉืœื™ื— ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื”ืขืœืŸ ืคืขืœื“, 
ืขื ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื•ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื›ืขืจ, 



ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื, ื™ืขืงื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื’ืงืฒื˜ ื’ืขืฐืฒ^ื˜ื™, 
ืžื™ืš, ืจื—^ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฒื ื’ืื˜ืข! 
ื, ืณืขืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจืขืจื˜ืข, ื’ืขื“ืขื’ืงืื˜ื• ? 
ืฐื™ ืจืณื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื™^ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืงื•ื™^ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืฒื–, 
ืฐื™ ืจืณื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืขืŸืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ื™ืจ! 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืืณืขืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒื“, 
ืฆื•ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ โ€” 

ืื™ืš ืฉืขื ืง ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ื’ึพื‘ืืณืขืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืื’ืขืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื, 5 ืื”, ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ, 

ื“ื• ืฐืฒืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืืณืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื— ืืฒื‘ื™ืง 

ืฐืขืŸ ื›ืณืฉืฒื“ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, 

ื“ื• ืฐืฒืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืกืณืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืฒ ืืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืื™ืง- 


ื”ื’ืจ 

ืื™ื– ืฐืื, ืื– ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, 
ืื™ืš ืคื™^ ื ืืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฒื™^ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืงืฒื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืืณื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื 
ื’ืขืฐืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื ื–ื•ื ื™ืง ืจืขืจืฐืื›ืŸ, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ืื ืืคืขื ืื•ืŸ ื ืืจื‘ืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืจืณื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื’ื•ืื•ื™ืจืŸ: ื‘ื™ืื˜, ื”ื’ืจ, 
ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืื ืื•ื™ืื“ืขืจืฐืฒ^ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ! 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืจื^ื˜ ื ืืš ื“ืื ?ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืจืณื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืฆื˜- 

ืื™ื– ืฐืื, ืื– ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, 
ืขื ืคื^ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื ื™ืจืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื’ืจื™ื, 
ืžื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืจื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ: ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ืื˜ื•, ืชื’ืจ, ื“ืฒืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ? 


90 



ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ืณืขื˜ ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ึพื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืฒืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฉ^ืขืคืŸ, 
ื ืื“ ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™^ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื, 
ื›ืณื˜ืจืื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขื“ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืื“ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ^ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณื˜ืจื™ื ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ?ื™ื‘ืข- 


(ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืดืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ืด) 

ื’ื•ืจืœ 

ื 


ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืฐืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜, 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขื ื™ืืจื™ื“; 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืคืื“ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉืคื™ืœื’ืขืฆืฒื’, ืฐืื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืœื˜, 
ื“ืขื ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœ ืžื ื’ืขืฆืืœื˜; 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื•ื™ื” ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, 
ื–ืฒืŸ ืฑื’ืขื ื“ึพื—ืŸ ืคืื“ ื ื‘ืฒื– ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื‘ื’ืข^ืฒื˜; 
ื“ืืš ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื“ ื’ืขืฐืืจื˜, 
ื“ืืš ื”ืื˜ ืขืžืฒืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืืจื˜. 


ืฐื™ ืงืืŸ ืขื ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš, ืฐืื ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืœืฒื˜ืขื“ื˜ ื”ืืคืขืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขื ืื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืืจ ืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ื“ื•ืช, 
ืฐืื ื”ืืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืืœื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืžืฉืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืื’,^โ€” 
ืฐื™ ืงืืŸ ืขื ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 



ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื“ืื ืื•ืžื’^ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืดืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ? โ€” 
ืืณืžื•ื– ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืื•ื“, 
ื‘ื—ื ื ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืคืฒืŸ: 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืื•ืฃ! ืื™ื– ื ืืจ ืจืขืจ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืฒื ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื 5 ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืื ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืงืฒื ืžืื ื ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืืณืžื•ื– ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื– ื™ืฆืขื‘ืขืŸ ืณ^ืขื‘ืื˜ ื ืืจ ื“ื•, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืžื˜, ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืฆืขื ื ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื ืจืฒืคืฆื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒื ืขืŸ, 
ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื ื™ืฆื” ืื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“^ื™ืš ืื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงืฒื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒืŸ? โ€” 


ืฐืื ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ?ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื‘ื ืข^ืฒื˜, 

ืื– ื›ืณืฐืฒื ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืชืคื™ืื”, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืข^ื›ืขืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจืฒื˜ ? 

ืฐืื ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืขื ืฐืข 5 ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืืฐืขืงื ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืš, 
ืื– ื›ืณืฐืฒื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื“ื•, ืงื™ื ื“ ืžืฒื ื, ืื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš? 

ื ืืจ ื“ืื, ืื– ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ^ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจื–ื•ื ื ืขื–, 
ื“ืื 5 ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒื“, 

ื ืืจ ื“ืื, ืื– ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฐืขืงื ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืจื”ืฒื˜... 


92 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืื” 



ืืขืจืขื ืื“ืข 

ืžืืจ ืื•ื™ื•ื™ ื“ืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, 
ื“ื• ?ื™ืขื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒื–, 

ืงื•ื ืฐืฒื˜ ืืฐืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ; 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™^ืข ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืื‘ืขืจึพืฐืฒืŸ, 

ื–ื™ ืฐืขื‘ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ืฉื™ืจ.โ€” 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืขื’ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงืืค 
ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™^ื•ืืณื ืฉื•ื™ื, 

ืขื ืฐืืจื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื ืื•ืฑื™ ื“ื™ืจ. 
ืืณืื™ื– ื‘ 5 ื•ื™ ืจื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืงื•ื, ืงื•ื ืืจื•ื™ื 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“.โ€” 


93 




ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื˜ืขืœ ื›ืœื•ื™, 

ืณืคืืจืœืื–ืขืŸ ืฐืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืฆ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืณื˜ื˜ื™ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืขืŸึพื˜ื•ื™ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืคื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืืœ,โ€” 

ื“ืืŸ ืจืฒื ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฐ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื ืื•ื™ื 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืฉ ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ โ€” 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืœื™ืค 
ื–ื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ื 

ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืดืื•ื™ืด. 


ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจึพืขื›ื 

ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืข, 
ื ืคืขืจื“ืขืœืข ืขื ืฉืคืจื™ื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื–ื™ื ื ื˜ ื ืฑื ื’ืขื ืคืืจืขืœืข, 
ื ื’ืœืขืงืขืœืข ืขื ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืณืŸ ืคืฒื˜ืฉืขืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืงื ืืงืขืŸ, 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื— ื–ืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืขืœืข, 
ืคืœืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืงืขืŸ. 

ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคืขืœืืš 
ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืขืจืคืจื•ื™ืจืขืŸ. 


94 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง 


ืงืขื”ืจื˜ 8 ื›ืฐืื˜ืืงืข ืคืขืจื“ืขืœืข 
ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒ ืจืขื ืฉืœื™ื˜ืขืŸ โ€” 
ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื ืฐืฒืืข ื—ื•ืคื”ึพืจืขืง 
ืืณืคืืจืขืœืข ืคืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 


ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœ 

ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืขืจื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื™ืฆื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, 
ืฉืขืคืฆืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืฆ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™^ื™ืขื“ืขืจ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืคืœืื˜ืขืจ ื“ื• ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขื ืืจื•ื, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจื˜ื™^ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ โ€” 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืง ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืขื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืืฃ, 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื 

ืฐืื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื, 
ืฐืื ืœืฒื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒืณื˜? 
ื ื–ืขื ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืื‘ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ึพืœืื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื’ืขืœืื“ืขืŸ ื™ืคื•ื™ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืจึพื’ืขืฐืื ื“. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืณืคืขืจืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืจืื’ื“, 
ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ึพื’ืขืฉื™ืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขื“^ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืจืขืœืขืŸึพืฉื ื™ืจ, 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ื™ื˜ื˜ืืง 


ืฐืื ืืณื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืจืฒื›ืข ืœืฒื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ึพ^ืื ื“, 
ืฐืื• ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืฉืงื™ืฆืืคืขืŸึพื–ื™ื”ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืขืœืืš ื’ืขืฉืคืื ื˜ 

ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคืืฆื™ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืชึพืž^ื›ื•ืช ืคืขืจื“ืขืงื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืคืขืŸึพืฉืคื™ืขืฆ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ?;ืื” ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐืขืงื˜... 

ืฐืื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื, 
ืฐืื ืœืฒื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜? 
ื ื–ืขื’ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืš 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜. 


ืคืืจื ืื’ื˜ืขื– 


ืื™ื’ืณื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื’ื“ึพืฐื™ื ื“ 
ืฐื™ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื’ืขืŸ, 
ืคืื™ื”ื˜ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืฆ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืืืจ, 
ืค^ื™ื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ* ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื™ืž?ืืš 
ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืžืขื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืื•ืžืขื“ื™ื’ ืฆื•ืณื ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ. 


96 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง 


ืคื™ืœื™ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื, ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ, .ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸึพืคืขืจื’ืื ื’, 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืœืฒื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืืœืจืขื ืข ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ืขืŸื™ืžืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืขื ืžืื ื™ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืณื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืจื• ืžืื™ื›ืื˜ ื ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฆื™ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆืื–ืขืŸ?โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื, ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื™ื’ ื ื™ืขื–ื˜, 
ื“ื• ืฐื™ืœืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืื–ืขืŸ. 


ืฆืฒื˜ึพืžืื˜ื™ืฐ 

ืฐืื ืฆืื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ืื ืœืขืžืคืขื, 
ืฐืื ืงืœืื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื“? 
ืžืณื”ืื˜ ืขืžื™ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“. 

ื ืฉืžืืœืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื“ืืจื˜ ืขืจื’ืขื™ืŸึพืฐืื•, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืณื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื— ืฆืฐืฒื’ืขืŸ ืื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•. 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณื“ื™ื ื’ืข^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืจืื”ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืฆื•ืฉืฒื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื•ื ื ืคื ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืจืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฒืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื.,, 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง 


ืกืื ืขื˜ืขืŸ 


ื 

ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜, ืžืฒืŸ ืณืคืจืฒื ื“ โ€” ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœืฅ ืฐื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฑื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ื•, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืงืขื ื™ื ืึพืงื™ื ื“ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื”. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ื™, ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืฒื ื“. 


ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœืคืื ื˜ึพื‘ืฒืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืœืื, 
ืฐื™ ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ, 
ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจึพื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื™ืขื ืขืžื ืงืœืืจ โ€” 
ืคืื“ืฐืืึพื–ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื?โ€” 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืคืฒื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื–ืื’ ืขื ื“ื™ืจ ืืฆื™ื ื“: 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื’ืฅ ืื™ืš ื ืืš ืืžืืœ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“, 
ื“ืืŸ ื˜ื• ืื™ืšืณื ืื•ื™ืคืณืŸ ื˜ืฒืฐืขืœื ืคืขืจ^ืื ื’. 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืฆื•ื ื“ืื ืง 
ื“ืขื ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืื ืืณื”ืื˜ ื ื–ื™ื ื“ืขืŸึพื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ื”: 
ืื™ืš :ืฐืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืข ืฆื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื’ืขื”ืจื˜.โ€” 


3 


ื“ื• ื˜ืจืื’ืื˜ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืโ€” ืื– ื–ืืœืื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืŸ ืžืฒื’ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื–ื™ื’ื“, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืจืืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœืฆืขืŸ ืงืืค ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 


98 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง 


ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจื˜ื” ื“ืขื– ื“ืฒื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขื–? 
ืžืฒื– ื–ืขืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื ืืš ื–ื™ื ื“, 
ืื•ื– ืืณืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒื ืขืจ ื ืืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืืฆื™ื ื“, 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืณื– ืงืืค ืืจืืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืื˜ ื˜ื™ืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืขื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื“ืขืœ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืจืณืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ืื ืขื– ืื™ื ืณื ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ.โ€” 
ื“ื• ืดืืฑื‘ืด ืžื™ื˜ืณืŸ ืงืืค ืืจืื‘ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื–, 
ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจื˜ื” ื“ืขื– ื“ืฒื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขื–?โ€” 


ื’ 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ืืงืฒื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืืคืื˜ื• ืžื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืฒื ืข ืœืฒื“ืขื–, 
ืจื•, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขื“ ื“ื•... ืื•ืŸ ืืณื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื” 
ืจืฒื– ืขื“^ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื—, ื“ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื”ึพื™ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ, 
ื ืœืฒืš ืฐืืœืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ืฉื’ืฒื“ืขื–. 

ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืคืฒื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคืขืฑื˜ืจืื’ืขื–... 
ื“ืฒื– ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื’ืฆื™ื”ื˜, 
ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืณืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืขืขืœืณ ืืจืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื”ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื“, ืฐืื ืจื• ืฐื™ืœืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืื’ืขืŸ. 

ื™ึพื• ืฉื˜ื™ืืขืจ... ื›ืณืฐืืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒื ืžืืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืค^ื™ื”ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ืฉืคืืจืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืืค ืื•ืฑื™ ืจืฒื ืข ืงื ื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื”ืด ืฐื™ ื ืงื™ื ืจ, 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง 


ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืืงื•ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืจื™ืจ 
ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื›ื™ื– ืฐืืœืื˜ ื ืฉืžืฒื›ืขื ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฐืื ื–ืืœ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื—^ ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ื–ื™ื ื“.- 


ื“ 

ืฆื™ ื–ื 5 ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืืขืจื‘ืืจื’ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅึพืฐืื• 
ืื•ืŸ,ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™? ื“ืขื ืงืืค ืืจืื‘ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืืฐื™ืฅื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ ืžื™ืขื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐ^ื–ื ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืงืฒื ืžืืœ, ืงืฒื ืžืืœ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืจื•ื”? 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืื–ืขืŸ ืฐืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืื™ืง, 
ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฐืฒื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืื™^ืข ื–ืฒื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื” ื™ืื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืš ื’ืœื™ืง?โ€” 

ืฆื™ ื–ืื ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื ื•ืฐืืจืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื“ ืืจืฒืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืื, ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืณื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื ืื–ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขื^ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ?โ€” 
ืฆื™ ื–ื^ ืื™ืš ืขืจื’ื™ืฅึพืฐืื• ืืขืจื‘ืืจื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆ, ื“ืขื ืงืืค ืืจืื‘ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ... 


ื— 

ื“ืขืจ ืืืจื”ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืขื ื”ืื˜ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื™ืืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื–ืฉืืฐืขืจื˜ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ ื“ื•ืจื›ืณืŸ ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื˜ื•ื’ืงืœื˜ โ€” ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื“ืขื’ืขืŸ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื“ ืจืฒืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™^ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืณื ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืืขืŸ.โ€” 


100 



ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืื›ืŸ 


ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืดื˜ ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื–? 
ืจืณืื™ื– ืฉืฐืืจื™ื–, ืฐื™ ื ืจื•ื—, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืžื™ืื•ืงืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืงื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฐืฒืŸ, 
ืื™ื”ื ืฐื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฉืคืื™^ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจื™ืฆ ื™ื•^ืฒืŸ โ€” 
ืื™ื”ื ืฐื™ื™^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒืŸ... ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื˜ื•ื ืงืข^ื˜, ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืขืŸ:โ€” 
ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ื?ื˜ ืื‘ื’ืขื‘^ื™ืืœืŸืขืฐืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื ื“: 
ืืžืื ืื™ื– ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืื ื“ 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื ืฆืื›ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืขื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืขืŸ: 
ื ^ืื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืืจืข^ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘^ืืึพื‘ื™^ื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืžื 5 ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ?^ืื ื’ ืคืขืจืคื™^ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 


101 



ืจื‘ืงื” ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ื”^ืœ 



[ 1912 ] 


ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื’ืืคืจืฒื“ 


ื. ืจ ื™ ื™ ื– ืข ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 


ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืฐื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื–, 
โ– ืฐืื ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ืขื“ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜; 
ื’ืืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ ืฉืขื ืข ืฐืขืœื˜. 

ื›ืณื”ืืค ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข, ืณืคืœืื ื’ืŸืข ื’^ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸโ€” ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒืขืจื™ 
ืืณืฐืฒื ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจ*ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืฒืŸ... 

ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืงืฒื ืžืืœ ื ื™ื˜: ืดืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืขืŸ?ืด 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจืขื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜: ืดืคืืจืฐืื?ืด 


102 



ืจื‘ืงืช ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœ 


ืฐื™ ื“ืื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืฆืข ืื™ื– ื”ื™ืžืขื 
ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืื  ืืฒืŸ, ื˜ืื’ ืื•ื™ื. 

ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ืขื ื™ืขื ื“ืื ืืขื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืจื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืข^ื˜. 
ืืณืื™ื– ื“ืืš ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจ ื‘ืฒืจืขืŸ 
ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจึพืฉืขื ืข ืฐืขืฆื˜!... 



ืžืฑื ืฉืžืจ-ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ 


[ 1912 ] 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื–ึพื–ืฒื˜ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸึพื–ืฒื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐื™ื’ื˜ืข 5 ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืฑื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ืขื’ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืืฆ: 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื“ืขื’ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืฆื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื?. 

ืขื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื– ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื’ืขืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืืจืฆ^ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืืขืจ ืจืขืจ ืฉื’ืขืข, 
ืขืจืฐืื›ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจ ืืขืจื™ืฆืื’ื’, ื•ืฐืื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืขืจืฉ^ืืืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื‘ืฒ ื–ืฒ. 

ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒื“ืข ื“ืขืจ ?ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื’ื^ื“ืขื’ืข ื–ื•ื’ืขืŸืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™^ืข ื’ืขื–ืื’ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืคื•ื’ื’ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจึพื ืขืฅ ืฐืขื‘ื˜ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ^ื™ืขื‘ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืจืขืžืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ื™ืฆืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’?ื™ืง, ืฐืื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ^ืื’ื’ ืื™ื– ืืขืจื‘ืฒ; 
ืขืจ ื–ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืดืŸ ื ืคืืจ ื’ื^ื“ืขื ืข ืคืขื“ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืจื™ืฉืข ื—^ื•ืžื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืžืื™. 

ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจืงืขืจืคืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืฆืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™^ืข ืคืขืจ^ืื ื’ืขื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืฆืข^ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื,โ€” 
ืคืขืจื‘ืืจื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืขืจ^ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘^ืฒื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸโ€” ื ื’ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื. 


104 



ืืืชืจ ื–ืฒื“ืœืขืจ 


[ 1913 ] 


ืฐื™ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข 

ืฐื™ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขื™ืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐืื™ืฆื“, 
ืฐื™ ื ื‘ื™^ื•ื ืื™ืŸ.ืคืขื™^ื“ โ€” 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืดื“ืข^ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™^ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ื™ืกืขื“ ืฐืข^ื˜. 

ืฐืขืจ ืขื 5 ื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืข^ืข, 
ื”ืืœื˜ ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืฒื’; 
ืฐืขืจ ืขื ^ื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื ื‘^ื™ืžืข^ืข, 
ืคื™ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืขื ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื’... 


105 



ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ 


[19151 


ื›ืณื—ืื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืœื•ืขืŸ 

ื›ืณื”ืื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื’ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืืขืŸ. 
(ืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื• ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื’ืขืืขืŸ). 
ืคืจืขื”^ื™ืš, ?ืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืฐืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืข 5 ืืš ื’ืขืฐืื•ื ืจืŸืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืืฉื˜ืฉืขืจื™ืŸืขื ื’ืขืฆืื›ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš?... ืžืณื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš .ื’ืขืฉ^ืื’ืขืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ืคืืจ ืฐืื? ืื™ืš ื˜ืืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜. 

ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ืš ืณืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืืจืืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื 5 ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืขืจ ืื™ื–,ืฐืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืฆืืืขืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ื–ืฒ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืขืŸ. 
ืžืฒืŸ ื ืขื˜ืจืฒืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืื’ืขืŸ: ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. 
ื ืฒืŸ, ื, ื ืฒืŸ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ?ืŸ^ื•ื’ืข. 
ื›ืณื”ื 5 ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 


105 



ื ื‘ ื™ ื’ ื™ ืœ 


ืงืฒื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืข^ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขื’ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื›ืณื”ืืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืฒื–ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจึพื ืื›ื˜. 


ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 


ื’ืจืื‘ืข, ืฐืฒืืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ... ืืณื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™^ื™ืื ื˜. 
ื’ืจืื‘ืข, ืฐืฒืืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืข^ืื–ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืขื ืžื•ื™ืœ. 
ืฆืฐืฒ .ืคืขืจืฉืฒื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ื’โ€” 8 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื. 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืืขืŸ, ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื. 
ื›ืณืงืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ื˜ื•ืค ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ ืคื™ื. 
ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืณื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืจื™ ืดืžื™ืืด. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื ื”ื™ืื˜ืขืจื™ืงโ€” ื˜ืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ื. 
ื’ืขื” ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ื’ืืืขืŸ. ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ื. 
ืฐื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื ืืจืŸ... ืคื^ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ืฆื• ื ืฉืืค ื ืžื™ืขืจืข ืฉืœืขืค ืื™ืš ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 
ืฐืฒื ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืจืฒืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื ืขื”. 
ืงื•ืฉ ืื™ืš ืžืฒื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืฒืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒ. 


107 



ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜^ื“ื˜ 


ื  1917 ื– 


ื ืืืœื“ืื˜ืขืœ 

ืขื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืืœื“ืื˜ืขืœ 
ืฉืคืืขื™ืจืขืŸ ื’ืื’ืฅ ืืœืฒืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืขืœืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ .ืคืขืจืœืื–ืขืŸ ื”ืฒื. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขื“. 

ื“ืื ื‘ื™ืœืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ืข 
ืขืจืฉืฒื ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื”ืฒืืข ืคืœื™ืขืืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืขืจืœืื–ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ืก. 

ืืš! ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื•ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ? 
ืฆื• ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื”ื 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืืจืฒื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ? 

ืขื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืืœื“ืื˜ืขืœ 
ืฉืคืืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืืืฒืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš 
ืดื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขื ื“ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ." 


108 



ื—ื ื” ื’ืขืจืืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 



ืคื•ืŸ ึพื“ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœ: ืดืžื–ืจื—ืด 
ื“ื™ ืžื•ืื‘ึพื‘ืขืจื’ 

ื”ืข 5 ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒืŸึพื’ืขืฐืขื‘, ืฆืขื–ื•ืžื˜ ืฉื˜ื™^ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืจื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืฐื™ืž^ืขืŸ ืืฒื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื ื’ืขื’ื“ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื™ืฉ. 
ื“ื™ ืฐื^ื’ืŸืขืŸ ?ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืืขืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืš ื™ืื•ืŸ ื“ืณืขื“ื“, ื™ืฐืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒืš ืื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืฉ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื˜ืขื“ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ื 5 ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฉืื˜ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ ืžื•ืื‘ึพื‘ืขื“ื’, 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ื ืณื ื˜ื 5 , ืฐืื• ืืณื”ืื˜ ื‘ืขื’ื“ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฉื”ืณืŸ 
ื’ืื˜ ืืœืฒืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒืŸ ืงื‘ื“ ืื•ื™ืื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื›ื“ื™ ืขื ื–ืื ื ื’ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ื ืืจ ื’ืื˜ืณื ืฐืขื“ืง. 


109 



ื—ื ื” ื’ืขืจืืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืฉืฐืืž ืคืขืจืœืŸื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืข 5 ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืจื™ื–ื™ื’ืข, ื’ืขื”ืฒืžืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื ืจื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฒื›ืขืŸ ืžืฉื”ืณื ?ืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืฆืขืจ, 
ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืขื’ืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื ?ืื ืจ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ืืฒื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืื‘ื’ืขืฉืฒืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื–ืจ, 
ืจืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ืจื™ ืžื•ืื‘ึพื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฐืฒื’ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืขืฐืื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืื•ื“ .ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื˜,โ€” 
ื“ืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ ื™ื^ืฅ, ืฆื• ืฐืืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืขืจ ืื™ืžื” 
ื’ืขื’ืืคื˜ ื–ืฒ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื“, 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ืงืฒื˜ ืืขืจื”ื•ื™ืืขืŸ โ€” 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืขืคื•ื™^ืขืŸ- 


ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฐืืœื“ 

ืืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸึพืฐืืœื“, 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ื ืฆืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจืื ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“, 

ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒื“ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜: 
ืดืืณืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืœืžื”ืณืŸ, 
ืืณืžืงื“ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜!" 

ืฐื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื’, ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื“โ€” ื“ืขืจ ืœืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจ 
ืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื˜. 

ืื‘ื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืื ืฒ ื–ืฒ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ื ื•ืŸึพืฐืืœื“ ืฆืขืคืœื™ืื˜ืขืจื˜: โ€” 
ืดืืณืื™ื– ื ื”ืขืงืขืจึพืงืœืื ื’!ืด 


110 



ื—ื ื” ื’ืขืจืกืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ื’ื™ื—ื•ืŸ 

ื’ื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืžื˜ ืฆืขืค^ืืืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื”ื™ืฆื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืข^ื˜ ื”ืขืœ, 
ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื™ึพืฉืคื™ื’ื™ืฆืขื ืจื™ื’ ืจื™ ื”ื™ืž 5 ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืื˜ึพื’ืขืฉืคื™^: 
ืื˜ ืคืื™ืื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™? 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืžืขืฆื™ืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืืฒื’ืฆื•ืจืจื™ืž^ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ ืฆืขืฆืืคืขืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืข?, 
ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ?ืฒื›ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืคืขืจืฐืืจืคื˜ ื ื–ื™^ื‘ืขืจืจื™ื’ ื’ืข^ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ื•ืฐืฒืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืณื?ืข ื™ืžื™ื, ื?ืข ื˜ืฒื›ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืฐืืœืขื– โ€” ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ื ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืงืฒืŸ ื• 
ืฐืฒื ื‘ืฒ ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ืื™^ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืœืš 
ืฉื™^ืžื”ืดืŸ. 


ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข 


ืงื™ื”ืœ ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื- 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฆ ืื™ืŸ ืดื™ืขืจึพื”ืขืจืฆืœืด ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื... 

ืขื ืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ืœืืืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ื ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜, 
ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืื’ื”ื•ื™ื‘, ืงืฒืŸ ืขื ื“ืข, 
ื ืืจ ืืณื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฐืื™ืฆื“... 



ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืืฐืกืงื 


[ 1918 ] 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸื ืจื˜ืขื ื“ืขืœ 

ื’ืขื” ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ืขื ื“ืขืœ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืฉืžืขื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืฐืฒื˜ืขืœืขืš, 
ืฐื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืขืŸ. 

ื ืขื”ื ืื™ืš ืจืฒืืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“, 
ืฐื™ืœ ื ืงืจืขื ืฆืขืฆ โ– ืืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืณื˜ื˜ืขืš ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขืจืœืขืš 
ืืŸ ื ื“ืืจืŸ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ, 

ืฐื™ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืืจืื‘ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืฅ ืืŸ ืขืคืขื, 
ื›ืืค ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ืฅึพืฉื ืขืœ ืืจื•ื™^ โ€” 
ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื ืจืŸืขืคืขืœ. 

ื–ืืœ ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขืŸ ืืณื“ืืจืขื ื“ืขืœ, 
ื ืืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ! 
ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ืืณืงืขืคืขืœืข, 
ื ืืจ .ืฐืื ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขื‘ืขืŸ! 


112 



ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื˜ืฉืขื ืื˜ืื›ืื•ื•ืืงื 


ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื ื ืขืœืขืš 

ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืš 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ. 
ืดื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ืืจ, ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืฐื™ ืงืœืฒื ื˜ืฉื™ื’!"โ€” 
ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฐืืงืืขืŸ ื ืื— 
ื›ืณืฐืืจื˜ ื ืืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจืขื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฐืืœืงืขืŸึพืคืจืืš! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจึพืจืขื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืฒืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’, 
ืฐืืงืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืฒืฐืขืŸ: 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืง. 

ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืขื” ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขืจ ื’ืื, 
ื‘ื™ื–ืณืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืคืื“ืขื 
ืืคื’ืขืฆื•ืฐืื’ืขืŸ, ื ืื; 

ื‘ื™ื– ืืณืฉืฒื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœ, 
ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ื“ืื ืงืœืฒื“ืขืœ โ€” 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ. 

ื›ืณืœื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื• ืžืขืื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ โ€” 
ืื•ื™, ื ืฉื˜ืจืฒื›ืขืœ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื–ื™ื•ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืณืžื™ืจ! 



ืฉื•ืฉื ื— ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืื•ื™ื•ืกืงื 


ื ืฐืฒื‘ืขืœืข 


ื’ืขืืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒื‘ืขืฆืข 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื™ื’ืขืจื ืงืขืื˜, 
ื ื’ืื’ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืข^ืข, 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืจื•ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขืื˜. 

ื ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืืข 
(ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืื•ื“ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒ)โ€” 
ื’ืขืืฒืขื ื˜, ื ืข^ืฒืขื ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขื™ืฆืข, 
ื™ืขื˜ืฐืขื“ืขื ืžืื ืื•ื™ืคืื ืฒโ€ข 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืง^ืฒื“ืข^ืขืš, 
ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืคื”ึพื˜ืื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ื ืง^ืฒื ื˜ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื•ื™ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ืขื™ืฆืข 
ืื•ื™ื” ืงืขืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜... 

ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขืึพื˜ืขืฉืข^ืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ืฐ( ืžื™ื˜ืณืŸ ื”ืืจืฐ, 
ืคืขืจื‘ืืจื’ืขืŸ ?ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืืข, 
ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขื ืง^ืฒื ื˜ืฉื™ื’, ืฉืฐืืช... 

ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืืžืื”^ ืฆื• ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉึพืฆืฒื˜ โ€” 
ืคืขืจื–ืขืืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒื ื‘ื•ืš, 
ืคืขืจื—ื“ื•ืฉื˜ ืฐืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ืชึพื˜ื™ืฉ โ€” 
ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจ ืืขืจืฉืคืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš... 

ืคืขืจื‘ืืจื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืฆืข, 
ืืจืฒื ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืค 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขื, ?ืขื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืณืฐืฒื‘ืข^ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจืฒื–ื˜ ืืจื•ืฑื™, ืืจืื‘. 


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ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื ืื•ื•ืืงื 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ, ืขืจ ืง 5 ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจื™ื™ืฆ; 
ืดืงื•ื, ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจืณืžื™, ืืจื•ื™ื!ืด 
ื–ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ืงื˜ ืื’ื˜ืงืขื’ืขืŸ: ืดื›ืณื’ืขื” ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ืณื’ืขื”, 
ื›ืณื’ืขื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืื•ื™ืืด... 



ืžื™ืจืขืœ ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืช 


[ 1918 ] 


ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืขืšื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืกืณื’ื™ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื“ ื—ื™ืžืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื•ื˜ึพืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืืืจื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืฆืฅ ื“ื ืขืจืฐืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืขืจืŸื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืžืข^, 
ืจืืŸ ืฐื™^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš โ– ืคืืจ ื’ืื™ืงึพืฐืขื” ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืขื ืฐื™?ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืžื™ืงืขืŸ ืคืฒืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืืจืคืขืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™^ื™ืฉืข ืค^ืืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ื”ื™ืžืข^ืณืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืจืคื•ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’^ื™ื”ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจื’ื™ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. 

ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืณืคื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืณ 5 ืื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขื™ืฆ ืืฒื ื’ืขื”ื™^ื˜ 
ืณืื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืฆืฅ ืคืขืจื’^ืฑื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ืจืฒืŸ ?ื™ื›ื˜ ืืขืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ื”^ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืื˜ื• ื ืืจ ืจืฒืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ื, 
ื“ืขืจืฐืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื^ืฅ ืจื™ ืฆืขื‘ืขื ืึพืคืจืฒื“, 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืื•ื™ืฃื• ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืื ืฆื•ื ืงืฐืื, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื‘ื’ืขืฉืฒื“ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ื‘ืขืง^ืื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื” 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉืื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฐืฒืื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ, 
ืฆื™ ื”ื 5 ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืจืฒื“, ืฆื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ืืจื˜... 


116 



ืฑื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืขื ืคืขืœื“ 


[ 1919 ] 


ืฉืจืฒืขืŸ ืฐืืœื˜ ืื™ืš 

ื™ืขืจืฒืขืŸ ืฐืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื”ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ โ€” 
ืฉืจืฒืขืŸ, ืฉืจืฒืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™^ืจ! โ€” 

ืคื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื”ืื ื“ ืžื™ืš ืจืจื™ืงืขืŸ 
ืคืขืื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืื“... 

?ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ืฐืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ 
ื“ืืจื˜ึพืื”ื™ืŸ โ€” 

ืฐืื• ืขืก ื˜ืื’ื˜ ื ื ืฒืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื• ืขื ืคื™ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื ืžืื™ ื ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ... 

ืฉืฐืขืคืขืŸ ืฐืืœื˜ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืืืงืขื ื, 
ืฉืฐืขืคืขืŸ, ืฉืฐืขืคืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš! 

ืฐื™ ืขื ืฉืฐืขืคื˜ ืคืขืจืคืฒ ื“ืื ^ืขืคืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืœ โ€” 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš... 

ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืฐืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ โ€” 

ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐืื ื”ืœืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืงืœืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืšโ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฐืื ืขื ืฐื™ืฆ... 



ืžืจื™ื ืฐืื”ืœืž^ืŸ-ืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 


[ 1919 ] 


ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ 


ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืจืื™ืฆืขืŸ, 
ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืข^ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื’^ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒ 5 ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ โ– ื’ื^ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ื™ืฆื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืข 5 ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒื›ืข^ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื”ื™ื™ืฆื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ: 
โ€” ืดืžืฒื“ืข^, ืื™ืš ืฐื™^ ื“ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืคื™ืฆืขืŸ!"... 

ื ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ื™ืฆื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืขื‘ืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืฆืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื’^ื™ื”ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜; 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืื™^ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืคื™^ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืข, ืคื™ื™ืฆ ื”ืืคื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื›ื˜... 


118 



ืคืฒื’ืข ื‘ืืจื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


[ 1919 ] 


ื‘ืฒื ื–ื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ 


ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ื^ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืฒืขืจ,โ€” 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื˜ืจืฒืขืจ! 

ืฉื˜ืจืื”^ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืข^ึพื–ื•ื™ื โ€” 

ืฐืขื”ื˜ ืืขืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื™ืฆืื ื’ ืจืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื. 

ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒ?ื™ื ึพืคืจื•ื ื’ืขืฉืคื•ื ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืื˜ ื™ื–ืฒืŸ ืืคืง^ืื ื’ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ โ€” 

ืฐื™ ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜! 

ื“ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืื‘ื’ืขื ืืจื˜... 

ืคื™^ืืงืขืจื˜, ืค^ืื”ืขืจื˜, ืคืฒืขืจึพืคื™ืœืืžืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™^ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืื ืฅ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ โ€” 

ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื^ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืืขืŸึพืฉืฐืืจืฅ, 

ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ... 



ืฉืจื” ื‘ืฑื 


[ 1919 ] 


ืžืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžื 

ืžืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžื ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืขืจืณื—ืœืณืขืณื˜ โ€” 
ืขื ืจื•ื”ื˜ ื™ืื•ืฑื™ ื–ืฒ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒืืข ืณืืขืžืขืฐืจื™ื ืงืฒื˜, 
ืขื ืจื•ื”ื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ ื–ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืคื—ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“. 

ืคืืžืข^ื™ืš ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ?ื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 

ื–ืื™ืฆ ื“ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื—ื“ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ, 
ื–ืื ื“ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื‘ืฉืืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ โ€” 
ืคืืžืข^ื™ืš ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ... 

ื“ื™ ืืจืขืžื ืžืฒื ืข ืค^ืื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืืืืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืณื—^ืฉืณื˜ ื• 


ื ืขื‘ืขื ืฉืคื– ื–ืฒ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒ ื– 

ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืขื™?, ื•ืฐืื ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ื ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื™ืขืจ ืฉืขื” ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืื”^ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ 5 ื™<ื–, 
ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื โ€” 

ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉื ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืฉืขืŸ, ืฐืื ื“ื• ื”ืืžื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืื– ื’ืขืฆื™ืจื˜, 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒ! 

ืคืืจ ^ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื–ื•ื’ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืฑื™ ืžืฒื ืข ^ื™ืคืขืŸ, 
ืคืืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื”^ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืคืืจ ื ืฉืคืจื•ื“^ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขืคื™ื”?, 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒ! 


120 



ืžืืœื™ืข ื‘ืฒืœืฅ 


[ 1919 ] 


ืคืจืขื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ 

ื”ืื˜ ืจื™ืš ืงืดื ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ โ€” ืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžื, 
ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ! 

ืคืืจ ืจื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ืจืื ื’ืŸึพืขื— โ€” 
ื”ื™ืž^ืขืŸ ืขืคื’ืขืŸ ืจื™ืจโ€ข 

ื–ืขื”ืื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืŸึพื”ืณืขืžืฉื•ืช, ืงื™ื ื“, ืคืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืคื•ืจ 
ื”ืข? ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื›ื˜; 

ื–ืขื”ืื˜ื• ื“ื™ ?ื‘ื’ื”, ืฐืฒื˜ ืืจื•ื โ€” ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืฉืฒื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื“ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื›ื˜ โ€” 

ืืืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืฒ^ื™ื’ื˜, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืžืฒืื˜ืขืจื˜ 
?ื™ื‘^ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒืื˜! 

ืคืจืขื’ืื˜ื• ื^ืฐ ื ืืš ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ: ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™? 
ืคืจืขื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜โ€”ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืฒืื˜!... 



ืฉืจื”ืณื˜ืฉืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื‘ืขืจื’ 


[ 1919 ] 


ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฐืขื™ืŸื’ืขืคืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืืš, ืฐื™ ืขื–ืจืขืง^ื™ืš ืฐืดื˜! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ืจ, ืžืดืŸ ืื“ืืขืจ, 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ?ืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒื˜. 

ืืš, ืฐื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื‘ืขื ื’ืŸืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ?ื™ื‘ืขื ื“ ื”ืืจื™ื–; โ€” 

ื ืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืืคื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืืข 
^ื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืžืืจืฅ... 

ื™ืŸื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืžืฒืŸ ืื“^ืขืจ, ?ื™ื‘ืขืจ! 

ืืณืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืื˜ืข ืฐืฒืฆ! 
ื›ืณืฐื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคืฆื™ื”ืขื– 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžืฒ 5 - 


122 



ืœืื” ืจืŸ. ื”ืืคืžืืŸ 



ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืข 


ื ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขืื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืณื ื™ืคืขืื“, ื ืขื™ื–ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืขืŸ; 
ืื™ื– ื ืคืจื™ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืข ?ืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื— ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ: 
ืดื”ืŸื•ื ืืจื•ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ื™ื˜ืขื”ื ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืฐืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื“ืข ืค 5 ื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืจืขื ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืืขืŸ ื—ืœื•ื, 
ืฐืื• ื“ื™ ืฑื ื ืข ืœืขื‘ืขื ื ื‘^ื™ื”ืขืŸืด... 

ื”ืื˜ ื ืขื–ืื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขืื™ืŸ; 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื‘ื?ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืฒื•ื ืขืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืคืขืจื ืขืืขืŸ... 


[ 1919 ] 


123 



ืœืื” ืง. ื”ืืคืžืืŸ 


ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืงืฒื˜ืขืœื˜, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืืœ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื‘ืœืฒื‘ืขื–, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒื–ืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืขืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื™ืคืขืจื˜ืจืฒื‘ืขืŸ... 

ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, 
ื–ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ... 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืฒื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข, 
ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื”ืืณื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืคืจืฒืข; 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืื•ืื˜, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ... 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื• ืจืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœืื–ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืื–ืขืŸ... 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒืŸ ืงืจืื ืงืขืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ื’ืขืคืืจืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืืขืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืคืขืจืœืืจืขืŸ... 


124 



ืœืื” ืงโ€ข ื”ืืคืžืืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื’ืขืจ 


ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืืดืŸ ืคื•ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ; 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒืŸ ืคื ื™ื, 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืงืœื™ื ื ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืขืจ 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉืคื™ืฆื™ื’, ืงืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื–, 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉืจื•ื™ืฃ, 
ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืšโ€” 
ืืฒื ื ืืจืื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ื ืืจื•ื™ืฃื™. 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฒืŸ, 
ืงืฒื ืขืจ ืฐืฒืื˜ ื“ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš: 
ื˜ื™ืงึพื˜ืืง, ื˜ื™ืงึพื˜ืืง ื›ืื“ืจ, 
ื–ืื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืข ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื–ืืš. 
ืงืฒืŸ ืžืื”ืœ ืจื•ื”ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื‘, 
ื ืืจ ืขืจ ืงืœืืคื˜ ืืœืฅ ื˜ืื ,ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜; 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฐืืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืื–ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืืฆื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืขื›ื˜ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜... 


ื“ืืก ืคืขืจื“ืขืœืข 

ื ืคืขืจื“ืขืœืข ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ื ืงืขืŸ 
ืžืืžืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜; 
ืฉื˜ืขื ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ ืืฐืขืง 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜. 
ืื– ื“ืื ืคืขืจื“ืขืœ ืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฆื™ื” ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืฒืณืŸ ืขืงืขืœืข, 
ื˜ืจืฒื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืข; 
ื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ื“ืื ืคืขืจื“ืขืœ ืืœืฅ ื ืืš ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ. 



ืœืื” ืง* ื”ืืคืžืืŸ 


ื“ื™ ื ืจื•ื™ืืข ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฆืขื“ ื–ืฒื ืขื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคื•ื ื›ืŸืž ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ื– ื–ืฒ ^ื•ื™ืคืขื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืข^; 
ืฉื˜ืขื” ืื™ืš ืื•ื– ืื™ืš ื˜ื”ืื‘ื˜, 
ืฐืื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ืข^ืขื– ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืื–โ€ข 
ืจืฒื ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืื•ื™ื, 
ื ืขื”ื ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืืฆื“ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื–ื? ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขื– ืขื•ื˜ืขื”ื–, 
ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื–. 


ื’ืื˜ืณื ืฉืคื™ืขืœืฆืฒื’ 

ืื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืฉืขื”ื–! ื ื‘ื? ืคื•ื– ืคืฒืขืจ 
ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜, ืฐืื• ืืณืื™ื– ื‘ืื•ื™; 
ืฐืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืืจืคืขื–,โ€” 
ืฉืคื™ืข^ื˜ ื“ืขื– ื’ืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™?... 

ื ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืฉืคื™ืข 5 ืฆืฒื , 
ืื•ื– ืขืจ ืฐืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒ ื”ื•ื™ืš; 
ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒื ืข 
ืื•ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขื– ืื•ื™ืš. 

ืขืจ ืฉืคื™ืขืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื™ืืณืขื–, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขื™ืฆื˜; 
ืืฒื– ื–ืืš ืงืขื– ืขืจ ื ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืขื–, 
ื“ืื ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื™^ื˜. 

ื’ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขืืขืจ ืคื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื–, 
ืคื•ื– ืจืขื ื˜ืื˜ืขื– ืื•ื™ืจ; 
ืฐืืึพื–ืฉืข ื“ืืจืš ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื– ืฉืคื™ืข^ืขื– 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขื– ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš? 


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ืœืื” ืงโ™ฆ ื”ืืคืžืืŸ 


ื–ื^ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืขื™ืฆืฆืฒื’ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ืฉืคื™ืขืืขืŸ ืคืฒื–; 
ืื™ื›ืณืฆ ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืข? 
ื–ืืฆ ื“ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ... 


ื ืฉื™ื›ืดื•ืฆืขืจื ื—ืœื•ื 


ื ืจืฒื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื ืข ืฉื™ืš 
ื‘ืฒ ืงืœืฒื ืข ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš. 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืš, ืฐืืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืฒ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื“ื ืงืฒื ืžืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื›ืฒ. 
ืขืจ ืคืื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื˜ืืžืื‘ื™? 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืฐืื ืขืจ ืฐื™ื. 

ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ืืจ ื ืจืฒื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืดืฉืื™ืŸืด. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื“ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืš, ืฐืื ืคื•ืฆืขืŸ ืฉื™ืš, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื”ืฒื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื™ืš. 


ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขืืขืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉืคืืฆื™ืจ; 
ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืืงื^ืื“ ื ืคื•ื’ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื’ืขืŸ: ืดืงื™ื ืจืขืจ, ืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“." 
ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืฐืขืฆ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื”ืืŸ ื ื™ืื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืดืฉืื™ื ืืด ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ!*ื’. 



ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื™ ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 



[ 1920 ] 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื–ืื ื˜ 

ืื™ื– ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื–ืื ื˜, 
ืฐืื• ื”ื™ืž^ ื•ืคื^ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืืจืฒืŸ, 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืงื™ืฆึพื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืณื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืื˜ืŸ ืื ื ืขื™ืื’ื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืง, ืฉืฐืขืจืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ื™ื™^ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื™ืฆืจืŸ ื’ืขืคืจื™ 5 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื’ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืณื˜ื™ืืŸ โ€” 
ื ืฉ^ืื›ื˜ ื ื‘^ื•ื˜ื™ืงืข! 

ื”ืื˜ ืจืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘ึพืจืื ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘?ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืืœืขืงื˜. 

ืืฒื ืขืจ ื ืคื™ืจืื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ (ืฐื™^ื“ืขืจ ืจืฆื™ื—ื”, 

ื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ื ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืง ืจืื“ ืืคื’ืขืจื™ืžืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืื˜ ืืจืฒื ื’ืขืฉืฆืฒื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื’ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื. 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉืฐืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 


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ื“ื–ืฉืขื  ื™ ืจืื˜ื’ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงื ื• ื• ื™ ื˜ืฉ 


ื‘^ื•ื˜ึพื’ืขืค^ืขืงื˜ืข ื›ืฐื^ื™ืขื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 8 ื™ืื’ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืคืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืฆืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืคื ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืื“ ื^ืฅ ืง^ืขื ืขืจ, 
ืง^ืขื ืขืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 
ื ืคืฆืืžื™ืง ืคืฒืขืจ ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ื”ืื™ืฆื‘ืข ืžืขืจื‘ึพืฐืขื™ืฆื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืจืื“ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ. 
ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒืขื“ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืค: 
ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜. 


ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืœืืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืืฆืข ื–ืฒื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืฆืขืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ืคืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืฆืขืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ืคืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืฆืขืš ืคืฆืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื˜ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื˜ืืฆ, 
ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืฆึพื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฉืื˜ื ื, 
ืฉืขืคื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜: 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืฒึพืณืคืืจืฐืืจืคืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืฆืขืš; 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ืงืขืฆื˜; 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคืจื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆื•ื™, 
ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆืื ื’ื–ืื ืฐืฒืืข ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขื ืฉืืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ โ€” ื–ืฒ ืคืืจืฐืื ื“ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืฆื“ืขื ืข ืงืขืžืฆืขืŸ! 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื˜ืืฆ ื’ื™ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืฐืืฆื™ืขื ื’ืืฆื“. 


ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขืจื‘ ืฆื• 

ืฐื™ืงืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ืŸึพืงืขืค ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื  
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื‘ืขืจึพื”ื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืืฒืŸ. 


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ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื™ ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืขื˜ ืืŸ ื ืืฒืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ื›ืืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฑ ืื•ื™^ ื–ืฒื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืคื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฆืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื^ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™^ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, 
ืื•ืŸ โ€” ื›ืฐื^ื™ืขื ื’ื?ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื‘ืขืจ, 
ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื“ ื›ืฐื^ื™ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆื•ืคื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 1 

ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืข^ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘?ื•ื™. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉ^ืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืฆื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ึพืฆืขืค^ืืžื˜ืŸ ืคื ื™ื 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืฒืขื ื“ืฒื–ืข ื–ื•ืŸ. 


130 



ืื ื ื ื‘ืœืืš 



ืืฒื ื–ืื 

ืื•ื™ืฑ ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ื”ืฒื–ืขื, 
ืืฒื ื–ืื ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ื. 

ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ื ื™ื–^ืฒื ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื˜ืข^ 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืฒื›ืขื ืคืื™ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื. 

ื›ืณื”ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืืจื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืขื ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ 5 ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื˜. 

ื“ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืืื˜ ื ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ ืืคืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ื^ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจืžื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒื›ืขื 
ืื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืฆื™ื›ืขื ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜. 


ืื ื ื ื‘ืœืืš 


ืื•ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืฐื™ื ืœืŸืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืขืŸื˜ืขืจืขื– 
ืณืขืคื™ื’^ืขื– ื–ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฐืืืขืจ ืื‘, 

ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”ืณื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ 
ืื^ืขื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื– ืืจืื‘. 

ืื•ื– ืขื ื‘ืฒื ืงื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ 8 ื ืฉืžื” 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ืื”ื– ืคืจืฒื ื“, ืืืฒื–, 

ืื•ื– ื“ืื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื– ืืคื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื– ื ืคืฒื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืฒื–โ€ข 


132 



ืžืจื™ื ืœืฒื‘ 


[19221 


ื’ืจื•ื™ 


ื ื ืขื‘ืขื ืฐื™ื™ืŸืข^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื, 
ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืจื™ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื^ื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขื ื ืื•ื™ื’. 

ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืืฒื ืขื“ ื ืื“ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฐืขืื˜. 
ืง^ื™ื ื’ืขื–ึพืงื™^ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืณืฆืดื•ื’ืฒื“ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื˜, 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ืคืขืจื“. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉ^ืฒื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืืฐืขืง ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฆืขืจโ€” 
ืื™ืš ืคื™ื”^ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขืื˜. 


133 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ 


[ 1922 ] 


ืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืœืขืš 

ืื ื•ืžืข^ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฒื“ 5 ืขืš ื“ืจืฒ, ืฉืขื ื™ื ืงืข ืฐื™ ื ื^ื“, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืฒืขืจืข ืื ื˜ื™ืงืข^ืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ื^ื‘ืื“ืจื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืื”ื™^ื˜: 

ืดืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจืขืŸึพื˜ื™ื›ืขืฆืข,โ€”ื”ืื˜ ืืฒื ืข ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜,โ€” 
ื ืืš.ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืข^ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืื‘ืขืฉื™, ื ืขืงืขืื˜ืข^ืž ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ื™ืฆื™ืžื˜." 

ืดืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจึพื ืขื“ืขื™^ืข,โ€”ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืข ื”ืื˜ ืฉื˜ืืืฆื™ืจื˜,โ€” 
ื ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืข^ื˜ืขืจึพื‘ืื‘ืขืฉื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ 5 ืขืš ืคืขืจืฆื™ืจื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืืจ ื“ืื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืžืฒืจืขืฆืข ื”ืื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ื“ืื ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸึพื˜ื™ืจืข^ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื^ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืžืื›ื˜: 

ืดื“ืื ื˜ืฒืขืจืื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื™ืงืข^ืข ืคืขืจืžืื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒื ืข ื ืืจ โ€” 
ื“ื™ ืขื™^ื˜ืขืจึพื‘ืื‘ืขืฉื™ ืืืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜' ื™ืื”ืจ!" 


134 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ 


ื“ืื ื™ื—ื•ืึพื‘ืจืฑื•ืขืœืข 

ืฐืขืŸ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜ืข^ืข 
ืคืขื“ื˜ื“ื•ื™ืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืฒื“ื˜, 
ื”ืื˜ ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ืขื“ ื–ืฒื“ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืื ื‘ืขื’ืœืฒื˜; 

ื“ื™ ืคื“ื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ืกึพื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืฒื’ื˜, 
ื“ืขื“ ื”ื™ืžืขื โ€” ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืœื•ื™ื˜, 
ื“ืขื“ ื–ืฒื“ืข ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืฉืฒื“ึพืฐืขื’ ืžื™ื“ 
ื ื‘ื“ื™ืฐืข? ืื’ื’ืขื˜ื“ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืคืขืจ^^ืจืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื, ืจืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืข^, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื” ืืจื•ื ืคืขืจืง^ืขืžื˜: 
ื ืฉืคืื โ€” ืื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืึพื‘ืจื™ึพืฐืขืฆืข 
ืฆื• ืณื‘^ืฒื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“! 

ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒื, ืฆื™ ืืณ^ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ืืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜, 
ืฆื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ . . . 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืื™ื ื’ืึพื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ 5 ื“ 
ืงืฒืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืจื•ืงื˜,โ€” 

ืขื .ืฐืืงืื˜, ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ื›ืณื’ืขื” ืฉื™ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฆืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ื โ€” 
ืฐืื• ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื™ื—ื•ืึพื‘ืจืฑื•ืขืฆืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื^ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–? 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืŸืŸืจ 


ื“ืื ืงืืจืฉืขืœืข 

ืดื–ืื’ ืžื™ืจ, ื›ืื‘ืขึพืœืขืค, ื“ื• ืงืœื•ื’ืข, 
ื–ืื’ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ืื‘ืขึพืœืขื‘, ื“ื• ืฉืขื ืข: 
ื–ืื’, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื• ืขื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืื ืงืืจืฉืขืœืข ื“ืื ืง^ืดื ืข 

ืื•ื™ืฑ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืขืœ ืžืฒื ืขื? 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืžื™ื• ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื”ืŸ, 
ืžืฒื“ืœืขืš ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืŸ: .ืดื–ืณืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆืฒื›ืขื ื˜!ืด 
ืฑื ื’ืืขืš ืคืœื™ืื˜ืขืจืขืŸ: ืดืืณืื™ื– ื ื—ืŸ!".... 

ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืคืœื™ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, 
ืฐื™ ื ืฐืฒืืขืจ, โ– ืฐืฒื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื: 
ืดืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืณื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืณื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื— ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืจืฉืขืŸึพื‘ื•ื™ื 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื ืขื›ืืคื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื‘ืขืงืขื, 
ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืจืื“ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงืข ื‘ืืง,โ€” 
ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ ืœืขื‘, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ 
ื ืืš ื’ืขืฉืœืืคืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ... 

ืœื™ื‘-ื–ืฉืข, ืฐื™ ื ืื•ื“ ื ืฉืขื ืขื, 
ืื˜ ื“ืื ืงืืจืฉืขืœืข โ€” ื’ืื˜ื ื’ื ืื“ ... 
ืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืณื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืณื˜ 
ืงืืจืฉืขืŸึพืฆืฒื˜ ืืžืืฆ ืื™ืŸ ืืื“ ... 


136 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ื–ืขื”ื•ื ื’ 


ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืขื– ืื– ืฆื• ืฉืฒื ืขื–, 
ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื“ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื– ืฆื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘: 
ื›ืณื–ืขืฅ ืืจื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืณื– ืชื”ืœื™ื 
ืคืืจืณื– ืฉืฐืขืœื›ืข? ืคื•ื– ืžืฒื– ืณืขื˜ื•ื‘. 

ืืฒื ื’ืขืคื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืื™ื– ืžืฒื– ืจื•ื”ืขื–, 
ืฐื™ ืืืจืณื– ื”ื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ ืคืœื•ื™ื˜; 
ืื•ืฑื™ ืžืฒื– ?!ืจืคื–ึพืžื ื—ื”ึพืื“ื•ืจ 
ืฉืฒืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืณืขื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ื˜. 

ื ืืจ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืคืข 
ื ืืš ืื•ื™ืš ื^ืขื, ืฐืขื– ื–ื™ ืฐื™ื, 
ืื•ื– ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒ ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื–: 
ืฉืืจืจ ืื•ื– ื™ื–ืœืืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืืฆืฅ ืžืฒื– ืคืจื™ื! 

ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืคืฒ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื›ืณืขืœ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืคื•ืื˜ืงืฒื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื•ื– ืคืขืจืœืื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืขื– ืงืขื”ืจืขื– 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืขึพืืœื˜ืข ืคืขืจืฉื˜... 

ืื•ื– ืคื•ื– ื“ืจื•ื™ืืขื–, ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืงืœืืคื˜ ื ืฑื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ืš, 
ื›ืณื–ืขื” ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืค ืคื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” 
ื–ื™ืฆืคืขืจื– ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒื ืข ืฉื™ืš; 


ื›ืณื–ืขื”: ืขืจ ืฉืœืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื”, 
ืขืคืขื ื™ืื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืคื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœโ€” 
ืื•ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืฐื™ ืจืณืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื–... 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื— ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•โ€” 


137 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื™ื ืืฐืขืจ 


ืืณืžืฒื“ืขื™? ืค^ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืณืขื›ื ื”, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ื ืคื•ืื˜ืงืฒื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื™^ืื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืื˜ืขึพืื™ืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜... 

ื”ืขืฆืขืจ, ื”ืขืฆืขืจ ืฉืฒื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืขืฆ, ืืฆ*ื– ื”ืขืืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืค: 
ืฐืขืจ ืขื ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ, 
ื”ืขื”ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื“ื›ืŸ ืื‘! 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒื ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ื™ืฆื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื’ืข 
ืื™ื”ืจื ืื ืณืืฒื’ืขืŸ ื”ืฒื ืคืขืจืฉืคื™ืฆื˜! 


ืฆื•ื ืดื‘ืขืฉื•ื™ืด 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืื‘ืข ืคืื”ืจื˜ ืดืฉื•ื™ืขืŸืด. ืคืืจื˜ืื’ื. ื ื’ืขืงืืš,โ€” 
ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืฉ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคืขืจืฆืขืš ื ืืš; 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืจืง ื”ืื˜ ืฆืขืฐื™ื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืฆืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฉื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืฉืขื ืขื, ื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืฆืงืื. 

ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื–ื, ื ืฆืฐืฒึพื“ืจืฒ ืฐื™ืืจืื˜ ืืงืโ€” 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขืฉื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ึพื’ืขืฆืขืจ ืฐืืงื... 

ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืฐืืฆื˜ ื ืืš ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขืŸ ื›ื“ืื™: 
ืคืขืจื’ืขืืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื™ืงืจ! ืฆื•ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืฆื•ืื™! 


138 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ 


ื“ื™ ืฉืขื›ื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืคืขืจืคื•^ื˜ โ€” 
ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืฒื ืดืฉื•ื™ืขื–ืด ื“ืขืจ ื›^ื”ืณื ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืฆื“! . . . 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื™ืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืืขืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ืฐืื ื—^ื•ืžืณื˜ ื ื‘ืื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื˜ืณื ื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืงืื˜ืฉืขืœ ืค^ื™ื”ื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ืฆื•ื ืดื‘ืขืฉื•ื™ืด, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืื”ืŸ? 


ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจื™ืคื˜, 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื’ืขืณื—ืชืžืณืขื˜, ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ืคื˜. 

ื’ืขื”ืืจื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืคืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืณื”ืืจืฅ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ: 
ื“ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื–ืฒ ืจืฒืืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒืŸ! 


ื“ื™ ืชื ืื™ืโ€”ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒื“โ€” 
ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ื, ืฐืขืœืขืŸ ืื‘ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืณ 5 ืฒื“... 


ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื–ืื’ 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืขื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืœื™ืืจืžื˜, ืฐื™ื™ืฆื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฉืณื˜ โ€” 
ืขืžื™ืฅ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื•ื˜ืขืจึพืงื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื ืืฉื˜. 

ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืขึพืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸึพื’ืœืื ืฅ: 
ืดืืฒื ื’ืขืจืขื’ื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจืฉื™, ื“ืฒืŸ ื—ื•ืคื”ึพืงืจืื ืฅ!" 


139 





ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ 


ืื•ืŸ โ– ืฐืขืŸ ืžืณื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ืšโ€” ื›ืื” โ€” 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืคื” ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืดื ื“, 
ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืณืขื˜ื™^ ื’ืขืณื˜ืžืฒื›ืขื™ืฆื˜, 
ืื‘ืขืจ ืฐื^ืงืขื ื ืณืขื˜ืืจื” ื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜ . . . 

ื ืืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืจืขื’ืขืŸ, ืžื•ื—ื™ืฆ: 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืจื•ื™ืืขืŸ ื—ื•ืคื”ึพื˜ืื’ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืขืžื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืืจื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืฐืขืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ื?ื˜ืข ื–ืื’. 


ื“ืขื ื–ืฒื“ืขื ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” 

ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืชืžื•ื–, 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืจืณื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื™ืขื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื–ืฒื“ืขื ื ืฐืขื”ื˜ืื’ 
ืคืขืจื’ืจืขืืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ,โ€” 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื^ ื ืืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืื ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืคื•ื ืืจืื‘ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ! 

ื“ืืš ืขืจ โ€” ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” 
ื‘ืฒื ื˜ืื’, ืฐืื ืจืณื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื™ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš: 
ืงืฒืŸ ืืฒื ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฐืฒ-ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื›ื˜-ืื•ืŸ-ืคืขืจืฆื™ื’, 

ืฐืื ื ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืจืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืืฒ, ืืณ^ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืื•ืžืขืจืŸ! 


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ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ืดื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขื–, 
ืฉื•ื™ื– ืกืณืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืืœ ื’ืขื™ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒื ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ โ€” 
ืฆืฐืฒื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื›ื˜ึพืื•ื–ึพืคืขืจืฆื™ื’ .. . 


ื“ื™ ืฆืื•ื” 

ืดื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืดื– ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜ืขืœ, 
ืื•ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขื– ืชืžื™ื“! 
ืฆื™ ืขื ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ื– ื‘ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื˜ืขืœ? 
ืฆื™ ื’ืืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜? โ€” 

ืฉืคืขื˜. ืขื ืจื•ื”ืขื– ืืœื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคืขื–, 
ืืณืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืฒื– ืฉื˜ืืคืขืœ; 
ืืณื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืงืœืขื‘ืขื–, 
ื›ืณื–ืื’ ื ืœืขืฆื˜ ืดื”ืžืคื™ืœืด... 

ืœืฒืขื ื˜ ืžืฒื– ืฆื•ืื”ึพืฆืขื˜ืขืœ 
ืžืืจื’ืขื– ืื”ื– ืื ืณืื•ืžืขื˜: 
ืคื•ื– ื“ืขื ื”ืืœืฅ, ืฐืื ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืžืฒื– ื‘ืขื˜ืขืœ, 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื”ืœ ืื ืณืขืžื•ื“. 

ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืืจื’ืขื– ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืจืื‘ืขื–, 
ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืฆืขื”ืืงื˜ ืžืฒื– ื‘ืขื˜ืขืœ 
ืื•ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ื”ืืœืฐ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขื– 
ืื•ื™ื” ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื”ึพื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืœ." 

ืœืื ื’ ืคืขืจืคื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืืณืงื‘ื•ืจื”ึพื‘ืจืขื˜ืขื, 
ืืณืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื•ื“ . . . 
ื’ื•ื˜ึพื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืช ืžืฒื– ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜ืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขื– ืชืžื™ืจ! 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ 


(ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืดืฉื ืชืด) 


ืฉื‘ืช 

ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืชึพืžืœื›ื” ืื™ื– ื ืขื˜ืจืฒ, 
ื™ื–ื•ืžื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืื ืด, 
ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืชืชืžืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืดื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืžืฉึพืืจืจื•ืช ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืœืดื“. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™, 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืฉืฐืขื‘, ื“ืขื ืœืดื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณืฉื˜ืขื”, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณืงื•ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืื“ืด 
ืคืขืจืณื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื ืœื™ื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ื‘ืฒื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœืื’ื˜ ื, ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืฐื™ ื™ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืื—ึพืžืขืจื–ืขืœ ืžืื ืจืœืขืŸ ื›ืณืฉื˜ื•ื™ื! 
ื ืืจ ื ื˜ืจืืคืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒืจ ืคืืจื”ืืŸ. 
ืฉื‘ืช ืจื•ื”ื˜ ืจืขืจ ืืขืจืขืจ, ืฉื‘ืช ืจื•ื”ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืข, ื–ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืŸ ืจืขืจ ื›ื•ื, 
ืื•ืŸ โ€” ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸึพื‘ืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืคืืจ ืจืืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื! 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืืœืขื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืฆ ืขืืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืจืฒื–ืขืœ ื—ืœืฉืณื˜, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืฉืžืืจืฆืขืŸึพื”ื ื•ื™?. 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืื™ืš ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืžืœืขืš ืคืจืฒื˜ืื’ ืฆืฐืฒืคืืš ืืŸ: 
ื˜ืืคืขืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื’ืื˜ ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืืณื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื‘ืืช ืฉื‘ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืืขืจืขืœ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 
ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื ืฉื‘ืชึพื ื’ื•ืŸ . . . 
ื•ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื ... 
ื”ืืจืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฒืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื—ื“ื•ืฉ: 
ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืณืŸ ื ื’ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•; ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขื ืก ืงืจื•ืฉ . . . 


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ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ 


ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ 


ืณืืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืืจ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืืื“ 8 ืจื•ื™ื, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืณื˜ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืืœืจืณืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ืฐื™? ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื–ืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืฉืจืขื’ 
ืฉืคืชืณื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืณืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืšึพืฐืขื’. 
ืืฒื ืžืืœ ื˜ื™ืขื—ึพืคืขืจืฆืดื˜ืขื ื ืคืืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื’ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื˜, ืคืืจืฐืืจ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืืก ืื™ื“ืขืŸึพืžืขืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ื’ืื˜, 
ืคืืจ ืื‘ืจื”ืืณื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจืขื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ... 
ื’ืื˜ืณื ื ืฉืžื”ึพืื•ืฆืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸึพื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ 
ื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆ ืืจืฒื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื›ื ืขืŸึพื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจึพืคืื˜ืขืจ ืžื™^ื“ ืืจืืคื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ 
ื’ื™ื ื’ืื™ืฆื“ึพื‘ืฆื™ืž^ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจืฒ, 
ืื™ืš ื ืงืœืฒื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืข ืฆืขืฐื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืฒ . . . 
ืฐืื ืืžื 5 ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืกืณืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืฆืฒื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื›ืณืคื™ื”^ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ืก-ืคืฒืŸ, 
ืฉืืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™? ืืจื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขื ื ื”ื•ื™ื–, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื“ืจืณืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืข^ ื‘^ื™ืง ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง^ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜, 
ื›ืณืฐื™ื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื›ืืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸึพื‘ื•ื™ื“! 


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ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ 


ื—ืžื•ืณืกึพื ืื›ื˜ 


ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืœืคื” ืฉืฐืขืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืžื•ืฉึพืื“ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื”ื“ ื™ืŸืœืฒื“... 
ืื•ืŸ โ– ืฐืขืŸ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜โ–  ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืื ื’ืขืœืฒื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืฐื™ื ืจืŸืขืŸ: ืดืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืฒื ื˜!", 
ื™ืŸืœืืค ืื™ืš ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ืขืจ ืžืฒื“ืขืœืดืฐืื ื“: 
ื’ืŸื•ืžื˜! 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฉืคืื ื˜, 
ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื“ื›ืŸ! 

ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ื”ืฉื&ื˜, 
ื˜ื•ื ืชืขืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืœืื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืฒืš, ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพื”ืขืœ ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜! 
ืฉืื˜ืขื ื ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐืขื ื“ 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืชึพืฐืฒื– ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ โ€” 
ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื”ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืฑื• ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœืจ ... 

ื”ืขื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒื˜ื’ืŸืฒื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืฆื•ื”ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ โ€” 
ื ืืœื“ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฉื™ืžืขื— 
ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ... 
ืœืื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืื™ืง ืืฒืš, ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพื”ืขืœ ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜, 
ืจื‘ื™ืŸื”ืณื ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืฉืฒื ืขื– 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ื’ืื’ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜! 


144 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื’ืืฐืขืจ 


ืฆื•ืžืืจื’ืขื ืก 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชึพืฆื•ืžืืจื’ืขื ืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื— ืฉืขื–, 
ื™ืŸืื ืื˜ ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒื˜ืณื ืŸึพื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ โ– ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื‘ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื›ืฒ ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืฉืจื” ?ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉืขื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืคึพื˜ื•ืš, ื’^ื™ืงืื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื^ืฅ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืืจ, 
ืื– ืžืœืื›ื™ืึพืฆื•ื–ืื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ .ืฐืืจ. .. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ืณื ืขื ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื˜ืจืืžื˜ ื ื–ื™ืืขืจ ื“ื•ืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจึพืฉื›ืขึพืœื•ืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœืขืŸ ื ืื™ืืณื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืื”: 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ืขึพื™ืื”ืจืขืŸ ื’ืณื”ืื˜ ื ื–ื•ื”ื ืขื ืฑ! 


ื ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืื”ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืขื“ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื” ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘^ื™ื”ื˜, 
ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืฆ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื”ืŸ, ืื•ื™, ืขืจ ื’^ื™ื”ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณื˜ืจืื’ ื–ื™ ืื™ื”ื ืืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœ, ืฐืื ืœืื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืค^ืืงืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื”ืŸ: 

ื“ื•, ืฐื™ื ื˜ืข 5 ึพืฉื‘ืชืณื“ื™ื’ืขื! 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ?ืื ื , 
ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืฉื™ืฆื™ื—ื•ืช, 
ื“ื• ืžืืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืื ื’, 
ื“ื• ?ื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืขึพืคืขืื™ืขืณืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื 5 , 
ืฐืื ืื•ื™ืื ืขืฐืืจืคืขืŸ ?ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืณืื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืืœ, 
ืฐืื ื–ืณื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืงืจื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืจืง, 
ืฐืื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื‘ื’ืขืืจื‘ืฒื˜, 
ืจื™ ืื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง, 



ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ 


ืฐืื ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืฆืณืืŸ ืขื•ื ื’ึพืฉื‘ืช 
ื“ืืจื˜ ืฐืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคืขื˜, 
ืจื• ื‘ืœืื– ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืจืง ื ืขื”ื˜... 


ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืฉื™ 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฐืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ืื–ื ืฐืฒื›ืข ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื“ืข ืฆืขื–ื™ื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืณืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื . . . 
ืคืืจืณืŸ ื–ืฒื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฑื ื ืข ืืงืืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื™ื ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืช ืชืืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื โ€”ืคืืจ ืชื•ืจื”... 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืœืืš ื–ืฒ ื˜ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื ื—ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืณื ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืณืจื™ืง ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ, ื ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“, 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื“ืข, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื–ืืœ ืžืคืื™ืง ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื–ื? ืื™ื”ื ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข^ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื  ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ 

ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื ืืš ื“ื ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืš 
ื ื–ืฒื“ืขืฉื™, ืฐื™ ื”ื™? 
ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื ื ืืš ืขืจื ืž 
ืื˜ ืื–ื ื–ืฒื“ืขืฉื™? 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื“ืขืฉื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืง: 
ืื™ื”ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื– 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ ืฉืœืื ืจื™ืจืขืฐื“ื™ื . 
ื ืืจ ืืณืจื•ื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื ื‘ืจื›ื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืืขืŸ ืงืืฆืงืขืจ ืื™ื“, 
ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคื•ืฆ ื‘ืขื ืœื™ืงื•ื ื , 
ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคื•^ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 
ืฐืื ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื–ืณืื™ื– ืฆืขื ื˜ื ืขืจึพืฉืฐืขืจ, 
ืžืฉื™ื—ืณืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื ืขื“! 


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ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ืืœื™ืŸ 



ืื•ื™ืคืณืŸ ืจืื ื“ 

ืื•ื™ืคืณืŸ ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขืฆื–ืขืŸ 
ืฉืฐื™ื ื“ืขืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืค. 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื‘^ื™ืงืขืŸ . . . 
ืงื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ, ?ืื– ืื‘! 

ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข, 
ืžืฒื ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘^ื•ื™, 
ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ โ€” ืคืืืžืขืŸ ืคืฒืขืจ, 
ืžืฒื ืขโ€”ืงื™ื”^ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™. 

ื”ื™ืž^ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืข, ืฐื^ืงืขื ื ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข 
ืžื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ; 
ืืณืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืงื•ืืขืŸ, 
ืกื•ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ! 



ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ 


ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉืคืจืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืณืืื˜ืขื ื ืืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืณืืื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืขืงื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืง, 
ืฐืฒืœ ืณืืฐืืจืฅ, ื•ืฐื™ ื–ืฒ, ืื™ื– ืืณืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฒื– . 

ืื•ืŸ ืณืื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืณืื˜ื™ืœ, 
ืขื ื“ืจืขืžืขืœื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืณืืœืืคื˜. 
ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืขืœืข ื ืืจ, ื–ื™ ืฐืฒืื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืจื•, โ€” 
ื–ื™ ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืคื˜.. 


ื‘ืขืจื’ึพืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ 


ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. 
ืขื ืฐืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื”. 
ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืฐืขื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆื•. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช 
ื˜ื•ืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ. 

ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืืœืขื ืฆื•: 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื”. 


150 



ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ: 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆืฒื– โ€” 
ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืขื– ืฆืื ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืื•ื– ื’ืŸื™ืฆืฒื–, 

ืฐืืก ืžื™ื ื™ืขื˜, ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ืงืฒื˜โ™ฆ 


ืžืฒืŸ ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ 

ืžืฒืŸ ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ ?ื™ืขืค 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ. 
ืขืจ ?ืฒื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ืฐืขื”ื˜ืื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒืื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆืขืจ. 

โ€” ืดืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืค ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืจืื›ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืืค โ– ื–ืฒ ืื™ืžืคืืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืฒ^ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 

ื“ื™ ืขื–ื˜ืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื˜.ืด 

โ€” ื“ื• ื’^ื•ื™ืคืื˜ ื 5 ืฒืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืื”ื˜ืืจ ืžืฒืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื“ืฒื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื–ื^ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขื“, 
ืขืจ ?ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืจื”ืฒื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืคื™ื”ื ื–ืฒืŸ ื™ืŸืืื˜ืขืŸ ืื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื’ืŸื ืื›ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ื?ื™ื’?ืขืŸ ืคืืื˜ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ 


151 



ืจื‘ืงื— ื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ... 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื”, ื“ืขืจ ืกื•^ ืื™ื– ื“ื! 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฐืืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืง 5 ืฒืŸ, 
ืžื™ืš ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ 5 ืขืฆื˜ืข ืขืŸืขื”. 

ืฆื™ ืงืื ืื˜ื• ืื™ืžืคืืจื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืขื ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืงืฒื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื?ื˜ืข ื’ืจืื”ืข ?ืฒื˜, 

ืื™ืš ื–ืื™?, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒ, ื‘ืขื’ืขื ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื“ื˜ ืื”ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒืŸ 
ื ืื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข, ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืณ^ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืŸ. 


ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืœื™ื“ืขืจ 

ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืง 


ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืจืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืง, 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง. 
ืืณืฉืžืฒื›ืขืœื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ืืœืขื ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขื ืงืฐืขืœื˜. 

ืคืœื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืฐื™ื ื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒื“ ืืฐืขืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ื ื›ืณืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉืจืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืืจืฒืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒืŸ . . . 


152 



ืจื‘ืงื— ื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืขืคืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืื“ื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืงืฒืงืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ืจืขืจ; 
ืืณื–ืืœ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืืณืžื–ืœ ื“ืฒื– 
ืฐื™ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžืฒื ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒื“, 
ื˜ื•ื” ืื™ืš ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ืฒื˜: 
ืดื’ืื˜ ืืœืฒืŸ ื–ืืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื–ืœ ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ!" 


ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืขืœืข 

ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืขืœืข, ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ื ืงืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื ื™ืžืณืขืœ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืœื•ืฆื™ื ื’ืืจ ืื ื˜ืœืืคืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ ืฐืฒื ื˜, ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืœืฒื ื™ื ืงืข, 
ื–ื™ ืงืืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืืคืขืŸ. 

โ– ืฒ ืžืืžืข ืคืจื•ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืฒืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืืฆืงืขืœืืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคื™ืขืœืขืŸ. 
ื“ืื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ โ€” 
ืžืขืŸ ืงืืŸ ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืคื™ืขืœืขืŸ. 

โ€” ืดื“ืฒืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื–, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืŸ, ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืŸ, โ€” 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš โ€” ื ืขืืื–ื˜ 
ืฐืืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฒืŸ." 


153 



ืจื‘ืงื— ื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ื ืฐืฒืœืข ื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ื“ืื ืงื™ื ืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืข ื˜ืจืขืจืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืงื•ื™ืึพืงื•ื™ื ืฐืืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืืŸ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ: โ€” 

ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ืขืก ืืœืขื, ืžืืžืขืฉื™, 
ืื™ืš ืœื™ืขื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืœื•ืื™ ื ืืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืฐืืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืืœืฅ ืคืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขืŸืด . . . 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ืคื ื™ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื–ื™ ืฉืขืคื˜ืฉืขื˜: ืดื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข, 
ืจื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื•>ื–ืš ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื˜ืจืืคืขื ื ืฆืฐืฒ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข .ื“ืฒื ืขืด . . . 


154 



ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืœืŸืœื™ื ื’ 



ืื•ืŸ โ€” 


ืขื ื™ืŸืืŸ ื–ืดืŸ: 

ืื™ืจ ื–ื?ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืดืŸ ืขื–ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืดืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ื™ืจื™ืงืฒื˜ ื ืืš ืืฒืš 
ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ื ืง? 
ืืฒืš ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ืฆืื ื’ืขืŸ: 


ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ ืืฒืš ืืค, 
ืฐืขืืŸ ืืฒืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•^ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ 

ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ: 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 


ื ืืจ ื“ืขืจื ืืš, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 


ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ 


ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืขื”ืณืŸึพ^ืื ื’ ื“ืื ื”ืืช ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ: 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืืฒืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ โ€” 
ืขื ื™ืŸืืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ: 

ืื™ืจ ื–ื^ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืณืžื˜ื•ื‘ ืืจืฒืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขื ื–ืฒื–ืด 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืขื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ .ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ืžื’ืฒืŸ 


ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืจื•ื™ืืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ. 
ื‘ืฒื“ืข ืฐืขืฆืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš: 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืณื˜ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืขื”ืณืŸึพ^ืื ื’ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ: 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืืฒืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 


ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ 


ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขื ืื•ื™ื” ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืณืค ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืจืฒื˜. 
ื˜ืืžืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืณื ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืฒืŸ, 

ื’ 5 ืฒืš ืฐื™ ืงืฒื ืžืืฆ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืงืฆืขืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืขื–ืืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืฐืฒืŸ 
ืฐืข 5 ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ. 


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ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ 


ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ 


ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข 
ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืขืคืืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื , 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ โ€” 
ืฉื˜ืฒ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ: 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ื–ืฒ, ื ืื˜, 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืžื™ื” 
ืื•ืžื‘ืืณืืขื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื’, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื , 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜: 
ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉืขื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื ืื›ืŸ ื˜ืื’ โ€” 
ื“ืื ืœืŸ ืื™ืš, ื’ืื˜, ื“ื™ืจ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืงืฒื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื’^ื™ื” 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜* 


157 



ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื’ื’ 


ื˜ืืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืื ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ื˜ืืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืื ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืŸื™ ืฆืฐืฒืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืดืืŸ: 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื ื ืฆืฐืฒ ืฆืขื˜ืดืœื– โ€” 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื“ืขืจ ืณืืœืขื›ื˜ืข โ€” 
ืืฒึพืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ. 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื˜ืขื  
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืจืฒ ืžืืœ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืื’: 
ืฆื™ ื“ืฒืŸ ืžืืœืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜? 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคืขื˜ืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ: 
ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ ืฐืฒืš? 


ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 

ื ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืฒ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืื˜. 
ืจืขื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 

ื ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืื’ ื“ืื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืืจื˜. 
ื–ืืฆ ื“ืื ื ื™ื˜ึพื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข, 
ื“ืื ื ื™ื˜ึพื“ืขืจื–ืื’ื˜ืข 
ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ืื ืœื™ื›ื˜: 
ืฐืื ื–ืืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืฒื— 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฐืื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ืืฒื‘ื™ืง 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ ื‘ืืฆืฒื›ื˜ืŸ. 


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ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ 


ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜ 


ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืดื ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื ื–ื•ืขื  
ื“ืฒื ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืดืŸ, 
ื˜ื ?ืื–, ื’ืื˜, ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืฆ 
ื‘ืฒื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืืข, ืฐืื ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืŸ, 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืฉืฒืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืคืŸ, 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืœืข ืืจืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืจืฒื˜ ืžื™ืš, 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒืŸ. 


ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข 


ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื’ื™ืฉื˜, ืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒื’ืข, 
ืฆื™ ื“ืืจืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืื ื“ื• ืฐืฒืื˜ ื™ื ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ 
ืคืืจ ืžืฒื’ืข ืฐืืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜. 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ืืจ, 

ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ืืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื–ืื˜, 
ืœื™ื’ืื˜ื• ืฉืคืขื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืืคืื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืฒืŸ. 



ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื ,; 


ืื•ื– ื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื“ืฒื– ืืดื’ืŸ ?ืขื‘ื– ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ืจืื’ืŸ, 
ืฉืœืืคืื˜ื• ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืงื ืื” ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืฆื™ื ื–. 
ืื™ืš โ– ืฐืฒื ื’ื™ืฉื˜, 

ืฆื™ ื“ืืจื— ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜... 


ืื™ืš ืฐืืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 

ืื™ืš ืฐืืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, 
ืื– ื ืื›ื“ืขื, 

ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืขื” ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืœืื’ืŸ, 
ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ืงืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ื’ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืœืŸืฒื’ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ 

ืืจืฒื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒืŸ ืจื’ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–. 
ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ืขืจืŸ, 
ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื–ืขืŸ, 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ, 
ืฐืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ? 


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ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ 


ื“ื• ื”ืืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 

ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืื•ืื˜, 
ืื– ื ืงื ืขืคืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืดืŸ ืืจื‘ืฆ 
ื”ืื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš, 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืคืืจ ืคืจืฒื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ืืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ. 


ื“ื• ื“ืขืจืžืื ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ 

ื“ื•.ืšืขืจืžืื ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืŸ ื ืณืฆืขืจื‘?, 
ืฐืื ื ื“ืืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืืŸ ื‘ืฒื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื. 
ื ืืš ืืฒื“ืขืจ 

ืืณืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืžื•ื™^ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืฐืืืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืจื•ื ืขืŸ. 


ืฐื™ ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ 

ืฐื™ ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพื’ืขื˜ืจืื ืŸ ืงืœืฒื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ 

ืžืฒื ืข ื ื™ื˜ึพื“ืขืจืจืขื“ื˜ืข ืจืฒื™ื“ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืฒืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. 


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ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ื™ืŸ 


ื  1917 ] 


ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืืžืข 


ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข 

ื ืฆืฐืฒืื•ื ืฆืณืฐืื ืฆื™ืงื™ืืจื™ืงืข โ€” 
ืืŸ ื^ืžื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒ ืงื™ืฆืฒื ื™ื ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘^ื™ื‘ืŸ โ€” 
ืฆื ื•ืขื”ื“ื™ืง ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฉื™^ืืืŸ 
ืฆื• ืงืฒื ืขื ื โ€ขืฐืฒื‘ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ื™? ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืืจืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืจื’ืขืจ, ืฐืืงืืขื ืขืจ ?ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. 

ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืงืฒื ืขื ื ืฐืฒื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ. 

ื ืืจ ืืืข ืื™ืื˜ืขื’ื™ืงืข, ืคื™^ื™ืืจื™ืงืข, 
ืคื™ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฑื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื–ืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™^ื•ื˜, 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื˜ื™ืŸื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื ื’ืขื–ืืคื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืขื ืคืืจื‘ืืจื’ืขื ืข, ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืฐืื, 
ืคืจืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืืืŸ. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืืŸ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืขื ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื”ืฒืื™ืงืขืจ, 

ื˜ื™ืฑ ืคืืจื‘ืื”ื^ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขืจ. 


162 



ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคื™ื•ื™ืŸ 


ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ โ€” 

ืฆืฐืฒ ืขืŸื˜ื™ื™ืŸืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืœืฒื‘, 
ืฐืืก ืื™ืš ืณื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒื’ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืจืืœืŸึพื‘ื•ื™ื โ€” 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 

ืฐื™ ืฆืฐืฒ ื ืขืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืกืข ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฆืขืœืื–ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืœืŸืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืื˜ืืžืืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืค ื“ืืžืข 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืจื™ื–ื•ืึพื“ืืžืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฐ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ (ืŸื™ื ื–ืฉืืืŸ, 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืขื–ื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ื— ื“ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืฆืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื—. 
ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื–ืืึพืœืฒื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืŸื– 
ืžืฒื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื^ืŸ, 
ื‘ืืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ื ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืึพืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ืฉืืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืŸื™ื ื–ืฉืืืŸ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื›ืืคื˜ืŸ ืื˜ืขื ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืื˜. 
ืืืจ ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฆืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ืฐืฒืื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื^ืŸ... 



ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ 


ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื•ื ืฆืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืฒืš, 
ืงืืœื˜ืข ืขื•ื˜ืืœืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื–ืฉืืœืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืฆ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืืœ ืืฒืš ื“ืขืจื”ื™ืฆืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื” ืืฒืขืจืข ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืฉืคื™ืฆืŸ 
ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืคืืœืŸ โ€” 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืงืฒืŸ ืžื•ื˜. 


ืื™ื“ ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืืง 

ืื™ืš ืœื™ื  ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืืง, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ืฉืฒื ื˜ ื”ืฒื ืืจืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืคืืจืžืืš ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื” ื ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜. 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชืฑืช 
ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ืืจืืค, 
ืฐื™ ืงืœืฒื ืข ืคืื ื˜ืืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื” ื ืฐืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืขื. 
ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 
ื ืืจ ืขืคืขื ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืืŸ ื–ื™ืš: 
ืดืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืš, ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืšืด, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืขื– ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื™ืข 
ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. 


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ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ 


ื•ื•ืื ืื™ืš ื–ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• 

ืฐืื ืื™ืš ื–ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• โ€” 
ื˜ื•ื‘ืœืื˜ื• ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื– ืคืืจื“ืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื‘^ื™ื™ื•ืŸ. 
โ€” ื–ืฉืื‘ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืืœ ืืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืžื•ื™ื, 
ืฐืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืืค ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ื‘ืฒ ื ืคืืจื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ืžื›ืฉืคื”, ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ืžืฒื ืข ืคื™ื, ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ืข, ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐื™ ืืžืืœ, 
ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืœ. 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืื˜ ืคืจื•ืืฐืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข 
ืงืืœื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืืœืื›ื ื“ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ. 


ื“ื• ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื—ืฒื ื˜ 

ื“ื• ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืฒื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืŸ, 

ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฉืฒืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฑืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืืœื˜ ืฐืข?ืŸ, 

ื“ื• ื–ืืœืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ื“ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื ืขืžืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉืื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ... 



ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™(ืณ 


ื“ื• ืงืฐืขืœืื˜, ืื™ืš ืงืฐืขืœ 

ื“ื• ืงืฐืขืœืื˜, ืื™ืš ืงืฐืขืœ. 
ืขื ืงืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื’ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื˜, 
ืฐืื ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืชืœ, 
ืฐืื ืฐืฒืื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืื˜. 

ืงืœืืค ืฆื• ืžืฒื’ืข ื”ืขื’ื˜, 
ืงืœืืค ืฆื• ืžืฒื’ืข ืคื™ื ืฆื• ื ืงืจื™ืฒืŸ; 
ืืืจื‘ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื’ื˜, 
ืคืืจื’ืขื ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจืฒืฅ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ื˜ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜, 
ื–ื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืฃ ืืฐืขืง; 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืคืจืขืžืจื˜, ืคืืจืคืจืขืžื“ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื’ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’. 


ืื™ืš ื—ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ืืš ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื ืฉืœืืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 

ืขื ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื•ื™ ื“ื• ืฉืœืืคืื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื• ืคืืจืœื™ืจืื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืขื ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ืœืคืœืื–ืŸ, 
ื ืฉืฐืื›ืŸ, 
ื ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืขื ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข, ืืŸ ืื˜ืขื. 
ืขื ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืจื™ืš ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ. 


166 



ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืขืคืงื™ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื. 
ืขื ื–ืขื˜ ื ืืš ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ 
ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืฐืื ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืžื™ืš ืจืขื˜ืŸ. 
ืฆื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื’ืืจ 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘^ื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ, 

ืฐืื ืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืฒื ื ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื’, ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื ? 
ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืืคื’ืจื•ื ื˜, 
ื“ืื ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืฐืืืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืงืฒื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ืžืœื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื-ืฐืขื ื˜ 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื™ืง, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ^ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืจื•ื ื  ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ. 


ื“ื• ื–ืขืื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 

ื“ื• ื ืขืžืื˜ ืืฐืขืง ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื. 




ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ,ืคื•ืŸ ืืดืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ืงืœืฒื ืขื ืฒื ื ืขืœืข. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืฉื˜ื™ืงึพื”ืฒืืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืคืœื™ืงืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื โ€” 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคื ื™ื. 
ืื™ื ืคืืจืฐื™ื’ืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ. 
ืื“ืขืจ ื’ืืจโ€” 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืฐืขืงืŸ, 
ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืฉืŸ. 
ืดืžืืžืข!" 

โ€” ื“ืฒืŸ, ื“ืฒืŸ, ื“ืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข. 
ื“ื• ืืœืฒืŸ ื”ืืื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ, ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืืง, , 
ื‘ืฒื ืฐื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. 


168 



ืจืืฉืขืœ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™ 


[ 1918 ] 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืฒื– ืงืœืฒื“ 


ืื™ืš ื ื™ื– ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ โ€” 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืคืฒืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื“, 
ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืฐื™ืขื 
ืคืœืื˜ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขื“ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒื“ืขื ืข ื ืจืขื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืœืฒื“; 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืืงืŸ 
ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืš ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– 
ืฐืฒื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืืš ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 


ื“ืื ืœื™ื“ 
ืื™ืš ื–ืข โ€” 

ืขื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื–ืืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื–ื™ืื˜... 
ืืคื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ื’ืขืœื›ืœืขื›ืข ืงืœืืฐื™ืณืืŸ, 
ื ืœืฒื›ืข ืฉืคื™ืฆื ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืขืจืœืขืš โ€” 
ืœื™ืคืœืขืš ื”ืืœื ืข ืณื’ื–ื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš โ€” 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื–ื™ืื˜... 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื ืœื™ื“. 



ืจืืฉืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืคืจื™ื ืื›ื•ื™ 


0 ื˜ืื’ 

ื”ืฒื–ืขืจโ€”ืฉืฐืขืจืข, ื˜ืขืžืคืข ืœื•ืข 6 
ืณืขืคืืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืž 5 , 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืกืœืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉ 5 ื™ืืš 
ืคืืื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืž 5 . 

ืื˜ืื™ืขื ื”ืฆืฒื ืข ืคื•ื™ื’^ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืฐืื•, 
ื–ืฒ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืจื•ืฑ ืคื•ืŸ ืค?ื™ื  5 , 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸโ€” ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ; ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืก, 
(ืŸืœืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืืฉืŸึพืฉืคื™ื’ืœ. 


ืฉื ืฒ 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืืืขืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื”ืขื’ื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื’ 
ืฐื™ ื ืžืฒื“^ืฉ ืคื ื™ืž. 
ืžืฒื“ืœืฉึพืง^ืืจืขืจ, ืคื•ื›ื™ืคึพื‘^ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒ. 
ื“ืื ืœืฒื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ โ€” ืงื•ื™ืึพื”ื•ื™ื ื–ืฒ ืจื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฒ... 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืโ€” ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ื, 
ืื™ืš ืฉื ืฒื“ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ 
ื›ืื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืฒ ืคืืจื’ืืคื˜. 


170 



ืจืืฉืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™ 


ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ืคื• ืคืืจืฐืื 

ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐืื 
ื’ืฒ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ื™ื–ืฒื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื; 
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืฆืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื’ืฆ: 

ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื•ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜, 
ื“ืื ืคื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืœื˜ ื‘ืœืฒืš.., 
ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื“ื•ืช โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืืคืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš โ€” 
ื“ืื ื‘ื™ืื˜ื• โ€” 


ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื˜ื’ืขืจืŸ 

ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืŸ โ€” ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืŸ, 
ื˜ื•ืื˜ ื ืฉืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื–ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื”ืณื™ืง ื”ืขืœ. 
ืฉื˜ืขื“ืŸ ื—ืœืฉืŸ ืคืื“ืฆืขื“ื˜ โ€” 
ื‘ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ื’ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขืจืŸ, ืคืืœ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ื–ืื ื’ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื“ ืงืืืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืœื™ืค. 


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ืจืืฉืขืœ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™ 


ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืืงืืœ 


ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืืงื 5 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ืฐืฒื›ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ืžืจื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืœ ืืจืฒื’ืขืœืื–ืขื ืข, 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื ื’ื^ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืณื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจืืค^ืื–ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ, ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื–ืื, ืฐื™ ื ื–ืื ื’, 

ืื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ืงืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืื ืžืฒื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 5 ื‘ื ื”, 
ืื“ืขื“ ื’ืืจ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืืื ื“ืืœื–, 
ืฐืขื ืื™ืš .ืื•ืžืฐืื ื“^ืขืŸ 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฐืฒืืŸ ืฐืขื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข, ื‘^ื•ื™ึพืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืฒืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉ^ืื•ื™. 


ื, ืžืฒืŸ ืณื˜ืคืจืืจ 

ื, ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš, 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ืฆื•ื™ โ€” 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื™ืฆื“. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ? โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืฉืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืงืœืฒื ืข ืžืฒื“ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืคื•ืคืขื, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืคื™ืœืฆืฒื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™^ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืคืื”ืฐื™ืจื‘ืฆ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืคื™ื. 


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ืจืืฉืขืœ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™ 


ื ืืจ ืืคื˜ ^ื ืดื“ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒื ืข ืื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืฆื™ ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื–ืื ืคื˜ืข ืฆืขืœื–, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื–ื™ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจึพื’ื^ืจืขื ืข ืณืขื˜ืจื™ืง 
ืคืืจืฐืืจืš ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžื™ืœโ€ข 
ืื™ืš ื•ืคืฆืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืขืžื ื ืืš ืžืฒืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืืฆื˜, 
ืื™ืš โ– ืค?ื™ืง ื“ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืฒืืŸ ืฐืืืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™^ื‘ืขืจื ืขื ืฐื?ื“. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืœืื ืงืข ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฉ^ืื ืงืข ื•ื’ืณืฆื™ืจืขืจ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข, 
ืฐืืก ืฐื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš, ืžืฒืŸ ื™ืœืฒื‘ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒืืข ื•ืฐืข 5 ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืขืคืข^ืขืš ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื–ืื˜ืข, 
ืื•ื™ื’ืข^ืขืš ื‘ืจืฒื˜ึพืคืืจืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข, 
ืฉืฐืืจืฆื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื™. 
ื ืื“ ื˜ืฑื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื™ืขื ืข ืง^ืืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืœืขืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืื ื’ 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื–ืื, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉ^ื™ืื ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒ ืคืืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืืคืจื™ื–, 
ืคืืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื ื˜ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฆืขืจื˜^ืขื ืจื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ โ€” 
ื–ืืืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื›ืื˜ืฉ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื”ืืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืฐืขื ื“ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืื• ืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืืจื˜,โ€” 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืœืขืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒืืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื 5 ืื™ืš ืฑื ื’ ืฆื• ืืฒืš. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขื ืืฒืš ืฉื˜ื™^ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข ืžืืžืขึพืคืื™ื’^ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™^ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒืš. 


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ืจืืฉืขืœ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™ 


ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืŸืŸืœ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 

ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื? ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื ืงื™ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืข^ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ; 
ืฐื™ ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื“ืื ืฐืืœื ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ! 
ืื™ืš ื’ื•ื^ื˜ ื–ืฒ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื’ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืืื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒื ืงืืฒื’ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ 
?ืฒื‘ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืืœ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื™ืงื˜, 
ื”ืขืžื“ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ืฐืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขืฐืืฉืŸ, 
ืคืืจื˜ืื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืืœืข ืฉ^ืืคืŸ, 
ืฐืืฆื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืฑ* ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืฆื˜ ื ืฐืฒืื™ื ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืŸ, ื‘ 5 ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืž 5 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืณืฐืขื˜ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืจืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฐืืœื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื”ื^ื˜ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืงืฐื^ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืจืšึพืฉืืจืš, 
ืฐืื ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืžืื›ื˜, 
ื˜ืจืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ; 
ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืืื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืฒื›ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื“ืข^ืขืš, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขื’ืืฉื™ืš โ€” 
ื“ื™ ืคืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืขื’ื™ืœืฉื™ื— โ€” 
ืฐื™ ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจืืขืš ื“ืื ืฐืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 


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ืื™ื“ื ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ 



ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืื 

ืคืœื™ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืณืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื–. 
ืฐืืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื, ืฆื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ ืขื ืื™ื– ืจืขืจ ื˜ืื’, ืฆื™ ืง 5 ืืจ? 
ืคื™ืœืคืืจื‘ื™ื’ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžื^ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืข^ืขืŸ ืณืคืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืฒืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ^ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืื’ ื ืืš ื˜ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื ืืš ื™ืืจ. 

ืฐื™^ื“ืข ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืจืื–ืขืŸ ืฐืื”ืŸืืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืจืื–ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืœื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฐื™ืจื”ืŸืœื™ื›ืงืฒื˜ ืฉืคื™ื’ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื, 
ืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืณืŸ ืฐืืืขืจึพืฉื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืขื’ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืšืฉืฒืŸ. 


175 




ืื™ื“ื ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’โ–  

ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื–ืฒื˜ ื˜ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืื˜ื• ืืฆื™ื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืื˜ ื ื™ืขื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื”ื˜ืื’ ื‘ืฒื ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืขื” ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืขื ืจืฒืืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืจ โ€” 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืœืฒืค ืื™ืš ื“ืืš ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ืขืจื”ืฒื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื™ืžืฒื ืข ืฆืฒื ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืฆืขืŸ. 

ืจืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืณ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื ืืืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 


ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืฒื ืžืืœ ืžืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ... 


ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืฒืŸ 

ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื›ืฅ, 
ื ืงืื ืฐืื•ืœืืฑื•ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืคืขืื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขืื˜ืข ืœื™ืคืขืŸ โ€” 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื... 

ืคืืจืงืจื™ืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒืŸ, 
ื’ืขืฆื•ืงื˜ืข ืืงืืœืขืŸ, 
ื ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื– ืฐืขืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื. 


176 



ืื™ื“ื ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ 


ื ื™ื˜ื ื”ืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื™^ 
ื“ืื ืคื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื. 


ืืœืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš โ€” 
ืคืืจ ืงืฒื ืขืžื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ... 
ื“ืื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื... 


ืื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ 


ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจืคืœืื ื˜ืขืจื˜ โ€” 
ืงืืŸ ืงื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ.ืฐืขื’. 
ืฉื˜ืขื” ืื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืื• ืฆื• ืฐืขื ื“ืขื– ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜... 

ืคื™ืจืขืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ืงื, 
ืคื™ืจืขืŸ ืฉืžืืœืข ื˜ืจืขืค ืืจื•ื™ืš, ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ืจ ืคืขืื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜ืข, 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฆื• ืฐืขื’ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืจืขื”ื˜ืข... 

ืืคื’ืขืจื™ืืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื’ืขืœ, 
ืจืฒืืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข, ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ... 
ืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœืื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืฑื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, ืงืจื•ืึพื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืขืŸ... 

ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื’ื˜ืขืจ โ€” 
ื˜ืืจืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ืคื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ... 
ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ... ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืงืœืืคืขืŸ... 
ืฐืข 5 ืื™ืš ืฐืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ? 


177 



ืื™ื“ื ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ 


ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืืืขืจ 


ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืืืขืจโ€”ื–ื™ืœื‘ื™ืขืจึพืฉืฒืŸ, ื’ืœื™ืžืขืจึพืฉืฒืŸ: 
ื–ืืžื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ โ€” ื ืงืœืืจืขืจ, ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืฉื ืฒ, 
ืงื•ืฉื ื– ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื, ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื. 

ืฉืคื™ืœืขืŸ ื›ืฐืืœื™ืขื ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืคื™ืœ โ€” ื›ืฉืฐื™ึพืฉืคื™ืœ: 
ื™ืื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ, ืืฒืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืž. 


ื”ืขื“ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืœื™ื“, ืืฒื‘ื™ื’ ืœื™ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ โ€” ืฐืืืขืจึพืงืœืื ื’ 
ื˜ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืืจืœืขืš ืื™ื ืณื ืฉื ืฒ, ,ืฐืฒืืขืŸ ืฉื ืฒ. 

ื˜ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ; 
ื“ื“ืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืฉืื˜ืขื ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒืืขืŸ ืคืขืœื“, 
ืืฒื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพืฉืฒืŸ, ืžืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืฒืŸ. 

ืฉืคื™ืœืขืŸ ืคืืจืœืขืš ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืคื™ืœ โ€” ื›ืฉื•ืšึพืฉืคื™ื™!: 
ื™ืื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืจืื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื›ืฐืืœื™ืขื, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒื ื‘ืจืขื’ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขืงืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื... 


178 



ืคืขืื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ 



ื ืŸื–ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ 


ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืืŸื– ื“ืขืจ ?ืขืฐืื ืข. 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจึพืื™ืณืฆื•ืขื˜ื–, 
ื“ืขืจืณืขืจืืงืขื ืข ื”ื™ืจืณืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืฆืื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ, 
ื”ื™^ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืงืดื˜. 

ื–ืืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืคืืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืงื ืืืคืŸ ืค^ืืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ื™?, โ€” ื ื‘^ืขื˜ื ื™ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ... 


ืœ. ืžืื˜ืขืืŸ 


ยฃ 1918 ] 


179 



ืคืขืื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื•ื™ 


ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 

ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•? ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. 
ื’ืืœืจึพื‘ืื–ื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ื’ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืจืฒืข ืืฒื ื–ืืžืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒื’ืขื’ื“ื™ืจืŸืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ึพื˜ืื’ โ€” 
ืขื’ืœืขืš ืืฒื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื’ื“ืขืจืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจืืค, ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจื•ื™ื—, 
ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืฒ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืืœื“ึพื‘ืื–ื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ.., 


ืฆืฐื™ื™ื’ืœืขืš ื ืืš ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข 

ืฆืฐืฒื’ืœืขืš ื ืืš ืืืจื˜ืจื™ืกื’ื˜ืข, 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฐื™ืกืœื˜ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืกืืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืกืืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืœื˜... 

ื‘ืขื ืกืขืŸ ื ืืš ื ื–ื•ื ืขื’ืฉื˜ืจืืœ, 
ื ืืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืืขืจืคืืœ โ€” 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืกืืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืกืืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืœื˜... 

ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืข ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื ื ืฒืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. 


180 



ืคืขืื™ ื•ื–ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ 


ื•ื•ืฒืืข ื’ืขื ื– 

ืฐืฒืืข ื’ื ืขื–, ืœื•ืดืืข ื’ืขื ื–, 
ื˜ืจืดื ื˜ ืืœื™ืขืืื, ืฐืดืืข ื’ืขื ื–. 
ื˜ืจืืคื ื ื˜ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืืœ, 
ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื˜ืืœ. 
ื’ืึพื’ืึพื’ื, ื’ืึพื’ืึพื’ื. 
ื˜ืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืืœื™ืขืื’ืŸื ืฐืฒืืข ื’ืขื ื–. 

ืืจืืค ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒืš, ืืจืืค ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒืš, 
ื‘ืื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฐืฒืืข ื’ืขื ื–. 
ื–ื•ื ืขืŸึพืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื 
ืื— ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื–. 
ื’ืึพื’ืึพื’ื, ื’ืึพื’ืึพื’ื. 
ืื— ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื–. 


ืืœื™ืขืืงื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืืœื 

ืืœื™ืขืืงื ื ืฑื ื’ืข, 
ื ืคื•ื™ืขืจื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, 
ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ืงืืคื˜ืื ืขืง, 
ื ืœืฒืฐื ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืฒื“ืœ, 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืืจืขืœืŸ, 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื ืฒื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื•ืš,^โ€” 
ืืœื™ืขืืงื ื–ืณืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงืืœืืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืื˜ื•ืš. 

ืžื™ืงืืœื ื ืฑื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ื™ืขืจืฉืŸ ื›ืฒืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืœื™ืขืืงืืŸ, 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒืŸ. 
ืืœื™ืขืืงื ื–ื™ ืฐืืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื 


181 



ืคืขืกื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ 


ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื— 

ืฐืขื– ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ืกืข 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืณืขืขืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ. 

ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืคืœืฒืฆืขื ื ื˜ืืจื‘ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืขื, ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 
ืืณืื™ื– ืฉืฐืืจืฅ ืื•ื– ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ื– ื–ืฒื– ืคืื ื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜. 
ื ืืžืื˜ืฉืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคืŸ, 
ื ืฉืคืฒ ืื•ื– ื ืคืฒื”. 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขื ืœื•ืืคืขืœืฑืฉ 
ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒื•). 

ืืœื™ืขืืงื ื‘ืื’ืœืฒื˜ ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืืขืฉืข ื‘ืœื™ืงื–. 
ืขืจ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ: 
ืดืื™ืš ืฐืขื™? ื“ื™ื• ืื™ื– ืฐืืœื“ 
ื“ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื–, 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืœืขืจ, ืฐืื ืคืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื– ืจื•ื™ื‘, 
1 ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื–, 
ื”ืืฆื•ื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง โ€” ืžืฒื– ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืด... 


ืฆื™ื’ืฒื ืขืจืงืขื 

ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ึพื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ืฉืฐืืจืฅึพืื•ื™ื’ื™ืงืข, 
ืฉืฐืืจืฅึพืฆืขืคื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื’ืฒื ืขืจืงืขื, 
ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื˜ื•ื›ื– 
ืื•ื– ืื™ื– ืงืฐืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืœืฒื“ืขืจ,โ€” 
ืฐื™ ืคืœืื˜ืขืจืœื™ื ื’ืขื–, ืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข, 
ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ึพื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืข,โ€” 
ืฐืื ื‘ืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ืž ื“ื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื? 


182 



ืคืขืกื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ 


ืฉืฐืืจืฅึพืื•ื™ื’ืฒื–ืข ืฆื™ื’ืฒื ืขืจืงืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื’ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืขืŸื ื•ืจึพืงืืจืขืœืŸ 
ืืฃ ืจื™ ืจืŸื•ืคืขืจึพื‘ืจื•ื™ื’ืข ื”ืขืœืจื–ืขืจ,โ€” 
ื ื™ื˜ ืจื ืคืืจ ืืฒืš ืฆื• ืื•ืžื‘ืœืื’ืจื–ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืงืื›ืขื’ื™ืฉ,โ€” 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืขืจ ืฐื™ื’ืขืœืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒืขืŸ ืคืขืœืจ! 


ืจืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื’ื™ืณืข, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ืœืจืข ืงืจืฒื˜ืขื›ืฆืขืจ,โ€” 
ืขื ื’ืจื™ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจืจ ืจืื ืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืืคืขืŸ ืณื˜ืฐืืจืฆืข ืขืจืจโ€”ืณ 
ืฐืื• ืืฒืขืจืข ื ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ืจื™ ืคืฒืขืจืŸ, 
ืงืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ืฐืขื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“: 

ืื”ื™ืŸ! ืฆืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื ืคืฒืขืจ ืจืืจื˜, 
ืื– ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ื–ืืœืŸ ืคืœืืงืขืจืŸ! 
ืื– ื‘ืฒืžืขืจ ื–ืืœืŸ ืฐื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจื™ ืขืจืจ! 
ื–ืืœ ื’ืœื™ืขื ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืืžืขื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืืœืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฅึพืื•ื™ื ื™ืงืข, 
ืฆืขืฐื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒืขืจ ืฆื™ื ืฒื ืขืจืฉ ืœื™ืจ! 



ืคืขืื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ 


ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 

... ืื™ื– ืžืดืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 


ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš ื›ืืจืขืฐืข 
ื‘ื•ืื˜, ื‘ื•ืื˜. 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ื‘ืื‘ื•ืฉื™ืŸืข 
ื”ื•ืื˜, ื”ื•ืื˜. 

ืžื™ืฉื•ื’ืื™ื ืœืื›ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜. 
ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืจืื‘ืŸ ืขื’ื˜ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืงืจื! ืงืจื! ืขืจื! 


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ืืฒื“ื ื˜ื™ืœืขืก 



ื•ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸืื›ืื‘ื•ื ื“ 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืš, ืฐืื’ืื‘ื•ื ื“, ื“ื• ืฉ^ืขืคืขืจึพืฑื ื’. 
ืื™ืš ืขืคืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ ืืืจ ืจื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ: 
<ื–ื•ื, ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื– 
?ืืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ื™^ืขื–^ ืฐืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ... 
ืžืฒืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืฒืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืจืฒ โ€” 
ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืง^ืืคื™ืŸ ืืฒึพื•ื•ื™ึพืกืฒ. 
ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืงื™^ืืคื™ืŸ, ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื ื˜, 
ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฐืืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ืž 5 , 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืคืจืขื™ืจื™ึพื‘ืื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืคื•ื™ื’^ึพืคืจืฒืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ; 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจืฒืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื: 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ, 


[ 1918 ] 


185 


ืืฒื“ื ื˜ื™ืœืขื 


ื“ื• ืคื™ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืืคืจื•ืš ืคื•ื– ืฐ 8 ื ื–ื™ื–ึพ:ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ื“ื• ืคื™ืื˜ ืคืืจื’ื™ืฆืฑื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ึพืคื•ื– ืณืื˜ืฒื–! 
ืžืฒื– ืฐืขืœื˜ โ€” ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืณืค ื ืฉืจืขื™ื–! 
ืืณื”ืขื ื’ืขื– ื’^ืืงื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขื–, 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขื–. 
ืจื•ืงื– โ€” ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ื– ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ โ€” ืžื™ื“, 
ืงืฒื˜ื– ืณืค^ืขืคื– ื’ืœื™ื“ ื ืืš ื’ืœื™ื“... 


ื ื‘ืœื•ื 

ื“ื•, ืืœืขืจื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื– ืงืืœื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ืž, 
ืœืืงืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒื– ืืจืืžืื˜, 
ื“ื• โ€” ืคื•ื– ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืœื•ืคื˜, ืฐืื ื–ืื˜: 
ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื ืฆืฒื˜ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒื‘ 
ื‘ืฒ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืฒืค, 
ืฐืื ื ืขืžื˜ ื^ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ 
ืฆื™ืขื– ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื– ืงื ื™, 
ืื•ื– ื‘ืฒ ื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื ื ืคืืจืœืื ื’ 
ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ื– ื“ืฒื– ื‘ืืจื•ืš 
ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš. 

ืื˜ ืจืดื ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืืจืืค ืคื•ื– ืฆืฐืฒื , 
ืื•ื– ื ืขื ื“ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื– 
ืื™ื ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื– ืงืจืืคื˜ึพืžืืฉื™ื–. 
ื”ืขื“ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืœึพืงืœืืค? 
ืื•ื– ื“ืขื ื—ืœืšึพื‘ืœืฒื– ? 

ืคื™ืœืื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืคื•ื– ืจื™ ื‘ืœืฒื›^ ื”ืขื ื˜ ? 
ืื•ื– ื“ืขื ืคืืจื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจื˜ื– ื’ืขืฐืฒื– ืคื•ื– ืงืืœื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฐืขื ื˜ ? 
ืฐื™ ืขื ืจืขืฐืขื– ืฐื™ืœื“ 
ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ โ€” 

ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ื– ืฉืขื”ืณื–! โ€” 


186 



ืืฒื“ื ื˜ื™ืœืขืก 


ืคื•ืŸ ^ืขื‘ื ื ืืฒื ื’ืขื”ื™^ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ืื•ืžืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒื–ืšืงืจืืคื˜... 
ื ืืจ ื“ื•, ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ 5 ื•ื, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืืจืืžืื˜, 

ืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ^ื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืื“ื˜. 
^ื™ื’ืื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืคื’ืจ, ืื•ื™ืฑ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ืื™ ื’ืข 5 , ืื™ ืฉืฐืืจืฅ. 
ืื˜ ืฐืืจืš ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืง ืืจืืค. 
ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืค^ื™ื›ืŸ-ืงืืค, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื– ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ื˜; 
ืื™ื ื ืืคืคืื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜. 
ืจืฒืื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื™ืฆืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืฒื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื ืื–, ืื™ื– ืฐืื ? โ€” 
ื ืžืฒื“? ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึพืฐื™ึพืืฒ, 
ื ื‘ืขืืขืจ ื‘^ื•ื, ืฐื™ ื“ื• โ€” ืขื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื›ื“ืื™... 
ื‘ื™^ื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื™ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™ืง ื’ืœืื–, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืื– 
ืื“ื•ื™ืšึพืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ื”ืฒืš 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ-ื“ื•ื™ืš, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืขืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืจ ืฐืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืžืขืŸ ? 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืค 5 ื™ืš ื ืงืจืืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื“ ื–ืฒืŸ ?ืืฅ. 
ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ โ€” ืฆื™ ืื“ื™, ืฆื™ ืฉืคืขื˜. 
ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™ืง ืฐื™ื ืงืฆ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื˜. 
ื“ื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ 5 ื•ื, ืื–ื ืฉืื ื“ 
ื“ื•ื“ืš ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื˜. 


187 



ืืฒื“ื ื˜ื™ืœืขื 


ื˜$ื’ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜?โ€” 
ืฐืฒื ืื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜, 
ื‘ืฒืื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ืŸ ืœืฒื‘ ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ โ€” 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื“ ืขื ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืฆื•; 
ืฉืœื•ืžืขื“ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ โ– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฐืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ ื ื˜ืื’ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ื’ืจื•ื™. 
ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืฒืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ โ€” ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืณื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 
ืฆืขืฐืืงืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืจืฒืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฑื™ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืื, 
ืฆื•ื–ืื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื–ื•ืŸ, 

ืฐืื ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ. 
ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ื’ืฐืืœื“ืŸ โ€” 
ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ืฐืฒืขืŸ ื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ื™! 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืืฒื–ื ื˜ืข ืงืืคื™ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฐืื’ื ื ื’ืขืฉืคืื ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, โ–  
ื’ืืจืŸ ื ืืš ื“ื•, 
ืืฒืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื•. 
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ ?ื™ื“ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื, 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืื˜โ€” 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฒืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจืื–ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 
ื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐื™ืœื“ืข ืคื™ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜. 
ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืฑื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืขื‘ื ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืค ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืŸ... 


188 



ืืืชืจ ืคืขืฐื–ื ืขืจ 


[ 1919 ] 


ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืืœ ืž 1 ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒื ื™ื– ื ืืš ื“ื™ืจ, 

ื“ืฒืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื™ื–ืฒื ืžืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ. 
ื ื˜ื™ืืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื’ื ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. 
ืืœืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฆืฒื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืฆื™ืขืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ.ื ืฉืฐื™ื™ื’ืขืŸึพื ืขืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืคืœืื ื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืงืœืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืค ืžืฒืŸ ื‘^ืฒื–. 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคืืจืžืืš ืื™ืš ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืขื ืขืคืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืœืื ื“. 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•, 
ื‘ืฒ ื“ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืณืคืœื™ืืœืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข. 


ืคืื“ืฉืœืืืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืข^ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœืฒืŸ ืคืื“ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 
ืจืฒื ื“ืขื ืฉืฐืฒื™ื’ืขืŸึพื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืจืฒ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืœ.ืื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื–ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืคืจื•ืืฐืื˜ื• ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืœืข ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืงืืŸ ื ืืจ ืื™ืš ืืœืฒืŸ. 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืขืื˜ ืคืืจืฉืœืืืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒื ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช. 



ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืจื“ 



ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ืขื ืฐืข 5 ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” 
ื‘ืฒื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืจ ื—ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ: 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื ืื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ื™^ื•ื˜ ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ, 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืฐืฒืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจืข ืงืข^ืขืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ: 

ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื’ื•ื ื” ื’ืขื‘^ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืืณื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืกืŸโ€”ืฆืฐืฒ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืขื›ืข ืขืคืโ€” 
ืื•ืฑื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื ืืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืžืฒื ืข ืฆืฒื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒืืข ืฆืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื ื–ืืžืข ื ืขื›ื˜ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื ืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืฒืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ: 


190 


ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™ 


ืืฒืขืจืข ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ื”ืื›ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืื›ื™ืงืข ื‘ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืื˜ืขืžื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ 5 ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื’ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืค ืฆื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืื ื’, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืขืจืข ื›ืฉืจืข ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืฒื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืืš, ืฐืื• ืจื™ ื’ืื ืื™ื– ื’ืืจ ื˜ื•ื’ืงืœ, 
ืฐืื• ืืณืคืืœื˜ ื ืืจ ื ืฉืื˜ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ื’ืขืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ื™ืื’ืŸ ื ืืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ 

ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืขืจืข ืจืฒื“ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืจืขื ืข ืคืขืจื™ื ืื•ื™ื— ืžืฒืŸ ืžื•ื” ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ืจืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืœืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืคืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคืืจืจื™ืืŸ. 


3 

ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฐืขื ืื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืฐืขืจ ืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืคืจืฒื“ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ: 
ืžืื–, 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื ืืš ืืฒื ืขื ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื›ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืžืฒืŸ ืงืืค ื’ืขื™ืฆืฒื’ื˜. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืžืฒืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื’ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื›ืขื’ืข 
ืืจื•ื ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืงืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืื•ื ื“. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื’ื’ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืฆืืค, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื’ื™ื“ืขืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืฒื“ืข ืคื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ื— ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจื•ื’ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืืค, 
ืฐื™ ืืณืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ?ื™ื›ื˜, 
ื ืืจ ืืณืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืฒื’ืข ืคื™ื’ื’ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 
ืฐื™ ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฒืื˜ืข ื–ื™ื ื“. 


191 



ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™ 


ืืžืืœ ืื™ื– 8 ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืค 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื ืฐื™ ื ืงื™ืฉื–, 

ืื– ื›ืณืœืฒื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ึพืื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื–ืฒืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืงืฒื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื›ืณืงืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืืง ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืจืจื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืงืืค ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืข ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคืŸ. 
ื›ืณืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืคืืจื—ืœืฉื˜ืข ืžืฒื“ืœ, 
ืฐืื ืฉืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื“ื’ืœื™ืฐืขืจื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืœื™ื’ืŸ 

ืืœืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืŸ. 


ื“ 

ืคืืจ ื›ืœื•ืช ืืจืขืžืข, ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืžืฒื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, 
ืฆืืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืฒืŸ. 
ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ื ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืงืจื•ื’ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜, 
ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื” ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜; 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื ื‘ืขื›ืขืจืœ ื ืงืœืฒื ื, 
ืคืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื”ื ื˜ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืืื ืžืฒื“ืœืขืš, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ื—ื•ืคื”ึพืฉื™ื›ืœืขืš ื—ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒ, 
ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื” ื”ืื ื™ืง ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืงืœืฒื ืข ื˜ืขืฆืขืœืขืš 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒืขืจ ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. 

ืคืืจ ื›ืœื•ืช ืืจืขืžืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืฑื—ืื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืื, 
ืฐืื ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืื ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข ืฐืขืฉ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื , 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ืงื” ืงืขืžืฆืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืœืื“ืขื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืฐืฒืืŸ ืœื™ืฑื•ื ื˜ึพืœืฒืŸ. 


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ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืณืขืคืจืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงื ื™ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืงืขืžืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืฆื• ืจื•, 
ืžืขืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ืงื” ืœืฒืฐื ื˜ ืืฒืœ ื ืืš ืืฒืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจืืืœืขื˜. 

ืคืืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ืงื•ืงืŸ ื ืืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืณืื›ื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืจืŸ 
ื ืืš ื ืงืœืฒื ืขื ืงืขืจืคืขืจืœ ื ืฐืฒื›ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื ืฐื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื’, 
ื‘ืจืขื ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืจื—ืœ ื”ืฒืœื•ื ื’ึพื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืฒื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒืื˜ ื–ืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืณืขื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืืจื˜: 
ืืณืงืืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉืขื” ื’ืื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืฆื• ื“ื™, ืฐืื ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒื ื–ืืžืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฆืขืจ, 
ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฒืŸ, 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืœืื”, 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื‘ืฒื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืฒื›ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 


ื— 

ืืณืื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืฐืืงืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื ื’ืจืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืš ื ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื“. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฐืฒื˜ืืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืฉืืš 



ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™ 


ื‘ืฒ ืงืจืขื ื™ืฆืขื โ€” ืื•ื™ื” ื”ืฒืœืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืœืฒื‘. 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืืจืฉื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื ื“ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืจืฒ. 

ืกืณืื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื ืฒื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ื”ืœืคื™ื 
ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืขืจื“. 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืื ื’ืขืจืข โ€” ืฆื• ืฐืฒืืข ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื˜ืืœ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ืดื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืืš ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 

ืืณืื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข: ื“ื, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืฐืืงืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื ื’ืจืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื™ื. 


ื• 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฐืืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืžืฒื ืข ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื”ืขืžื“ ืืฒื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื ื’ืื˜ืืคืืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ื’ื•ื™ืœื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื‘ืฒื–ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืดื”ืžืคื™ืœืด, 
ืฐื™ ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขืœืืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ื“ ื“ืื ืžื•ื™ืœ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจื“ืื“ื˜ืข ืคืœื•ื™ื. 


194 



ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืืจื’ืขืจ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงื˜ืจืืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืณืื˜, 

ืื– ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืฒืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขื ื–ืฒื“ ื ืขืงืœืฒื“ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืงืืค 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ ื”ืืœื“ื–, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ืื’ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืงืจื 

ืื•ื™ืš ื ืงืœืฒืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืข ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืืคื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืืค ืคืืจืฐืืจืคืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื–ืื’ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ืคืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืืฒื ืคืื›ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืงืืจื’ืขืจ ืืฒื’ืฆื™ืงื˜ืจืืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ. 


ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ 


ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืข ืืฒื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืจืื’ืŸ: 
ื‘ืฒ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจ, 
ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื“ื” ื™ืฆื—ืงื 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืœืขืšึพืื•ืฑื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืจื“. 
ืขื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืื ื‘ืœืื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืฐืฒืš ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื ืชื—ื™ื ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ื ืณื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื˜ืฒื˜ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฅ ืคืืจืœืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ื ืžืืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ืื’ืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ื•ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื“ื•ืจ ื’ืื˜ืึพืคืืจื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืจืขื ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ? 



ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžื™ืฉื– ื’ืขืœืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ? 
ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืืจ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขืงื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ืืฐืขืงืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ื“ืขื ืื“ื•ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ืจื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคืŸ. 


ืื˜ืฐืืฆืง 


ืฐื™ืœืขื โ€” ืขื’ื ื•ืช ืคืืจืœืื–ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืคืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืืณืฐืขื˜ ื“ื ืงืฒื ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืคืขื 

ื‘ืฒื ืื‘ื˜. 

ืฐืขื’ืขืœืขืš ืฉืžืืœืข โ€” ืคืืจื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ โ€” ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืฆื ื ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉืคืฒื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ. 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืื˜. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืœ ืงื•ืœ. 
ื‘ื-ื‘ื-ื‘ื โ€” ื”ื™ืœื‘ื˜ ื ื”ื•ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืคืขื ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ื: 
ืืณื’ืฒื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืขืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ... 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื ื ื’ืืื˜. 
ื ืฆืขืฉืจืืงืขื ืข ื”ืืื˜ื™ืง ืฆืขื™ืื’ื˜ ืขื ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, 
ืด 37,5 - ืด 37,3 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณื”ืื˜ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆืขืคื•ื“ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื? 

ื“ืึพื“ืึพื“ื โ€” ืงืœืืคื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื“ื ืคืืจืงืืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืขื˜, 
ื ืืจ ื ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืœื‘ื™ืง ืืžืืœ ื ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ: 
โ€”ืคืืžืขืจืื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜?โ€” . 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ืื ื˜ โ€” ืืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฐืขืœืงื˜ ื‘ 5 ืื˜: 
โ€”ืดืคืจืืฉืขืŸ ืžื ื™ืขืด. 


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ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™ 


ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืฆืื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืณื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืค ื ืฉื˜ืดืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจ ืฐืขื—, 
ืฐื™ ืฆืฐืฒื’ื™ืœืขื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื•ื™ื, ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืฉ^ืื’ื˜ ืืจืืค ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื™ืฆืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘^ืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืจืฒืื˜ ืื•ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื™ืขืŸ, 
ื–ื^ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฆืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืื™ื’, 
ืฐืื ืฆืืค^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืจืืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื™ ื ืฉื•ื™ื‘. 

ื ื™ื˜ 5 ืื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืฒืŸ, 
ื›ืณืื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, 
ื ืืจ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืจืื– ื“ืฒื ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืฆื“ืŸ ืคืขืฆื“ 
ืคืืจื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืŸืขืจื ื“ 5 ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ ืืฐืขืง, 
ืคืืจื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืฒืŸ ืณ^ื™ื‘ื ื“ืฒื–ืŸ ืื˜ืขื, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืืืจื–ืฒืื˜ ื ืงืขืจื ื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“. 


ืืณืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืค ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 

ืืณืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืค ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืงื™ืจื“ืข ื”ืฒ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฉืœืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืื–. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื”ืื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืข 5 ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื™ื–, ืฐืื ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื ืืจ ืืณืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืงืจื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืงื™ืจื“ืข ืื•ื™ืืŸ ืฉืคื™ืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื•ื™ ื ื”ืฒื–ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ. 



ืงืื“ื™ืข ืžืืœืื“ื–ืŸืฐื˜ื ืŸ' 


ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืืงืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื, ืื– ืืณืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, 
ืื– ืืณื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืข^ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืื˜ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒื˜ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืื™^ืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืค, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ืค ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ื™ืš ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ. 


ืค ื˜ืฆื‘ื” 

ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืกืืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจื˜ืื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืืจืฒื ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜, 
ืฐืฒ< 5 ื˜ืืžืขืจ ืฐืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืขืื ื˜ืงืฒื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืž ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ืžื’^ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืื˜ืŸ โ€” 
ืื˜ ื“ืขืžื^ื˜ ืฐืฒื ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืื’ืขืฐืฒื˜ืืงื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜, ืžืืžืข, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฐืื“ืขื ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื ื’ืจืฒื˜ืข ืฆื•ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ?ืฒื“ื™ืง ืฆืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื™? ืื™ืš, ืืคืฉืจ, ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ืฒ ื–ื™ืš 5 ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืฉื˜ืข^ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืื–ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืคืข 5 ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜, ืฆื•ืงืืคื ื ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’^ ืขืจื“ 
ืืืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืืจ ืคืืจ ื ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉื˜ืขืฆืŸ? 
ืื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืฐืขืืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ?ื™ืคืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืืงื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ: 
ืดืžืืžื™ื ืงืข, ืžืืžื™ื ืงืข ืžืฒื ืข.ืด 


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ืจื—ืœ ื”. ืงืืจืŸ 



ื“ื™ืจ 

ื›ืณื‘ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฐืดืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ื™ืฐื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงื– ืจืขื’ื–, 
ืื•ื– ืืณื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืฒื– ื‘ื™ืฆืื ื“ืื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ 
ื‘ืฒื ?!ืณ?ืืคื ื“ืฒื–ื– ื“ื•ืืง ืคื•ื– ื“ืดื– ืขืจืฉื˜ื– ืฐืืจื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฒื ืค 5 ื™ืขื ื“ืฒื–ื– ืฆืฐืฒื’ ืคื•ืŸ ?ื™ืคืขื. 

ืื•ืŸ ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืข^ื“ ื’ื™ืฆืฒื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ึพืฐืฒืฅ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื–ืฒื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื™ื–ืขืจื˜ืข ืคืื“^ืื’ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคืฒื›^ืขืจื. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืคื™ืฆืŸึพืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืงืืค, 
ืฐื™ ื’ืื“ ื’ืข^ืขืจ ื”ืื ื™ืง โ€” 


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ืจื—ืœ ื”โ€ข ืงืืจืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื™ืืจืŸ โ€” 

ืคืขืœื“, ืื•ื™ืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืกืณื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืคื™ืก, 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉืฐืืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืงโ€”ืจื™ ืš ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืŸ. 


ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ 


ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื–ืขืืขื ืข ืžืฒืจืœืขืš ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒื˜ื™ืง 
ืคื•ืœืข ืœืื ืขื ืชื‘ื•ืื” 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืช ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื—ื•ืชื ื™ื, 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืืœืฐ ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืื‘ืœื“ื™ืงืข, ื›ืžืืจื ืข ืจืขื’ืŸึพื˜ืขื’. 
ื–ืฒ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ืข ืงืื ืงืืœึพืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืฑื ื ืŸ ืงืืค 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจื‘ืื‘ืขึพืงื•ืคืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืขืœืจืขืจื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื–ืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืฒ, 
ื“ื™ ืงืืืขื ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉืืจืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืชืŸึพืœื•ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืจืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื ื—ื•ืคื”ึพื˜ืื ืฅ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื˜ื™ืงืดื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข, ืคื•ืœืข ืœืื ืขื. 


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ืจื—ืœ ื”โ€ข ืงืืจืŸ 


ืคืจื™ืžืŸืŸืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืŸืŸืจืฃ 


ืืณื‘ืื”ื^ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืื“ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ื“^ืฒื™^ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืืจื’ืšื’ืจื•ื™ืงืดื˜. 
ืขื ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืณืฉื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ื–ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื™ืคื˜ืจืื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืฐืขืฐืขืจืงืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื’ ืฆื• ืฆืฐืฒื’ 
ืื™ืฆืฅ ื ื™ืจืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ืจืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื?ืฅ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ืืŸ ื˜ื•ื™. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืคืขื›ืขืจื ืจื•ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื“ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื˜ืขื 
ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, 
ืื– ืืณื”ืื˜ ืจื™ ืฆืฒื˜ ืคืืจืืงืขืจื˜ ื ืืš ืืฒืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืืงืขืจืืฒื–ื ื 
ืื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ืคืข^ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒืขื ื˜ืื’. 

ืืณื‘ืืฐืฒื–ื˜โ–  ื–ื™ื“ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ื” ื ืฉืฐืขื ื ืฑื ื’ืข ืฉื™ืงืืข, 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื ืฒืขื ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืจ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืืจื™ืžื˜ ืืฒื‘ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื, ืฆื™ ืืณืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื ืข ื’ื ื™ืืจืข ืคืขืจื“ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื›ื ื ื–ื•ืŸ โ€” 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจืข ืฐืฒื›ืข ืืจืขืžื ื”ืืจื˜ืข ืงืืจืืžื™ื^ืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื. 

ื“ื™ ืงืื ืขืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื“ืข ื–ืฒื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืืฉื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืขื ?ืฒืฐื ื˜ืงื™ืฆืฒื“ืฆ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ื. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ืฒ ืณ^ืื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืืค ืื•ื™ื” ืณ^ืื ื’ืขืจ ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคืŸ ื“ืืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ืคืืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ืข ืžืฒื™ืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืš ื‘ืืฐืืงืืขื ืขื ื“ื ื ื“ืขื ืงื™ 5 ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸึพื˜ืจืื ืก. 
?ืื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื–ืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืงื•?: 
ืดื‘ื•?, ื‘ื•?ืด 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืžื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืฒืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื™ืฆื›ืข ืืณื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื“ื™ ืงืื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉืคื™ื ืฐืขื‘ึพืื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงื ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 


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ืจื—ืœ ื”. ืงืืจื– 


ื—ืณื˜ื•ืŸ 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข, ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืืงื™ื ืขื ืขืจื“ 
ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืขื”ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืขืจื™ื ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืขืจืณื˜ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ืžืคืขื˜, 
ืฐืื ืฉืžืฒื›ืœืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืืžืขื ื ืืšึพืืžืื™ืฆ. 

ืขื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืจืื ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื—ื”, 
ืฉืคืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืฒืœื˜ืข, ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข, ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืจืื‘ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืงืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืค, ืฐื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืžื•ืžืขื 
ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ืงืฒืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ืœืขืงืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ื™ืืืœืขื; 
,<ื ื™ืฉืงืฉื”, ืขืฆืณื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืช ื ืืš ืฆื•ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ืด. 


ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืืื˜, 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ื˜ืื™^ืŸ, 
ื ืขืงืืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืืœืข, ืงืœืฒื ืข ืจืืฐืขื, 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืคืขื ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฐ 5 
ืคืืจ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืšึพื‘ืœืืืŸ, ืฐื™ื”ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžืฒื‘? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. 

ื ืืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื›ืžืืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืืฆืขื‘ืื: 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื’ืขืฐืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืืŸ, ืฐืฒื›ืŸ ืคื•ืš, 
ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืืจืข ื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขื™^ื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืื˜, 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸึพื–ืฒื˜ ื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 


202 



ืจื—ืœ ื”. ืงืืจืŸ 


ื“ืขืจืฐืฒืœ ื–ื™ืš ืจืดื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืคื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืดืฆืข, 
ื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืืœื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœืคืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืื ื”ืืœืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืœื˜ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœืื–ืŸ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื›ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืื–ื•ื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืจืขืจ, 
ื›ื™ื– ืกืณืื™ื– ื“ืื ืคื•ื™ืขืจืœ ืงื•ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ. 

ื ื›ื™ืืœ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืœืดืš, 
ื ืฒื“ ื›ืื’ืœืฒื˜, 

ืฐืื ื’ืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืจื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืงืœืขืš 
ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ โ€” 
ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืืจืฒื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฒื“ื ืคืืจื˜ืจืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฐืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืจืคืื’ืฒืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื”ึพื ื‘ื™ืืณืŸ. 


31 ืงืขืžืœืขืŸ 

ืขื ืžืขืื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืื”ืืจืื ืฐืฒืึพืฆืขื’ืฆื™ื˜ืข ื–ืืžื“ืŸ 
ืืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒืื™ืง ืงืขืžืœืขืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื›ืืœืื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื ื™ื˜ึพื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ. 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืคืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ืฒ ื ืขืฉืžื™ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื•ืจืœึพื›ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืืณืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื“ืงืฒื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ืื™ืงึพื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขื ืœืฒื› ืืื”ืืจื. 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืื“ืœืขืจื ืคืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื’^ืขืŸึพืคืขื›ืขืจืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืืžืขืŸึพื’ืจื™ืฐืขืก 
ื›ืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸึพื ืขื›ื˜ ื ืฐื™ื’ืœื™ื“, 
ืฉื˜ืืืณื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒื ืฐื™ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื–ืืžื“ึพืžืœื•ื›ื”. 


203 



ืจื—ืœ ื”. ืงืืจืŸ 


ื’ืดืขืŸ ืืดืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒืžื™ืง ืงืขืž^ืขืŸ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืฒืกืข ืงืืจืืฐืื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืงืขืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืคืœืฒื›ื˜ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืชื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืฒืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ โ€” 
ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒืื™ืง ืงืขืž^ืณืฉ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื“ื‘ืจึพืฆืื ื“ ืืื”ืืจื 
ืืŸ ื ื–ื•ืฒื–ืขืจ, ืืŸ ื ืื™ืจืขืจ. 


204 



ืœื™ื‘ืข ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 



ืฑื ื’ ื™ืืจ 


ืื™ื“ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฑื ื’ืข ื™ืืจ, 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืฒ ืคืฒ ืืฒืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืฐืฒืืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื”ืŸึพื’ื“ื•? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒืืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืค. 
ืขืคื ื˜ ื ืืจ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื–ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืฐืข 5 ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืืฒืขืจืข ืคื™ื ^ืฒื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ืืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ^ืขืคื ืก ืฐืข 5 ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืื ืคืฆื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื’ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฑื ื’ืข ื™ืืจ. 
ืขืคื ื˜ ื ืืจื™ 


[ 1919 ] 


205 


ืœื™ื‘ืข ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 


ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื™ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขื ื ื‘^ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืŸืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื’ืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ื˜ืืžืืฆ ื ื‘ืื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื< 5 ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ. 
ืฐืื• ืื™ื˜^ืขืš ื’ืื™ื“ ืžืฒื ื ื‘ืฆื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืื™ื˜ื™^ืขืš ืื“ืขืจื 
ืื™ื– ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืฐื 5 ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืฃ 

ืžื™ื“ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืข^ืืคืŸ 
ืจืื“ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™^ื“ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฒื ืขืจ ืคืื“ืกืจื™ืฆื˜ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ?ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืืคืŸ โ€” 
ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื“ืขื“ ืฑืžื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืŸ. 

ืขืขื”ืณืŸ ืณ 

ืขื ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืชืงื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื’ื–ืขื”ืณืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฐืื›ื ืขื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ.ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขื“ ื‘ืฒ ืืฒื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ืŸ. 
ื–ืฒ ^ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืงื ื•ื™^ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ื ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืŸ ืฐื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื“ื™ ืค^ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ื–ืฒ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ .ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืจืขืžื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒ^ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื ืข ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืขื ืฐืื•ื ื“ืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขื“ ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืฆืขืจื™ื™ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ืดืจื• 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒืขืŸ,โ€” 
ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ืงืจืฒืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื’ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื“ืขืงืŸ. 


20$ 



ืœื™ื‘ืข ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 


ืžืืŸึพื‘ืœื•ื 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™^ื“ืข ืžืืšื‘ืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ; 
ืฆืฐื™ืณืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืคื•ืจืคืœื ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐื™ื ืž ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืึพื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืคืฑื. 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืขืจ, ื’ืขืคืื ืฆืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ื’ืŸืฒื˜,โ€” 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืืจืณืคื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืฒื ืข ืœื™ืคืŸ ืฆืขืณืคืคืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืณืขื˜ืจืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื“ืขืจื ืขื ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืึพื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืคืฑื. 


ื‘ืฒื“ืข 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืจืืคืจืฒืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืœืฒื“ืขืจ, 
ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ ืืจื•ื™ืืœืื–ืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื“ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืืืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ. 
ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฒื ื ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืื›ื™ืื’ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืณื˜ื˜ืฒื ื“ืœืขืš ืฆืขื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืื›ื‘ื™ืœืŸ. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืื ื™ื“ืขืจืคื^ืŸ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช. 

ืฑื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืจืขื™ 1 

ืฑื ื’ืข ืงื’ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžืฒื’ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฐืขืœืคืขืœืขืš ื ืฑื ื’ืข ืจื•ื™ื‘. 
ื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืขืฆ 
ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืœืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒ ืจืขืจืืขืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜:ืณ 
ืžืื˜ืข! 



ืœื™ื‘ืข ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 


ืฐืื•ืชื™ืŸ 

ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืดืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ? 
ืขื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ 
ืคืืจืจื•ืงื˜ ืื– ื ื–ืฒื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคื ื™ื. 
ืขื ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ืคืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ืขืง^, 
ืฐืขืžืขื ืฉื›ื•ืจืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื›ืฆืŸ 
ืงืืŸ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืข ืจื’ืข 
ื‘ืื ื™ืืŸ ืืฒืš ืืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืงืœ^ื•ืช. 
ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ืื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ื’ืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ? 


ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขื ืง 


ืื™ืš ื’ืฒ ืืฐืขืงโ€ข 
ืืคื™^ื• ืžืฒื ืข ืคื•ืื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื ืื›ืงืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืื–ืŸ,โ€” 
ื“ื™ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืš. 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงืขืค 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืืœืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืจื•ืงื ื ืฐืืจืคืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ืื ื“ืขื ืง. 


208 



ืคืขืจืœ ืฐืืœืคื™ึพื ื’ืขืจ 


[ 1920 ] 


ื’ืื 

ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจ 

ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฒื›ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืšื‘ืฒื ืขืจ 
ืขื ื’ืฒื˜ 
ืคืืžืข 5 ืขื• ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืงื–ืฉืืง..โ™ฆ 

ื“ืขื ื ื“ื•ื™ืื– ืงืืค 
ืื•ื™ื— ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืงืฆืฒืŸ 
ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจืฒื–ื˜..* 

ื ืžืื ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื“ืื ื’?ืฒื›ืข, ืžืขืื™ืงืข, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืšื‘ื•ื™ื... 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
8 ืคื™ืจ, 
ื ืขืคืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขื ื–?: 


209 



ืคืขืจืœ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 


ื‘ืืจื’ โ€” ืคื•ืŸ ืืืจื ื˜, 
ื‘ืืจื’โ€”ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ.. โ™ฆ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื˜โ€” 
ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืŸืฆืฒื ืข 
ืฐืืจืฆืœึพืคื™ืก.., 

ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืฒื–ื˜, 
ืขืจ ื’ืฒื˜ 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸึพืฐืื™ืฆื“ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื ืŸืขืจึพื ืŸื–^ื˜ืืง... 


ืคื™ืก 


ืคื™ื โ€” 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขื“ ืืฒื ืขื“ 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒ.*. 
ืื˜ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ 

ื ืฐืืจืขืึพืžืขื ื˜ืฉ... 
ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืคื™ื, 
ืืŸ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ ืื ื’ืขืฉืคืืจื˜... 
ื–ืฒ ืฉื˜ืขื™^ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜... 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ืžื•ืฒ 5 โ€” 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื โ€” 
ืขื ืฉืจืฒื˜... 
ืงืจื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืง. 


210 



ืœื•ืจื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืง... 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืืจืขื ^ืขื‘ื˜... 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ โ€” 
ื–ืฒ ืงืจื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒืŸ: 
ื ืืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸึพื”ืื ื˜, 
ื ืืš ื’ืขืณืขืื ืง... 



ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


[ 1920 ] 


ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืคืข ืขื•ื•ืขื ืฑ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ 


ื 

ืขื ืื™ื– ืืคืจื™ื™? 

ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืจืฒื ืขืจ ืจื•^ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ืฆืืง. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืฒืขืจืจื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืื•ื™ืฑ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื ื“ืŸ ื˜ืื’. 

ืฐื™ ืฉืฒืŸ, ืฐื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื^ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืขื ืื™ื– ืจืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ^ืคืจื™ืœ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืคืจืืฆืขืื™ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืืก, 
ืคืืจื‘^ืฒื›ื˜ืข ื“ื™ืŸึพืจื•ื™ืฉื’ื“ืข ืง^ืฒื“ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ืžืืจืžืืจื ืข ื˜ืจืขืค ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ืข^ โ€” 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฒื ื’ืขืคืืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื“ืœืŸืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“^ึพืจื•ืื™ืงึพืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืฆื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 


ื‘ 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืฐืขื ื™ื•, 
ืื™ืŸ ?ื™ 5 ืขื ืขื ื ืขืค 5 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฐืขื ืฑ 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืค^ืื˜ืขืจื˜. 


212 



ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฐืขื ืฑ 
ืฉืฐื™ืžืขื–, 

ืฐื™ ืคืืจืกื•ื“ืขื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืŸ, 
ืื™ืžื•ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฆืฐื™ื™ืคืœื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืขื ืขื 
ื“ืจืื”ืขื ื“ื™ืง. 

ื˜ืจืื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื™ืฆื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ?ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืฑื ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื ืขืจืฐืขื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฐืขื ืฑ 
ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืงืฆืฒื ืข ืค 5 ื™ื’ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคืข 


ื 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื^ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคืข, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ืœืขืฉ\ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืคืขืจ^ื“ื™ืง ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ?ืืžืคืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคืข, 
ืฐื™ ื™ืฆื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืฐืื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื โ€” 

โ€” ืงืข^ื ืขืจ, ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืงืืฐืข โ€” ื“ืขืžื™ื˜ืื. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื^ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคืข, 

ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ืฉืืจื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื’ืขื, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒื“, 



ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ื•? ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืฒื˜ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ืงื– ืฐืดื–โ€ข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืจืื ืง, 
ืื– ืืณืคืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืงืฒื˜ 
ื ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืฉืฒืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืืฆืข ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืžืืืงืขื–. 
ื ืฐื™ืฅ, ืืŸ ืืงืืœึพืฆื•ืง, ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื ืžื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจืคืœืื˜ืŸ. 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืฒ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ, ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ? 

ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื ืคืืจืื›ื˜ืœืขืš ืงืืœื˜ืข ืžืืืงืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืจืื ื™ืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจืฒืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืืืŸ. 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืจื™ืจ ืฐืฒ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ, ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ? 

ื’ 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืืื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืžืคืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉืฐื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืŸ โ€” 
ื ื’ืขื”ืฒืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ. 
ืงืจืฒื–ื˜, ืฐื™ ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจึพืฐื™ื ื˜, ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 
ื, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 


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ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ื‘ืจืื“ื•ื•ืข! ืืฐื ื˜ 

ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืขืœ, ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงืฐื^ืŸ. 
ืขืก ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืดืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™^ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืจืืœืŸ. 
ืฐื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืžืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข. ื˜ื•ืจืขืžื. ืฐืืืขืจืคื^ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืืืžืขื˜, ื–ืฒื“ื ื ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืื“ืจื™ืฆ 
ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐืื• ืคืืจืคื^ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœืื›ืŸ, 
ืื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืขื ื‘ื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ. 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืฉืื˜ื ื ืคืืœืŸ. 
ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ ื ืงืืจ ืคืืจื‘ืฒ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ. 
ื ืจืขืงืœืืžืข ืฉื ืฒื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ืืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืฉืฐืขืจื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉืืจื›ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ ื™ื ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืืคื™ืจื 5 ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, 5 ืื›ืŸ, 

ืื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืื›ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื’ืื˜ืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืขืžืขื ื˜, ื™ืฐืื• ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ื˜ืจืขืค ืืจืืค 
ืจืฒืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื“ืื ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืืžื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงึพืฉืฒืŸ, ื–ืฒืŸ ืงืืค. 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจื ืขื ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื^, 
ืงืฒืœืขื›ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืืŸ ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื˜ืึพืฉื˜ืจื 5 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขืจืงืฒื˜ ืืฒื ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 



ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืื”ืŸืืœ ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืณืฆ 1 ืืจ^, 
ื ืฉืืจ, ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืืฉ ื“ืขื ืื˜ื™ืœืขื˜ ื“ืขืž ื™ื•ื™^ืŸ. 
ืขื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืฐื™ ื ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืข ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ืฐื™ืœื“ืข ืคื™ื’ื’ืขืจ ื™ืื ืŸ ื–ื™_ืš ืฆื•ื ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ. 


ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 

ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืขื ืข, ื–ื•ืŸึพื’ืขืฐืืฉืขื ืข, 
ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืฉืงืœืืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐืืงืื˜ื• ืืจื•ื™ื ืฐื™ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืื 
ืงืจืฒื– ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืฐืืจืฆืœืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื’ืข ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืืš, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืžืœ 
ื–ื•ืš ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. 


ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒืืŸ ืฉืืจืคืŸ ื’ืœืื’ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื“ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืื• ืฐืขืจื‘ืขื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฒืš ืื•ืŸ ืืืื ืขื ืฐืืœืงืŸึพื˜ื•ื ืงืœ, 
ืฐืื• ื˜ื•ืœืคืขืŸ ืคืœืืงืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืงืืจืคื•ื ืงืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸึพื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜ืŸ, ื–ื•ืŸึพื‘ืืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒืฉืขืจื™ืง ื“ืขื ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜. 

ื ืคืจืืื˜ื™ืง ื”ืืื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืฒื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฑื ื’ืข ื’ืจืื–ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืขื’ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจึพืฉืคื™ืฆืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ ื–ื•ืŸึพื‘ืื–ื•ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฐื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฆืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ื‘ืจืขื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจืื–ืŸ 
ืฉืจืฒื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜. 


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ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืขืœื™ืŸ 


ื™ืืจืŸ 


ืฐื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฆ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืจื•ืจื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืื— 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื’ืื˜ โ€” 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืจื™ ื™ืืจืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืืจืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ึพืžื•ื™ืœ ืดื”ืืžืœืขื˜ืด ืคืืจืŸ ืžืืจืง; 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืœืฆืŸ ื’ืจืื ืื™ื ื™ืืจืŸ, 
ืฐืื ื›ืืคืŸ ืืŸ ืจืขื ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืื ืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืงืืจืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ืฐื™ ื ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืฐื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืคืืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืขื“ื ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ. 


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ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ 


ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื 


ื”ืฒื–ืขืจ ืฐื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืงืดื’ืจื•ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพื”ืขืœืข ื’ืืืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืฉืฐืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ื ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉืžืฒื›ืœืขืŸ, ืคืืจื‘ืœืืืŸ, 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 

ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื”ึพืฉืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจ ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื’ืงืขืœืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ. 
ืคืืจืขืงืฉื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฐืืœื“ 
ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืฐืฒื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜. 
ื, ืฐืื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•, ืงื™ื ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ื“ื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ? 


218 



ืืืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ 



ื’ื•ื ื‘ืœืžืขืŸ ืฒื ื’ืœ 


ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ืฒื ื’ืœ, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ื™ืง, 
ื“ืฒื’ืข ืื•ื™ื’ื–^ืคืจื™ืณืืข ืงืฐืืœื–, 
ื“ืฒื ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขื– ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ื’) 
ืื•ื– ืขื ืณื˜ืžืขื’ืŸื˜ ืคื•ื– ื–ืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืŸืืจื–. 


ื‘ืืฒื‘ ื ืฒื ื’ืœ ืื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจโ€” 
ื”ืขื ื’ืขื– ื–ื^ ืื™ื– ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ืฆื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ื–, 
ื–ืฒ ืžืฒื– ืจืื–ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื–โ€” 


ืฆื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืดื– ื”ื™ืžืœ, 
ืฐืข^ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืœืฒื›ื˜ื– ื“ืจื™ืžืœ 
ืจืฒื˜ื– ืฐืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืฒืœ ืคื•ื– ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื–, 
ื‘ืฒื ืจืื’ื“ ืคื•ื– ื”ื™ืžืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ื•ื™ื’ื–. 


219 



ืืืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ 


ืžืดืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ืงืืดื ืขื ื’ืืจืžืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืดืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืฒื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืขื ื–ืื ืคืืจื–ืดืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืงืขืจืŸ ืจื™ ืขืจืจ. 
ื–ื— ืื™ืš ื™ืขืจืŸ ืืฐื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ืฉืื˜ื ื˜ ืณื^ืขืคืขืจื™ืง ืืจืืค ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื’ืฒ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืฆืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืฒืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื™ื ื‘ืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืื– ืื™ืฆืฒืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ... 

ืฐืื• ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ? ืฐืื•?- 

ืืณืื™ื– ื‘^ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ?ื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืž 5 ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืข 5 ื›ืข ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’ึพื˜ืขื’ 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื–ืฒื˜... 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐืฒืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื™ื ื‘ืขื˜,โ€” 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ืฉ?ืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืžื 5 ื ืืจ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืืจ ืžืดืŸ ืฐืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒื–... 


220 



ืืกืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ 


ืคืจื™ื—ืืจื‘ืื˜ 


ืคืจื™ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืณืขื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ! ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขื–, 
ืณืขื ืฒื“ื˜ ืืค ืคื™ื– ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฆืขืค 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืืืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. 
5 ืืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืื ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืืงืืŸ ื’ืื™ืฆื“ืขื ืข ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืจืฒื ื–ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื, ื, ืจืฒื ื–ืฒ ืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืฆื• ืื•ื’ื–ืขืจ ืืจื™ืžืข ื”ื•ื™ื–. 
ืฐืขืืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒื’ืฒืŸ, ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ: 
ืื˜ ื“ื ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืจืฒื›ืข, ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ! 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒื’ืขืจ ื ืคืจื•ืืฐ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืŸ ืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ: 
ืฐืื• ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืื™ืœื“ืขื ืขื ื“ืืš? 
ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆืข^ืื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืŸ ื ืืš, ืื•ื™, ื ืืš โ€” 
ืื˜ ื“ื ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ืขื’ืขื ื“ืืš ืžื™ื˜ืณืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืคื™ื ืขืฃื™ ืฉืคืืŸ.. 
ืฐืข 5 ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒ^ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ืจืืฐ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื ืืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ. 
ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ื“ืื ื’ื 5 ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืืš ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืฆ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ... 



ืืกืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ 


ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ โ€” ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืขืจ 


ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ โ€” 
ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืขืจ. 
ืฐื™ ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืืจ ืืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ื˜ื•ืื˜ื• ืื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืค ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, 
ื˜ื•ืื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืงืœืฒื“, 
ืฆื™ืื˜ ื ืงืœืฒื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒืฐื ื˜ ืืŸ. 


ื“ืขื ื™ื•ืžื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืื•ื™ื. 
ืฉืœืฒื›ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ื. 
ืื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืื˜ื• ืขื–ื˜ืฒืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืงืขืœืขืจึพืฉื˜ื•ื‘ โ€” 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืฑืืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื‘, 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœืฆืŸ ืงืืค 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืžืืœืข ื˜ืจืขืค ืืจืืค โ€” 
ื“ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืคื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ 
ืขื–ื˜ืฒื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ โ€” 
ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืฒืฐื ื˜ืขื ืขื ืงืœืฒื“. 
ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ืื ื’ืขื”ืฒืฆื˜ืŸ ืื•ืฑื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืคืฒืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืจืฒืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš: 
ื“ื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื ืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜... 
ื“ืืจื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืœืฒื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขื˜ โ€” ื“ืขืจ ืคืื™ืœืืฅ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœื ืื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืืฐืื›ื˜, 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืคืืจืœืื–ืขื ืข ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ื ืืš ื ืื›ื˜. 
ืืณื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒื“ืขืœืข ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืื ืงืœืฒื“. 
ืขืก ืงืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืณืขืœืืš, ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืื˜, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, 
ืื•ื™ืื˜ื“ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืฒื“... 


222 



ืืืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืง^ืฒื ื™ื ืงืข ืคืจื™ื ืฆืขืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ~ 
ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฑืขื’ ืฆื•ื ืคืืœืืฅ, 
ืขื ื–ื 5 ื“ืื ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒ;, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืจืื ืจืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ 5 ื•ื™ ืื”ืฒื... 


ื ืœื™ื“ 

ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ โ€” 
ืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ื• ืื•ื™ื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืฑ 
ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจึพืฐืฒืืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”. 

ืฆื• ืœื‘ื ื” ื“ืขื“ ืฐืขื’ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืืš ืจืฒืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืจืฒืŸ: 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืข^ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืŸ, โ€” 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื, 
ืฐื™ ื ืฐืฒืืข ื ื–ืฒื“ืขื ืข ืคืืŸ. 

ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืค^ื™ื ืง, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฒื›ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ โ€” 
ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืžืื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ โ€” 
ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”. 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜, 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜, 
ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ื ืจืฒื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืื ื™ืฑื•ืฒืืŸ ื”ืขืžื“... 



ืืกืชืจ ืกื™ื’ืืœ 


ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ 

ืืš, ื“ื• ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ! 
ืฐื™ ื’ืจืŸืขืฆื™ืขื– ืขืก ืœื™ื ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข 
ื ืกืืกืข ื”ืืกื˜ื• ืคื•ื ื’ืŸื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื• ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฒื“ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฒื“ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ โ€” 
โ€” ื”ืขืคืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื ืฉื•ื™ืก... 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ?ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืฐืืขื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืืค ื“ื™ ื’ืืจื‘ืŸ. 
ื–ืื’ ื ืืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื” ื“ื•! 
ื”ืืกื˜ื• ืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ? 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืœืŸืืกืข ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, 
ืขืก ืกืฒืงืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืืŸ ืขื›ื~ 
ื ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ, ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ื’ืŸืจืขื›ืฅ... 
ืฉื ื™ื˜ืฆืฒื˜, ืฉื ื™ื˜ืฆืฒื˜: 
ื–ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ โ€” 
ืขืก ืกื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒื–ืข ื’ืขืื˜, 
ืืš, ื“ื™ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืื™ืฆืŸ, ืคืืฆืŸ โ€” 
ืขืก ืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืขืกื˜... 


224 



ืืืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 



}(ืœื‘^ื˜ื•ืืก 

ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืื, 

ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืื, 

ื“ืฒื– ื’ื•ืŸื– โ€” ืคืขืจืœืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื‘ืจืื ื– โ€” ื“ืฒื ืข ืณืคืœื™ื’ืœ, 
ืฐืืืขื“ ืื•ื– ื”ื™ืž^โ€” ื“ืฒื– ืื•ื™ื’. 

ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืื, 

ืฆืขืคืœืืืขื ืข ื›ืฐืืœื™ืขื โ€” ื“ืฒื– ืณืืคื™ืœ. 
ืฆืขืณืกืœืื’ืขื ืข ืณืฉื•ื™ืžืขื– โ€” ื“ืฒื– ื˜ืื’. 

ื ืขึพื•ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒื– ื’ื•ืจืœ: 
ื™ื•ืจืฒืฆื ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื ื˜ื– 
ื ืืš ืฉื™ืคื– ืคื•ื– ืฉื˜ืืœ. 


ืืืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 


ืฆื™ืจื’ืŸื™^ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื–, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืฒื– ื”ื•ืขืขืจ 
ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืืคืคื^ืŸ, 
ื^ื‘ืื˜ืจืื! 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ?ื™ื›ื˜ 

ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืง 5 ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื–ืขืŸ โ€” 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื›ืฐื^ื™ืขื โ€” ื“ืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื, 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื›ืฐืืื™ืขื โ€” ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. 
ื^ื‘ืื˜ืจืื, 
ืืฆื‘ืื˜ืจืื! 


ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 

ืื™ืš ื–ื 5 ื‘ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ื•ืช 
ื ืืš ืื™ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื‘ืื™ื”ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ ืจื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื–ืฒ ื–ืืฆืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘^ื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืื•ื’ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื’, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื^ื˜ ืฆื•. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒื›ื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ืืฆืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื›ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ืคื•ืฆืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจื 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืชืฐืฒื, 

ืฉื•ืจื•ืชืฐืฒื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ื ืจื™ืืŸ ืฉืฐืื ื’ืขืจ โ€” 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ื–ืื˜ืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ โ€” 
ืฐืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคืืื˜ ืฆื•. 


226 



ืืกืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 


ืฐืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื• 

ื›ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืืดื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื™ืŸืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•^ืข ืณืขืฐืฒื’ื ื, 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืื ^ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐืื’ืฆืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืดื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื ื ื ื™^ืื ืจื–ืณื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืข^ื˜ืŸ โ€” 
ืฐืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื 5 ื˜ ืฆื•, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื 5 ื˜ ืฆื•. 


ืฐืฒืขื– 


ื 

ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžืืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืจื•ืจ, 
ืคืืจืจื™ื’^ื˜, ืคืืจื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืฐืขื ื˜. 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ึพื“ืจืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉ^ืืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื•ืš, 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื“ืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืฐืขื ื“ื˜. 

ืฐืข^ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืคื•ืื ื ื‘^ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขื›ื˜, 
ืคื^ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืคื•ืื ื ื“ืขื ืจืฒืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืื โ€” 
ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆืขื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืค^ืขื›ื˜? 
ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืฒืคืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ. ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจื–ืื! 


ื—ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืืฒื ื’ืขืค^ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื”-ืฆืขืค. 
ืฉ^ืขืืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉ^ืืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื”ึพืคืจืฒื“. 
ืฑื ื’ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืขืค. 
ืคืฒืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒื“. 



ืืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 


ื—ื•ืคื”ึพืจื’ืขื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 
ื›^ื”ึพื˜ืขื’ ืคืืจืฉืฐืื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ืงื ืืืคืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘^ื™ื˜. 
(ืžืฒื“^ืฉืืคื˜, ื™ืื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ืื›ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐื™ื ื“!) 

?ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฆืฐืื’ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื ื˜ ื‘^ืฒืš: 
^ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืฒื“. 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ โ€” ื’ืขืงืฐืืœืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš โ€” 
(ืžืฒื“^ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฑื ื’ืขืจ ืคืจืฒื“). 


ื’ 

ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒื‘ ื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจื“, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืฒืขืŸ ืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜. 
ื’ืขืืื›ื˜, ื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืคืจืฒื“, ืื•ื™ื ืคืืจื“ืจืืž โ€” 
ืขืจื’ืขืฐ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉ^ืืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืฆืขื ืขืจ ืฉืฆืื. 

ื”ื™ืฆืค^ืื– ืื•ื™^ ืจื•ืงืŸ ื’ืข^ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ืืื–ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ืด 
ืฐืขืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒ ืคื•ื ื ืื˜ืขืค ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜. 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขื•ืคื”ื™^ืข, ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฐื™ ื ืฉืคืจืฒ. 
ื— 5 ื•ื โ€” ืฆืขืจื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ. 

ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžืืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืจื•ืŸื–, 
ืคืืจืจื™ื’^ื˜, ืคืืจื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืฐืขื ื˜. 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ึพื“ืจืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืฆืืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ื•ืš, 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื“ืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืฐืขื ื“ื˜. 


223 



ืืืชืจ ืฉื•ื 1 ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 


ืฉืขืœื˜ ื  1 ืฉื˜ 

ืฉืขืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฐืื ืงืฐื^ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื”ืฐืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“: 
ืืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 

ืฉืขืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฐืื ืงืฐืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ืฐื™ืคื ื ืขืจืฐืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฆื•ืงื˜ 
ื ืืš ื˜ืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืดื ืข ืฑื ื’ืข ื”ื™ืจืฉืšืคื™ื! 
ืฐื™ืคืœ ืืขืจืคืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ืคื ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืื™ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื? ืœื™ืคืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, 
ืžื™ืšโ€”ื“ื™ ื‘^ื™ืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1 
ืžื™ืšโ€”ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“! 

ืฉืขืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฐืื ืงืฐืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 


ื‘ืดื ืœืื“ืŸ ื ืฉ^ืŸื– 


ื 

ืืจืขืžื, ืฐืื ืฉ^ืฒื“ืขืจืŸ ืื ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืืจืขืžื, ืฐืื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ?ืื“ื•ื ื’ึพืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืฉืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 
ืืจืขืžื ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืงื™ืœื˜ ื–ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืœืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื, 
ืืจืขืžื ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืžืืŸ! 



ืืื•ื–ืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 


ืžื•ืืงื•^ืŸ ืฐืืจืฆืฆื“ื™ื™ืŸืข, ื ืืงืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืคืจืดึพื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ืคื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ?ืขื ื“ืŸ โ€” 
ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ! 

ื‘ืืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืืงื•^ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืžืืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืณืฆืคืื›ืข ืฐื™ื ืง^ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขืง^ืืžืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงึพืืจืขืžื, 
ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคืขืจื ืข ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขื โ€” 
ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ืขื›ืืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืืข. 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืจื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ ื”ื™ืžืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืืŸ ืžื•ืืงื•ืื™ืื˜ืŸ: 
ืดืžื™ื˜ ื›ื•ื” ื’ืขื”ืืžืขืจื˜, 
ืดืžื™ื˜ ืืคืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจืืฐืงืฒื˜ 
ืดืฉื ืฒื“ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ 5 ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืจืคื˜ืข, 
ืดืžืžืฉ^ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜!" 


ื‘ 

ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืฐืฒื 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืฐืขืจึพืคืืจื”ืืจืขืฐืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืข^ืคืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืก^ ืฐื™ ืืฒืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ โ€” 

ืื™ืจ ืงืฒื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒื’ืŸ ื˜ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฒืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒื ื˜ ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ โ€” ืฉืฐืขืจึพื’ืขื’ืืืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ืŸ โ€” 
?ืื›ื˜ ื’ืจืื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื™ืœืŸึพืจื•ื™ืฉ. 
ื, ืคื•^ืื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืžืื–ืื™^ื™ืื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ื’ืขื”ืื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพื‘ืืจืื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื’ื˜. 
ื, ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืืงื^ืขืŸ, ืฆืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขื“ ื‘ืจืฒื˜, 
ื’ืขืื ืงืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืฒ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขื ืฐืข^ื˜ โ€” 
ืฐื™ื‘ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืŸึพืคืฒืฃ! ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึพื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื, 
ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื™ืึพื‘ืืจืื˜! 


230 



ืฑื“ื™ืงื 



ื”ืขื™, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืณ ื–ืื’ 
(ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ืกื–) 

ื”ืขื™, ?ื™ืคืขืจ, ื–ืื’, ื’ืขืคืข 5 ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ? 
ื˜ื ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื ืืš ื ืืจ ื ืง?ืฒื ืข, ืงืœืดื ืข ื™ืŸื™ื ื“, 
ืžืดื– 5 ืฒืค โ€”ึพ ืคืืจืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืข? ืคื™ื– ืงืจืืงืื“ื™ืœ, 
ืคื™ื– ืขื–^ืื ื’ื–ึพื”ื•ื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจืฒื˜, 
ืคื•ื– ื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจื™ื ื ืงืจืื ืฅ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจ ืคืืœืฒื’ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืขืšืฉื ื•ืจื– ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืฒื– ืœืฒืค ืคืืจื–ืฒื˜. 
ืžื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’ืืฐื™ื ื˜ 
ืคื•ื– ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืืฒืคื™ืงืฒื˜, 
ืคื•ื– ืžื•ื˜ืขืจึพืืฒืคื™ืงืฒื˜ 
ื ืฐืขื™^ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒื–, 
ื ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืขืจื“! 


231 


ื™ ื• ืŸ' ื™ ื 


ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืค^ืจืฉืฐืขืื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื•ื ืขืšืฆื™ื›ื˜, 
ื”ื™ืž^ึพื›^ื•ื™, 
ืฆื‘ื ื”ึพืง^ืืจ, 

ืฐืื ืืฒื‘ื™ื›ืŸ ืณ^ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืดื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ^ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ. 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืขืจื“ืŸึพืžื”, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืขืจื“ืŸึพืคืจืฒื ื˜, 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงึพืžืืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืฒืŸ ื”ืฒื’ื˜. 
ื“ื• ื“ื•ืคืื˜ ืžื™ืš: ืดืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืฆื™ืงืด, 
ื“ื• ืจื•ืคืื˜ ืžื™ืš: ืดืฐืดืืข ืคืจืฒื“ืด, 
ื“ื• ืจื•ืคืื˜ ืžื™ืš: ืดืคืจื™ืฆื™ื ื’ืึพื‘ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜ืด, 
ืžืฒืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืงืขื ืื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ื™ 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื“ืขื ื‘ 5 ืฒื›ื–, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืง 5 ืฒื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 5 ื•ืคื˜ืŸ,โ€” 
ื˜ื ืฐืฒื˜ ื ืืจ, ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืื ืคืจืขื›ืขืจ, ื 5 ืฅ ืฉืขื ืขืจ! 
ืื™ืš ื“ืจืฒ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ?ืืš ืืฒืš ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ. 

ื–ืื ื ืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืข 5 ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืฒื ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื–, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืงืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืื™^ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืืคื™ื™^ื• ืฆื•ื ืงื•ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐืฒื˜ ื ืืจ, ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ! ืณืฐืื ืžืจืขื›ืขืจ, ื^ืฅ ื‘ืขืืขืจ! 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืดืŸ ื‘-:?ื•ื–ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืื˜, 
ื˜ืื ืฅ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ?ืื– ืฐื™ ื ืžืฒื“ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ื‘ื™^ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 


232 



ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ? ื 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืืจ, ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ! ืจื™ื™ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ! 
ืขื ื“ืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืจืดื™^ืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื›ื•ืจ. 
ืฐืื ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืื ืืณื“ืจืฒืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืข 5 ื˜ืŸ? 
ืฐืื ืคืจืขื›ืขืจ, ืฉืขื ืขืจ! ืฐืฒื˜ ื ืืจ, ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ! 


ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ 


ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืฒื–, 
ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™, 
ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ืณืื™ืงืขืจ ืคืื ื˜ืืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฉืžืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืฒืฉ, 
ืื™ืš ืฉืžืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘^ื•ื˜ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ?ืืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืข^ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข !โ€ขืณ?ื•ืžืขืŸึพื‘ื™ื ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืง ื–ื™ื™ ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืฆ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื™ื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒื‘ืŸึพืฆืฒื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืžืฆ, ืขืจื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื ื’ืขืฐืืจืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืฆื“ืข ืคืขืจื“, 
ื“ืจืฒืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจืฒื–. 

ืขื ืฆื™ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจ ืคืขืฆ, 
ืขื ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืืฆื“ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฆืขืฆื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืฒืขืจึพื“ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืืฆืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜. 
ืขื ื’ืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜, ื’ืขืฆืืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜, 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฆื˜ึพื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ื”ืืจ, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืณืขืจื“, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืืฆื˜ืข ืฉื ืฒืขืŸึพื‘ืขืจื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืืคืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืื–ืฆืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ... 


233 



ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ืœ 1 ื 


ืฐืื ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืขื’? ืฐืื ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•, ืืฒื‘ื™ื›ืŸื™ื™ื˜? 

ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ื‘?ืืืข ืฐืขืฆื˜ืšืงื™ื ื“, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ื˜^ืขืš ื‘ื™ืฆืืืข ืื•ื™ืื ืขืณืคื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 5 ื•ืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืš ื ื ื?ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืค^ื™ื ึพืžื™ื ื•ื˜. 


ื‘ืฒ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ 


ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ืฐืืืขืจึพื‘ืจืขื , 

ืฐืื ืฉื ืฒื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืค ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ื“ื• ืฉืฒื ืข ืขืจื“, 
ืื™ืš ืคื? ืืฐืขืง 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืง ืžืฒืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืฒืŸ ืขืจื“ืŸึพื ื•ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ื ื ืจืขื–ืขืืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ื“ืฒืŸ ื ^ื™ืง^ืขืš ื ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ืฅ. 

ืื•ืŸ ^ืื ื’ื–ืื 5 ืื–ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืž? ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืืฆื“ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขื ื’ืจืขื–ืข 5 ืข ื–ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒื ืขืจ ื ื^ื“ื ืขืจ ืžื™^ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžื™ืฆึพืฉืืืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจื“ืŸึพืฉื•ื™ื. 
ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื˜ืขื ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืื–, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืคื˜ ื ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื“ืจืขืžื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจืื–, 
ืฐืื ื›ืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื˜ืขืžื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืš. 
ื, ื”ื™ืž?, ืขืจื“! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื“ืขืจ^ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืš ื ืฐืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจ, ืฐืืก ื’ื™ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฐืข^ื˜ืŸึพืง^ืื’. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒ?ืŸ ืฐืข 5 ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืขื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื  ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืฒ 5 ืŸ ืฐืข 5 ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืื , 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืืจ. 


234 



ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ืง ื 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืฒ ืื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ^ืฒื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืฉื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื˜ืืขืจึพืงื™ื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฒืืขืจื™ืŸ โ€ขืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื’. 

ืื™ืš ?ืฒื’ ืžืฒืŸ ืคื’ื™ื ื“ื ืฆื•ื ื˜ืฒื›ืŸึพื‘ืจืขื’, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ืžืฒืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจึพืขืจื“, ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืื› ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš, 
ื ืืจ, ื›ืณืฐืฒื: ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื ื–ืณืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™!* 

ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืฆืฒื˜, 
ืืœืฅ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜! 
ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜! 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒ ืงืฒื ืขื, โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ื–ืฒ ืืœืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง ืœืื›ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืข^ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืื ืฐืฒืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื˜ืขืžื, 
ืฐื™ ืžืฒืจืœืืš, ืฐืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ื–ืฒื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืฆื˜, 
ืคืืจื“ืจืฒ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืืค ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ?ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืฃื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ; โ€” 

235 



ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ 5 ! ื 


ืฐืื ืืจืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืขืฆื›ืข, ~ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืฆ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ... 
ื›ื™ื– ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืด^ืขื›ืŸ ืœืื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื^ืข ืคื™ืจ ืฐืขืื˜ื–ืฒื˜ืšืขื›ื! 


ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ืŸึพื‘ื? ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืณื˜ืคืจืืฆื˜! 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“ืŸึพืฉืขื ืงืฒื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒ ืื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื’ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ื’ื^ื“ื ืขื ืคืœืื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคื• 5 . 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืืข ืคื™ืฆื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™^ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืจื’ื ื, ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืฆืฒื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืืจืืค ?ื‘ื ื”, ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื•ืŸ. 
ื”ืขื™, ?ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืง ืžื™ืš ืืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ^ื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืœ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื–ืืค. 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืก, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ื• ื–ืฒืŸ! 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒืข ื˜ืขื’ ืžื•ื–ื˜ื• ื–ืฒืŸ ืื ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคื™ืจืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืฆืฒื˜ ื‘ืฒื ื•ื•ืื ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืข^ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ 5 ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืฒืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ืฐืขื’, ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ ... 
ืื™ืš ื’ืฒ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื’ืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืžืข ืขืจื“ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจืฒืข ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ. 
ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืขืค ืคืืจ ืžื™ื“ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, 
ืขื ^ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจื“ืŸ, 
ื”ืขื™, ?ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ื ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ! 
ื”ืขื™, ื”ื™ืž 5 , ืขืจื“, ืฐืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ! 
ื?ืข ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒื ื’ืขื“ืจืฒื˜ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืืจืŸ, ื˜ืขื’, โ€” 
ื“ื™ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜ ื?ืฒืŸ .. . 


236 



ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ืง ื 


ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ 

ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉ^ืืคืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ 
ืขื–ื˜ืฒื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ ื ืฒ ื ืืณืฆื–ืืคืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืง^ืืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืืจื™ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ื™ืฆ. 

?ื•ื™ื” ืืจื•ื ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื™^ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืฐืขื 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืฑื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื– ื“ืขื ืคืฒื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉ^ืืคืŸ, ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืข^ืืืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸ. 

?ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืฒื“ 5 , 
ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 5 ืฒืค ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืœื“ืงืฒื˜, 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื•ื’ืŸ. 
?ืขืงื˜ ืืจื•ื ืžืฒืŸ 5 ืฒื› ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฒืืงืฒื˜. 

ื›ืจืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฐืืœ ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืืืขืจ, 
ืฐืขืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืข ื›ืฆื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒ ืฆื™ื’ืŸ ื ืืš ืคืืจื“ืจืขืžืฆื˜, 
ืฐืืฉ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. 

ืฉื˜ืข 5 ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืฉืคืจื™ืฅ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ืคืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื›ืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืงื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื? ืืŸ. 

ื• 5 ื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืฐืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืืจื’ืŸึพื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉ^ืืคืŸ, ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืื’ืข^ืืืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸ. 


237 



ืฉืคืจื” ืฐืฒื 



ื“ื•ืจื•ื—ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ืง 

ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ืง. 
ืื•ื™ืื’ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืณื˜ื˜ื^ืขื ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. 
ื˜ืฒื ืข ืฐืืจืฆ^ืขืŸ ื’ืขืืฒื–ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืื™^ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืื–. 
ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคื^ื˜ืŸ. 
ื™ืึพืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืฆืข ืณืขื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืื ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžื. 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฑื ื’ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื ื’. 


ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ 5 ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื ืขืื˜ืŸ, 
ืคื•ื™ื’ื™ืฆ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฐื™ื ืงืืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืง^ื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืืืŸ ื“ืื ืื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึพืฐืขืจืŸ. 


[ 1923 ] 


238 


ืฉืคืจื— ืฐืฒื 


ืฉื˜ืฒื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื^ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืคืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ืื™ืฆืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ* ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื“ืฒื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื. 
ื ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ึพื™ืืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืงื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื?ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืื 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื ื’. 


ืฆื•ื ืžืืŸ 

ืงื•ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ: 
ื“ืขื“ ื“ื™ืค ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืืฒื‘ 
ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืฒืŸ ืงืืค 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. โ€” 


ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ืข ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฆืขืค ืฆืขืฉื•ื™ืจืŸ, 
ืืฒื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืืขื‘ืŸ 

ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืื ืงืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžื โ€” 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืืฒื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ 5 ืฒื‘, 
ืฐื™ ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ?ืื– ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฅ 
ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืืจืง^ืขื; 
ื“ืื 5 ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืื ื˜ ืฆื•ื 5 ืฒื‘ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืฒืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืฆื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜, 
ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืื›ืขื“ื™ืง 



ืฉืคืจื— ืฐืฒื 


ืื•ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ, 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ โ€” ืฐืื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’, 
ื”ืืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™^ึพื™ืืจื™ืงืŸ ื’ืื ื’. 

ืื•ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืจืขืง ืื•ื™ื ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื˜: 
ืค^ืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื—ื•ืคื”ื ืื™ืณื‘ืขืจ ืงืขืค โ€” 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฒืŸ ืค^ืืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ื•ืคื” 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•! 
ืคืืจืŸ ืฑืึพื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ?ืขื‘ืŸ. 


ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืขื’ โ€” 

ืงืืจืข^ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ื’ืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืขื™^ื—ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจึพืขื–ืื™ืฆ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒืขืจ ืณืขื ื•ืจ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ; 
ืงืฒืง^ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืฐื™ื ืง^ืขืŸ 
ืืจืืค ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืืจืืค. 

ื ืฆื™ื’ืฒื ืขืจึพื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืงื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื‘^ืื–ื˜, 
ืงืฒืงืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืงื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ 
ืืจืืค, โ€” 
ืืจืืค. 


ืฐืขื’ืŸ 

ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ื ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืฆื•. 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ืณืฐืขื’ืŸ โ€” ืขื ื’, 
ืฐืื• ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ื 5 ืขื‘ืŸ ?ืื ื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉ^ืขืคื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“, 
ื•ืฐ ืงืืจืืณืฐืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ. 


240 



ืฉืคืจื” ืฐืฒื 


ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ื™ืšื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืขื” 
ื“ืขืจืฐื™ืื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ืื•ื“: 

ื?ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืื ื‘ื™ืื˜ื• ื^ืฒืŸ... 


ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒื’ืก 

ื™ืฆืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒื ื, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืฉืฒืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืฒ ืื™ืš ื ืชืคืœื”ื“ื™ื”ืข, 
ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืžืืžืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ 5 ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜, 
ืคืืจ ื 5 ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขื ?ืขื‘ืŸ, 

?ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒื ื, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื™ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืฉืฒืŸ 
ื’ืฒ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืื’ื™ืงืข ืชืคื™^ื•ืช 
ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื  ืืจืฒืŸ. 


^ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒื ื, 

ื–ืืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ืฆื‘ืขืจื ืข ื™ืฆื‘ื ื”-ืฉืฒืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืฉืœืืคื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜, 
ื“ืฒื ืข ืฐืฒืืข ืฉื˜ืจื^ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขื” 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคื?ืŸ. 



ืจืื–ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ 



[ 1923 ] 


ืฐืื ืฐืฒืกื˜ื•? 

ืฐืื ืฐืฒืื˜ื•? โ€” ืืณืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื– ื’ืืจ ื ืงื™^ืฒื ื™ื ืกืข ืจื’ืข ืฆื• ืคืจื™. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื™ืฆืื˜ื• ืžื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

ืื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืคืขืช ื ื’ื™ื™ืฆืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ืคื™ื ืงืฆ ื’ืขื˜ืื– ืื•ื™ืจ ืจื™ ืงื ื™ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืฐื^ื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืื ืจืขืจืฉ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืฐืขื– ืจื• ืฐืืืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ 

ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ โ€” 


ืืณืื™ื– ื’ืืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืืณืื™ื– ื’ืืจื ื™ืฉื˜... 
ืืณื™ื–ืื– ื–ืฒื–, ืื™ืš ืฐืขื ืžืืจื’ื– ืฉื™ื™ื– ืงื•ืžืขื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ, ื’ืืจ ื ืืขื ื˜, ืงืื– ืค^ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืงื™^ืืค ื˜ื•ื– ื ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืื•ื– ืค^ื•ืฆื™ื ืงืื– ื–ืฒื– ื ืืจ ื ืงืฆืฒื ื™ื ืงืข ืจื’ืข ืฆื• ืคืจื™. 


242 



ืจ}}}ื ื’ืŸื˜ื˜$} 1 


ื“ื• ื‘ืขื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ืš 

ื“ื• ื‘ืขื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ โ€” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืื’: ื ืฒืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืื“ืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ื™ื–ื ื ืณืขืžื”ื™^ืข, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ืืืฉืจ ืคืืจ ื ?ืขืžืข 5 ืข ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ โ€” 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ: ื”ืืจืš, โ€” ืืณืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืืื ืฒ. 
ืื˜ ืื™ื–,... ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, โ€” ืื•ืŸ ืืณื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจืŸืด ืฐืขืจืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขื™ืฆ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืฐื^ืงื ื“^ ื’ืขื™ืขืจืŸ โ€” ? 


ืื™ืš ืฆืขืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ 

ืื™ืš ืฆืขืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืœ!|!ื–ื ื“ืื˜ืข ื”ืืจ, 
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ืื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืจ ... 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ? 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข โ€” 
ืืคื™ืฆื• ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืืื™ืœื• ืื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ~ 
ืื™ืš ืงืืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขื ื ืคืืจื‘ืŸ. 

ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฐืฒืืข ืฉื˜ืฒื ื“ืขืœืขืš ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืฉื™ื˜, ืขื ื’ืขืฉื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืืœื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™. 




ืจืื–ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ 


ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื ื“ืขืจืฐืืงืกืขื ืขื 


ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ ื ื“ืขืจืฐืืงืืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ืฆืฒื ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข โ€” ืฉื˜ืข^ ืื™ืš ืง^ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ื’ืืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ืื™ืš ืง 5 ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ, 
ื ืืจ ืจื•ืื™ืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื•ืื™ืง, ืื– ืื™ืš.ืฐืฒื ืขื ื ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื ื“ืขืจืฐืืงืืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงืœืฒื ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ื”ืขื ื˜: 
ื“ื ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื ื‘ื™ืื˜ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื โ€” ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืืฒื ืขื, 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐื™ ืชืžื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜, ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ 


ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ?ื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืš ?ื™ื‘, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืขื›ืขืจ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘. 

ื˜ื ืณืขื˜ื™^ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื”ืขื, โ€” ื“ื™ ืฉืขื” ื–ืื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืฉ^ืื’ืŸ, โ€” 
ื–ืฒ ืงืื ืขืŸ ื ื‘?ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืฒื›ื˜ ืฆืขืณืขื™^ืื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืื’ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ?ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืš ^ื™ื‘, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืื™ื˜^ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืืž ื“ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘. 


244 



ืจืื–ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ 


ืœื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ 
ื 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืงืฒื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœืืืข โ€” 
ืœื™ื‘ืื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืœืฒื‘. 

ืืณืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืขืคืœ, ืืณื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืขืฆืŸ ื ืืืข, 
ืฐืื ืขื ืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฐืืืขืจืฐืฒื‘. 
ืœื™ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืœืฒื‘. 

ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืงืฒื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœืืืข โ€” 
ืงืœืฒื‘โ€”โ€ข 


ื‘ 

ื˜ื•ื ืง ื–ืฒ ืืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ โ€” 
ืจืฒื ืข ืื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ โ€” 

ืœืฒื›ื˜ึพื‘ืื’ื™ืœืจื˜ืข ืœืืงืŸึพืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืœืขืงืŸ, ืœืืฉื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืฉืœืื ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ โ€” 
ืณืขืœืื ื’ืขืŸึพืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ืœืŸ โ€” ืฉืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืืฒื ืขื ื’ืืจ โ€” 
ืคืœื™ื ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ืคื™ืœืื˜, ืฐื™ ืœืฒื›ื˜โ€” ืจืื ืคืœืื˜ืขืจึพืคืœืืจ? โ€” 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ... 
ื˜ื•ื ืง ื–ืฒ ืืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ โ€” 
ื“ืฒื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ื–ืื  ืžื™ืจ ืขืคืขื 
ืืชื ืื–ื•ื™. 



ืจืื–ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ 


ื–ืขืกื˜: ืื™ืจ ?ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ืกืชื ืื–ื•ื™โ™ฆ 

ื›ืณื’ืŸื•ืง: ืฐื™ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ: 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื’ืจื•ื™? 

ืื™ืš ืฐืข 5 ืฉืฐืฒื’ืŸ, ื–ืื’ ืžื™ืจ ืขื‘ืขืก 
ืกืชื ืื–ื•ื™. 


246 



ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ 



ื—ืฒื ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื  8 ื›ื 


ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืฉืฐืื ื’ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจื’ 
ืฉืฒ 5 ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื 8 ืงื•ื™ื ื ื‘ื™^ื•ื˜ื™ืงืขโ€” ื“ื™ ?ื‘ื ื”. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ืื ื‘ืขื˜ ื ?ืฒื“ื™ืงื ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืข 5 ืื–ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื ื ืื‘ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืŸ 
ืณืื™ืžืขืจื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒืš. 


ืขื ืฐืฒื ื˜ ื ืฐืฒื ืคื•ื™ื’? ืื™ื– ืฐื^ื“ 
ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื‘^ืื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒืŸ, 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืขืžื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืจืฒืŸ. 
ื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืืืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš < 5 ื‘ื ื”ึพื˜ืข 5 ืขืจ... 


[ 1923 ] 


247 


ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ 


ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืณืขืื˜ื ื ื’ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ืฒืš. 
ืฉืื˜ื ื โ€” ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขืจื“โ€” ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืงืขืค, 
ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืค. 
ืงื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื™ื, ื ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืœืขื ื“, 
ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจืœืจื™ืงืŸ ืฐืืืขืจึพื‘ืขื˜. 

ืขืจื ืขืฅ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื  ืœื‘ื ื”ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืืจืฒื ื ืขื ืืจื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืงืืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื  ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืื˜ืŸึพืœืฒื˜ ื‘ืื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒืš, 
ืฐื™ ื ืื ืขื ืืฒื ื ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืค. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืฒื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื”ืจื™ืงืข ืงืขืค... 


ื‘ืืœืฒื“ื™ืงื˜ 


ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืŸ โ€” 
ืืืžืขื˜ ืคืœื™ื ืœ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืŸ, 
ื ืขื ืœืขื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื”ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ... 

ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ืจืขื›ืขื“ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฐื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื”ืฒื–ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืืืขืจึพื‘ืขืจื  ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืŸ, 
ืื•ื ืจื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืืคึพืืจืืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ... 

ืžืฒืŸ ืงืืค ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ืฉืขื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืฒื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืื ืฒ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ ืฆืขืคืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ... 


248 



ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ 


ืคืืจื˜ืื’ 

ืฐืขืจ ืงืืŸ ืืดื ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ 8 ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”ืจื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืคืฒื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืœืฒื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ืจื–, 
ืื˜ืขื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื โ€” 
ืคืืจืฐืื ืื™ื– ื“ืฒืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื”ืจื™ืง ื‘ืœืื? 

ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืžืืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ,โ€” 
ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ โ€” ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ โ€” 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืžื•ื– ื“ืืš ื–ืฒืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ! 

ืฉืคืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืืฐืขืง, 
ืฐืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ โ€” 
ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆืฐื™ื˜... 

ืฐื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืขืฅ, 
ืฐืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืคืœืื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืขื ื˜?... 


ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ โ€” 

ื‘ืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืฉืื˜ื ื ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, 
ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ, ืฉืฐื™ื ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขื‘. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืฒื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜: โ€” 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 


249 



ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜~ 

ืณ 5 !ื•ืฐื™ืžืขืŸ ื›ืœื•ื™ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื•* ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜, 
ื ืขืื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืŸื ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืขืžื“, 
ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ืžืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžื, 
ืฐื™ื’ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜: 
ืกื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข, ?ืŸื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ โ€”โ€ข 
ืฆื•ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื“, 
ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคืœืขืš ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ืค. 
ืกื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข, ื™ื–ื™ื ื“ืขืจ! 


ื’ืฒื˜ ืฉืœืืคืŸ 

ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฆื•ืคื•ืื ื 
ืฐื™ื’ื˜ ื ื˜ืจื•ืžืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืืŸ, 
ื”ืขื™, ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ 1 ื’ึพื™ึพื™ึพื˜ ืณืึพืœึพืึพืคึพืŸ, ื’ึพื™ึพื™ึพื˜ ืฉึพืœึพืึพืคึพืŸ. 

ื–ื•ื ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ ืœืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ, 
ื‘ืืจื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืืจื’ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, 
ืืฒื ื–ืืžืขืจ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืฐืขืœื˜ื ืฆืขืจ ืคืืจืฐื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืณืืืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืคืืจืฐืืจืคืŸ ืงืขืคโ€” ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืืคืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืื˜ื•ืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืœืื ื’ ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืคืŸ... 

ื”ื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืืŸ ืืฒื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืงืœื•ื™ืื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื’ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ืŸืœืื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืžืฒื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืืคืŸ... 


250 



ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ 


ืžืฒื“^ืขื“ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื–. 
ืขืจ ืฐื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื™^ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ื•ึพื•ึพื™ึพื™ึพื˜ ื•ึพื•ึพื™ึพื™ึพื˜ ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืคืŸ: 
ื’ึพื™ึพื™ ืฉึพื™ืฆึพืึพืคึพืŸ! ื’ึพื™ึพื™ ืฉึพ^ึพืึพืคึพืŸ! 

ื“ืื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฆ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืฒืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจึพืจืขื’ืŸ, ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืขื ืคื^ืŸ ืฉ^ืขืคืขืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ื’^ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื›^ืขื“ ืฆื•ื ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืืืจ ืคืืจืงืฒื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ: 
ื’ึพื™ึพื™ึพื˜ ืฉึพืฆึพืึพืคึพืŸ! ื’ึพื™ึพื™ึพื˜ ืฉึพ^ึพืึพืคึพืŸ! 


ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ 13 ื 6 <ืจืืกืŸ 

ืคืืคื™ืจืืืŸ! ืคืืคื™ืจืืืŸ! 
ืงืื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื“ ื’ืืืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืขืค^ืจื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ โ€” 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜! ืงื•ื™ืคื˜! ืงื•ื™ืคื˜! 
ื™ืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืงืืŸ ื–ื™ื“โ€” ืงืื–ืืงืŸ โ€” 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื“ืงืืฐืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืืืขื โ€” 
ืฉื ืฒื“ืŸ ืง^ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ: 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜! ืงื•ื™ืคื˜! ืคืืคื™ืจืืืŸ! 

ื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืงืื–ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื“, 
ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื“ ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืื”ืื“, 
ื’ืืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืข^ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื—ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืฒื™ ืื™ื“ ื’?ืขื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒื“ื ื ืชืคื™ืฆื™ืŸ โ€” 
ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ โ€” 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜! ืงื•ื™ืคื˜! ืื™ื’ืืจืขื˜ืŸ! 


251 



5 ืœื›ื— ืœ 


?ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืงืื–ืืง ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒื‘ืšืื•ื™ื’ื–, 
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืขืจ&ืขื“ ยงื™ 13 ^ืคื™ื–ืŸ ^' 
ืณืขื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืืขืจื ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒืŸ ืœืฒื‘ โ€” 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืงืœืฒื“ , 

ืฉืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืณืืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืืงืขื˜ื’ืŸืฒื˜... 
ืฉืฒืœื˜ โ– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ 
ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืืžืขืŸ, ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜. 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ โ€” ื’ืืืŸ โ€” ื”ืืจืื”ืื“โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืืงืขื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ: 
ืขื•ื™ืคื˜! ืœืŸื•ื™ืคื˜ 1 ืื™ื’ืืจืขื˜ืŸ! 

ืคืจืืœื˜ ืงืื–ืืง! ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืฐืขืฉ ืžืข ืคืจืืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒืš ืืจื•ื™ื: โ€” 
ืดืืš, ื“ื• ืฉืฒื ืข ืงืœืฒื ื™ื ืงืข! 
ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื ืืš ืื–ื ืจืŸืœืฒื ื™ื ืงืข! โ– ืณ 


ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ 

ื 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืœ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, 
ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืžืืื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืจื™ื–ืŸ โ€” 
ื”ื™ืžืœ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื“ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ... 

ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ืืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜, 
ื˜ืจืืžืคืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืจืื“, 
ืจื™ื™ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืืคื ืขืœืŸ ืคืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจื  โ€” 
ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืงืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ืื˜ืข ืžืขืจืง... 


252 



ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ โ€” ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉืคืืจืขืก โ€” ืžืืžืขืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจึพืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“^ืขืก ื”ืืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื^ื˜ืŸ ื’ืŸืื ืขืŸ ืืฒื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจื ืงืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ_ 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืคืืจื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืข^ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืกืขืจ, ืื ื’ืขืฉืฐืืœืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉืคืฒื– ืคืืจื˜ื“ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืžืืœืŸ โ€” 
ื–ื^ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒื ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœื™ืชื™ื, 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ืชึพืขื•ืœื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืฆื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื ? 


ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื›ืŸ ื”ืฒ ?ื™ื’ืŸ ื›ืื”ึพืžื•ื™ื“ืŸ โ€” 
ื–ืฒ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืจื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืฉื˜ืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒโ€” ืจืฒืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ื ืขื‘ืจื™ื˜ืข ?ืฒื‘ืขืจ โ€” 
ื–ื^ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจ ืฐืฒื‘ืขืจ! 

ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ื–ืขื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืขืืจืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจื“, 
ืงื^ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื“ื™ืœืขืš ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืจืณืขืจื“, 
ื‘^ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื˜ื ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื โ€” 
ืฐืขืžืขื ื—ืชืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ?... 

ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืืจืฒื ื’ืขื’ืจืื‘ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒ, 
ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ึพื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™: 
ื”ืขื™, ื–ืขื™ืฆื ืขืจื™ ืฐืืจืš ืืจืืค ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื’^ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ ื“ื ื ืžื™ื“ืขืจ! 


253 



ืžืœื›ื•ื– ืœื™ 


ื“ืขืจืฐืื›ื•ื ื’ 


ืœืฒืฐื™ื ืŸืŸ 


ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืดืžื™ืขืŸืข ืณื˜ื˜ืขื˜, 
ืืืื ืขึพืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ?ื–ืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“โ€” 
ืžื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ -ื’ืจื™ื’ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืืื ืขึพืณืคืืจืฃื• ื‘ืึพื–ืœืฒื“ื˜. 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืฑื ื’ึพืขืจื“, 
ื“ืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงึพืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ โ€” 
ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘^ื™ื’ืŸ โ€” ืจืฒืคืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืืจืŸ... 


ื“ื• ื”ืืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืงื˜ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ โ€”โ–  ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐืขืงื˜ืข. 
ื ืืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืžืฒืŸ ืณืคื˜ืื˜ ื”ืืื˜ื• ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ โ€” 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฒืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื ื“ื˜... 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืฒ ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืืจืฆื˜ ื ืžืฆื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ... 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืฒื›ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฑื•ืขืจื˜ืข, 
ืขืจื“ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืฐื™ ืฉื™ื ืขื, 
ื—ืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ืช... 


ื‘ืฒื ืื›ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืื˜ืขืจื; 
ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืฒืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ โ€” 
ืคืฒืขืจืœืขืš ื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืžืฒืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš: ื“ืขืจืœืฒื–ืขืจ! 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืขื ื”ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืŸืจืฒืขืŸ โ€” 
ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื’ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืฒืขืŸ... 


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ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงื 



ื“ืฒืŸ ืฐืืœื™ื–ืข 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืก ืกืืŸ ื ืืจ ืงื•ืกืŸ 
ื“ืดืŸ ืฐื^ื™ื–ืข. 

ื”ืืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจืดื ื’ืขืฐืืจืืŸ 
ื^ืณื“ืื ื‘ืฒื– ืื•ืŸ ืืœื“ืื ื’ื•ื˜ื. 

ื”ืืื˜ ื–ื™ ^ืฒื“ื™ืก ื ื™ืณื˜ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืืคื˜, 
ืคื™ืจืื˜ ื–ื™ ?ืฒื“ื™ืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืก. 
ืืณ^ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒื“, 
ืืณื™ืฆื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืก. 


ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืื™ืก ื“ื™ืจ ืืฒื ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฒื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืก ืคืืคื™ืจื• 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืœืฒื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืฒืŸ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืคื™ืจ. 


ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื“โ–  ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงืก 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ืงืืŸ ื ืืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืฐื?ื™ื–ืข: 

ื“ืจืฒ ืฉื™^ืืคืœืื–ืข ื ืขื›ื˜, ืคื™ืจ โ€” ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช. 
ื“ืื ืคืืจืžืื’ืื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฐื^ื™ื–ืข. 


ืฐืขื– ืฆื•ื’ื– ื’ืฒืขื– ืืค 

ืื– ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืืงื–ื^ 
ื”ืืคืŸ ื ืืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืฆ ืคืืืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื˜ืข ืฐืขืื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื”ืฒืžืืขืš ืื•ื™ืฑ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, 

ื”ืืื˜ื• ืฐื™ ื ื“ืจืฒึพื™ืขืจื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจืฆืขืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆืขืขืคื’ื˜, 
ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ื• 5 ืื ื“, 
ืฐืื• ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื ืืš ืงืฒื ืžืื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืคืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืฒื“ืืขืš 
ื”ืืื˜ื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืจืฒื˜, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฆื^ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืคื™ืจืื ื“ืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืขืžื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ืืื ื’ืข ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒืคืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ืคื•ืŸ ื?ืฅ. 
ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืืค, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืข ืืฐื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ ืื•ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืง?ื•ืžืขืง 5 ืขืš, ืงื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ^ืขืš, ืณืฐืืื™ื–ืขื 

ื“ืขืจืฆืฒ^ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™^ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ?ืฒื“ื™ืงืข ืงืขืื˜ืขืฆืขืšึพื’^ื™ืง... 


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ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืคืื˜ืืณื˜ึพืคื•ืงืก 


ืื™ื– ื“ื• ืžื™ื˜ ?ืฒื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 

ืฐืื ื”ืืคื– ืคืฒื ืคืื’ื™ืฆืฒื˜ืขื“ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืžื‘ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื”ื– ืคืื“ื’ืขืื–, 
?ืื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืขื– โ€” 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื“ืจืขืž^ื˜ืข, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื• ื?ืฒื– 
ืฐืฒืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืฆื ื˜ืงืฒื˜, 
ืฐืื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื–, 
ืฐืขื– ืฆื•ื’ื– ื’ืฒืขื– ืืค. 


ื“ืืก ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ 


ืฐืขื– ื“ืื ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืžืฒื“? ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ื’?ืื– ื˜ืฒ, 
ื”ืื‘ื– ื ืืš ื–ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ื– ื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื– ืฐืฒืื– ืคืืคื™ืจ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืืค ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ื–, 
ืื•ื– ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜: 

โ€”ืฐืืจื˜ ืฆื•, ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืืžืืœ 8 ืœื™ื“ ? 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืข^ืื›ื˜. 
ืื•ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื”ื– ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜: 
โ€” ื›ืณืฐืฒื, 8 ืœื™ื“ โ€” 
ืื•ื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื”ืฒืžื™ืฉ. 
ืื™ืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคืจืขื ืงืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐ^ืจืฆืข ืคื™ื ื˜ืข^ืขืš, 
ืฐืื ื”ืืคื– ื ืืš ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฒืื– ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงื– ื’ืขืคืขื, 
ื”ืื‘ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจืฒื˜, 

ืื•ื– ืืณืฉืขืจืฆืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืคืืื– ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื’ืœืฒื›ื˜. 
ื ืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ื– ื”ืื‘ื– ืžืื“ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืื ืขืœืขืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜^ื˜ ืื•ื– ื’ืขื’ืืื ืฆื˜, 
ื”ืื‘ื– ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื. 
ื“ืื ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขื–, 
ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ืœืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงื™ื ืึพืคื™^ื“, 
ืฐืขื– ืžืขื ื˜ืณื’ื’ื– ?ื™ื‘ื– ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื– ?ื™ืฑื•ื ื˜ึพืขืงืจืื–. 


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ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงืก 


ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืžืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข^ืื›ื˜. 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืฒื›ืขืจ ืฐืฒืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, 
ืืณืžื•ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ืขืคืขื ื’ืขืฐืืื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ, 
ื ืืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืณ^ื“ ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš, 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒืืŸ ืฉืขืคื ืฐืืืขืจ ืืฒื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜, 
ื“ืื ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืฆืขื›ืข ืฆื™ื“ 
ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ืžื˜ 
ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจื‘ืฆื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคืฆื™ื’ ืื•ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืคืจืืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš 

ื“ื™ ืงื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืžืขืงืขื˜ ื’ื•ึพื˜ืข ื ืึพื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒื›ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืขืจื ืฉื˜ืืœ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉืคืืจืขื 
ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื ืžืืžืขื ืงื•ืœ: 

โ€” ืžืืชืžื ืฐื™ืœ ืดืขืจืด ืื–ื•ื™- 

ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืืฐื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืฒืืœื˜ ืืœืข ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸึพืฉื ืฒ, 
ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ืคืœื•ืžืค ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืืขืจึพืคืจืื ื–ืŸ ืœืื ื ืข 
ื‘ืื’ืœืฒื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจื ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ืฆืฐืฒ ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื ืื ื’. 
ื”ืื˜ ืืฒื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜: 

โ€” ืืณืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืื ื’- 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื“ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื ื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื–ืขืจ, 

ื‘ืจื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื–ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคืืจืข ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขื ืื˜ืขืจ.. 


258 



ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงืก 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ื‘?ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆืขื–ืื˜ืŸ, 
ืงื^ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ึพืืžื? ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืžืฒืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉืื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื^ืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื–ืื˜ืข, 
ืฐืื ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืณืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜ ื ื˜ืื˜ืข 
ืณื˜ื˜ื™ืฆืขืจื”ืฒื˜.โ€” 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืืฉื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืจืžื•ืช ืื•ื™ื•ื™ ื 5 ืขื, 
ืฐืื ื“ื™ ืฐืข^ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื’ื˜, 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืืขื’ืขื ื›ืขื 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ 
ืฆื• ืดื“ืขืืด, ืฐืื ืŸ^ืขื‘ื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง... 



ืคืจืฒื“ืœ ืก. ื˜ืฉ^ืจื ื™ 



[ 1923 ] 


ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืฒื–, 
ืžืื ื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ?ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ื^ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜. 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืฒื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ึพืื•ืจ ืืฆืฒืŸ, 
ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘? ื ืง 5 ืฒื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“?... 

ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืข 5 ื“,โ€” 
ืคืืจ ื^ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ~ ื“ืื ืื™ื– ื 5 ืฅ, ืฐืื ืื™ืš ื’ืืจืŸ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืชืคื™ืฆื” ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒืื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืื ื’?ื™ืง ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืข 5 ื˜, 
ืื™ืจ ืคืจืฒื“ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฆืขืจ. 


260 


ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืœ ืกโ€ข ื˜ืฉืื“ื ื™ 


ืฐื™ ื“ืื ืฐื™ืœื“ื’ืจืื– 

ืฐื™ ื“ืื ืฐื™ื™ืœืชืจืื– ืื•ื™^ ื–ื•ืžืคื™ืงืข ืค 5 ืื‘ืŸ, 
ื—ืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืœืขืคืŸ ืคืืจื—ืœืฉื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง; 
ืคื™ืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฆืื›ืŸ,โ€” 
ืคื™ืฆ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™^ืืจืงืฒื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง. 

5 ืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืจืขืงืœื˜, ืคืืจืคืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื™? ืื™ืŸ ืณืขื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ: 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืืจืื•ืžื–ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืคืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืค? ืฆื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ,,, 


ื™ืืจืŸ 

ื™ืืจืŸ, ืฐืืึพื–ืฉืข 5 ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™, ื™ืืจืŸ ? 
ื ืืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืืš ืืฒึพืฐื™ึพืืฒ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืื ื“ืขืจึพื‘ืจืขื’; 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜ ื–ืฒื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืืจืŸ,^โ€” 
ืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืืคื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืฑื ื’ืข ื˜ืขื’, 

ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ืฐืื ืคืืจืคืœื™ืื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™, ื–ื•ืžืขืจ? 
ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜, ื ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜, ืฐืื-ื–ืฉืข ืงื•ืžืื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™? โ€” 
ืืณื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืืš ืฐืืจื™ืžืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืขืจื“, ื”ืืœื˜ ืืค ื ืฐื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืงึพืฉื ืขืœืŸ ืคืœื™!,,, 


261 



ืคืจืดื“ืœ ื. ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™ 


ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืดืŸ 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืœืื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื•ืจื’ืดืŸ ื ืืš ืฑื ื’ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืก ื ื™ืฒ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฒื– ืฆืขืจ, 
ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ื˜ืณืกืœืขืš ืคืจืฒื“! 
ื ืืจ ื›ืื˜ืฉ ืืคืณืขื˜, ืืคื™ื ื™ืŸื, ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืื ืื™ืš ื’ืืจ!.. 

ื›ืณืฐืฒืโ€” ืื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจืฐืฒืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืื ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืŸึพื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืœืข, ืฐืื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื˜; 
ื›ืณืฐืฒืโ€” ืžืฒืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื™ื– ื ืคืœืืค? ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“. 
ื›ืณืฐื™ืœ ื ืืš ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžื, ืฐืขืœื˜!... 


ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืดื ืฉืœืืคืŸ 


ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒื ืฉืœืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืณื ืณืื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื ื’ืจืขื–ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืืณืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ืื™ืงึพืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื˜, ืฐืื• ืืณื”ืื˜ ืืžืืœ ื“ืืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขืฐืื›ื˜, 
ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ื’, โ€” 
ื ื‘ืœื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืื–ื™ื’ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืืจื’ืŸึพืฉืฒืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ืณืืคืจื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืืžืืœ ืืŸ ืื•ืฑ.,โ€” 
ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒืŸ... 


262 



ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืœ ื. ื˜ืฉืืจื’ื™ 


ืขืก ืคืืœื˜ $}ืจื 6 

ืขื ืคืืœื˜ ืืจืืค ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืž^ึพื”ืฒื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืžืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, โ€” 
ืจืืš ื‘ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ื ืคื•ืื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ืจื•ื™ื... 

ืืณื”ืื˜ ืฐืขืžืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื˜ืขื; 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื˜ืฉ ื ืืš ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘^ืฒื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ื ืคื™? 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืจื™ ืขืจืจ ื ืœืฒื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจึพืณืืื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืดื™ื–ืจื™ืฉืด ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ.. 


ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ื 


ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื, ืื– ืจื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื: 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ื™ืŸืฒื˜ื ืื™ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื, ืฐืื ืขื ืคืืจื’ืฒื˜; 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘?ื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ืืค^ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ื’; 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜, ืฐืื ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฐืฒื˜; 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื, ืฐืื ืืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜; 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒื“, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒืŸ; 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ, ืฐืื ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื™ ืฉื™ืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืจื’ืขื“ื™ื’ืŸืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื, ืื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื... 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืš ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ื“ื™ืš ื 5 ืฅ ืืจื•ื. 

ื›ืณ,ืฐื 5 ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืจื™ืš: ืฆื• ืฐืื ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื”? โ€” 
ืคืืจืฐืื ืžืฒืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืง, 
ืคืืจืฐืื ื“ืœืื˜ ืืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืื” ?... 



ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืœ ื. ืฆืฉืืจื ื™ 


ื–ืฒ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ 

ื–ืฒ ืคื“ื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืื“, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ืณ โ– ืื•ื– ืืžืชื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื–ื™: 
ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฐืืœืŸื ืื•ื– ื‘^ื™, ืื•ืฃ* ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื– ื‘ืจืขื’ื’; 
ืื•ื– ืขื–ืื” ื ืืจืณ ืณืฐืขื– ื“ืฒื– ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืฆืืค^ ื˜ื•ื˜, ื ื’?ื™, 
ืื•ื– ืณืืขื ืง ื–ืฒ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืื– ื“ืื ืง, ื‘ืจืฒื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืขื ืก... 

ืคื•ื– ื ืขืค^ืขื– ื ื™ื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื– ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื– ื ืžื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืื•ื– ื”ื™ื˜ ื“ืืš ืคืฒืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื”; 
ืื•ื– ื^ืฐ, ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืฆืขืฆืฐืฒื’ื˜, ืฆื• ื”ื™ืžื™ืฆืขื– ื”ื•ื™ืจ ื–ื™ื• ืฆื™ื˜,โ€” 
ื”ืื˜ ืฐืืจืฆ^ืขื– ื˜ื™ื— ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืœืฒื‘ ื ื’^ื™ื“. 

ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืฒื’ื– ืื™ื– ื ืคืข^ื–, ืื™ืจ ืฐืืจื˜ โ€” ื ื–ืืื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื•ื™ื; 
ืื™ืจ ืจืขืฑื– ืื™ื– ื ืฐืื™ืฆื“, ืื™ื– ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืฃื– ืคืืจืฉืคื™ื ื˜; 
ืื™ืจ ืคืฆื™ืื˜ืขืจื–โ€”ื“ืื ื’ืจืื–, ืฐืื ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืฒื ื˜ืฒื›ืื ื–ื•ื™ื; 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืคื™? ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžื™ืฉ, ืฆืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืฐ ืคืจืฒืขื– ืฐื™ื ื˜. 

ืื™ืจ ืชืคื™ืื” ืื™ื– ื ืคืขืฆื“ ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื ืขืšืื•ื ื˜ืขื•ึพื’ืื ื’; 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืžืฒื›ืฆ ืื™ื– ื ืค^ื•ื, ืื•ื– ืงืืจื– โ€” ืื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืื ื ; 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื–โ€” ื“ืขืจ ืงืฆืืจืขืจ ื˜ืื’, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื™^ืขืš ืžื™. 
ื–ืฒ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ืื•ื– ืืžืชื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื–ื™... 


264 



ืคืจืฒื“ืœ ืก. ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™ 


ืขืก ืคืœืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื“ 

ืขื ืคืœืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ืดื˜^ 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ื“ ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจ 5 ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘^ื™ื ื“; ื“ืื ื™ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ,โ€” 
ื ื‘ืฆืื˜ ืฐืื ืจืฒืื˜ ืื™ื ืืค ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืณื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื 

ืคืืจืจืขื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ. 

ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืšโ€” ื ืืš ืื™ื ื ืฉืฒืŸ ืฆืขืฆื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืขืจึพืคืขื“ื™ืžืฆืขืš; 
ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืืืขืจ ืฐืืจืš ืืจืฒืŸโ€”ืฆืขืคืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื‘ืขืจึพืจืขื“ืขืฆืขืš. 

ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืืฆื˜ ืืจืืค ืื•ืฑื™ ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ โ€” ื ื’ืืฆื“ื™ืง ืคืื ื‘ืฆืฒื‘ื˜ ืคืืฆื ื“ื™ืง. 
ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืื–ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจ ืงืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืฆื ื“ื™ืง?... 

ืขื ืคืฆืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ืจืืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆื™ื“ ืืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜... 


ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ืฐืืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืฆ ืข ืžืฒื ืข ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ 

ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืฒืขืจืŸ ื ืงืจืขื›ืฅ, ืฐืืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื”ืขืจื˜?.., 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ึพื˜ืจืขืจืŸ โ€” 
ืงืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืืคืขืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜... 

ืฐื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง โ€” ืžืฒื ืข ืืคืงื•ืช ื ืื›ืื ืื ื“ 

ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื–ืืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ึพื”ืื ื˜!... 


265 



ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืŸื•ื“ืœื™ 



ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ 


ืืจื™ืœื™ื’ื’ ืณืขืœืฒื›ื˜: 

ืฑื ื’ืข ื’ืจืื–ืŸ ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืื’ื“ืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืงืœืขืจืŸ โ€” 

ืžืื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืืŸ ืืืžืขื˜ ืงืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื ื ืืœื™ึพื‘ืœืขื˜ืขื“, 
ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ ื›ืฉืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸึพืคืืื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขื‘ืŸ ืจืขื ืื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 


ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืฐื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืžืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืขืœื˜: 

ืืณื–ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžืœ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืจื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืงืขืจื ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจื ืขืจ ื ืืšึพืืžืืœ ื ื‘ืœื™ืžืฆ. 


[ 1924 ] 


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ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื•ื“ืœื• 


ืžืืจืื ืฆืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจึพื˜ืื’ 
^ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืดื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืื’, 
ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืื•ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืฆืฆืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื–? ื–ืฒืขืจ ื›ืื’ืขืจ, 
ื‘ืื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื’ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜. 
ืงื ืืืคืขืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ื ืคืืจื™ืฆืื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืง^ืขืจืŸ: 

ืฐื™ืคื™^ ืจื’ืขืณื ื ืืš ืฆื•ื ืฐืขืจืŸ ? 
ืงืขืจื ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืžืืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ื•ื ื’: 
ืขืžื™ืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื—^ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ 


ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขื“ 

ื ืงืขืจื ื“ื ื ื^ื“ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™, 
ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ โ€” 
ืืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช 

ืฆื•ืงืืคื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืื’ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคื•ื ืขืŸ: 
ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจ^ืขืšโ€” 
ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื ืืš ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืŸ. 
ืืฒื ื ื ืืš ืืฒื ื ืืฒ 5 ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ: 
ื ?ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืื™^ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™, 
ืืฒื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืื™ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. 



ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื•ื“ืœื™ 


ื’ืขื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืืžืขืžืขื ืขื›ื• ื’^ืขื˜, 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ 5 , 

ืฐื™ ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ืขืšืฉืคื™?, 
ืฉืœืฒืคืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืœืขื˜ืœืขืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืืœืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื˜. 
ื’ืขืœื™ื ืงืข: 

ืคืœืื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืจืฒื“ื™ืงืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืขืฆ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื– 

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงึพืคืœื•ื™ืข: 
ืงื•ืจืณืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขื–, 
ืฐืื ืฐืื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฑื ื’ืžืฒื“ืœืณืขืข ืฐืขืฆื˜ืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจืฆืขืš, 
ืงื•ืจืฆืฐืฒืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืคืืจืคื™ืง, 
ืฐื™ ื ืคืื’ืขืจ 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืืžืขื ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ืืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืจืฒืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจืืžืื˜ ื ืฆืืจื˜ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื ื’ืืœื“, ืคื™ืืœืขื˜, 
ืณืขืฐืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขืคืขื˜: 
ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืณืขื ืขืœืขืจ, 
ืฐืฒืœ ืืณืื™ื– ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’. 
ืื– ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ 
ืฆื• ืขื–ืคืขื˜. 


268 



ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื•ื“ืœื™ 


ืฆื•ื ื ื–ื™ืจ 


ืฆืขืจืฒื ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื– ืืคื’ืขื ืืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ื”ืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฑื’ื ื˜ึพืฉืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืื˜ืขืจึพืง^ืฒื“. 
ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื ืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืืจื’ ื ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื™?ืŸ, 
ืฐืื ื–ื 5 ื“ืฒื ืข ื’^ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’^ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืืจืŸ ืคื™ื™^ืŸ. 
ืงืฐืื™ืฆ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืฒืŸ ืคืจืฒื“, 

ืฐื™ ื ^ื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฒืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™^ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจืืค 
ืงืฐืืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฉืฐืฒื ืŸ. 
ื’ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืฒื ืข ื‘ืื’ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืึพืฐื™ื ื˜, 

ืฐืื ืจืฒืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ ื“ืื ื‘ 5 ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื. 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฐืืจื˜, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆืฒ 5 โ€” 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื^ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒื ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, 
ืฐื™ ืืณืฐืืื˜ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืฒืŸ ืฑื’ื ื˜ึพืฉืขื”, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฆืืงืŸึพืง^ืื ื’, 
ืฐืื ื–ืื’ื˜ ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืืŸ; 
ืฐื™ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, 

ืฐืื ื˜ื™ืคื˜ ื ืžื‘ื•^ ืืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืข^ื“ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ื–ืื ื’. 


269 



ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื•ื“ืœื™ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืฒื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืฒื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืคืจืืคื™^ 
?ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข^ืฒื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืคืืจืคื™ืงืข ืื™^ื•ื–ื™ืขื. 

ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืค^ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ืฆืฒืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืŸ ืจืฒืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื–ืฒ .ืฐื 5 ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืื™ืื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ. 
ื“ืืŸ ืณืคืคืจืฒื–ืŸ ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒ ืคืืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืื™ืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืณื˜ืฐืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฐื^ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื˜ืฉ ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืืฆืื›ืŸ ื–ืดืขืจืข ืืฑืคื’ืขื‘^ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจ^ืื ื’ืข?. 

ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืžืฒื›^ืขืŸ, 

ืฐืื ื‘ืืจื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ,ืฐืข^ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืคื’ืขื ืืจื˜ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸ, 
?ืขื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืฒ ื–ืฒ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจื’ืข 

ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 

ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืฒื˜, 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ?ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื™ื“. 


270 



ืืฒื“ื ืžืื–ืข 



ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ 


ื 

ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ืื˜ืขึพืžืืžืข, 
ืฐืื ื–ืดื ืขื– ืืœื˜; 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืื ื–ืฒื ืขื– ืง 5 ืฒื–; 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒ, 

ืฐืื ืฐืข^ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื–โ€”โ–  
ืžื•ื–ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืฒื–. 


271 


ืืฒื“ื ืžืื–ืŸืŸ 


ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฆื• ื ืฒืŸ 
ื‘ืฒ ^ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฐืื ื˜; 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ื– ืฉืžืื, 
ื“ืขืจ^ืื ื’ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜; 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืฒืŸ: 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืฆืŸ ืฐืขื’, 
ื‘ืฒ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฐืื ื˜. 


ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข 


ื’ืฒื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื^ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒืŸ ื 5 ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ, 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื–ืฒื ืข ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง ืจืฒืคืข ื™ืืจ 
ืฆื• ืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ โ€” ืืจืฐื™! 

ืฐืฒืื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ^ืื ื’ 
ืฐืขืืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืืš ื‘ 5 ืฒื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืฒืŸ; 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื“ ืคืืจื’ืฒืŸ, 


ื™ืŸื•ืงื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ื–ืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืžืฒื›ืฆื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืืจื’ืŸ โ€” 
ืื– ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืฒืŸ ืžืขืจ, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸ! 


272 



ืืฒื“ื ื›ื•ืื–ืข 


ืžื•ื˜ืขืจึพืœื™ื“ 

ื›ืณื™ืฐืืณืข ืžืฒืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ื โ– ืฐื™ื™ืŸืขืœืขืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืฒื ืขื ืงืฆืื— ื˜ืฒืš; 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืืฐืืงืืŸ 
ื’ื“ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ 5 ืฒืš. 

ื˜ื“ืื’ื˜ ื“ืขื“ ื˜ืฒืš ืคืฐื^ื™ืข^ืขืš, 
ื–ืฒ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ; 
ืืณืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื ื ืฐื™ืงืขืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืฐืื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื˜ืจืื’ื˜, ืงืœืฒื ืข ืคืฐื^ื™ืขืฆืขืš, 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฐื™ืงืขืœืข ืืฐืขืง, 
ืฐืื• ืืณืฐืืฉื˜ ื ืžืืžืข ืืŸ ืืจื™ืžืข 
ืฐื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš ื‘ืฒ ื ื‘ืจืขื’. 

ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืณืฐื™ืงืขืฆืข, 
ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉืฐืื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ^ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืœืข, โ€” 
ื˜ื ื–ืืœ ืื™ืจ ืฐืื•ื™ืฆ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ! 


ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 

ื–ื• 

ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ; 
ืฐืื›ืŸ ืžืืžืขื ืœืื ื’ืข ื ืขื›ื˜, 
ืฉืœืืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืจื’ืŸ. 


273 



ืืฒื“ื ืžืื–ืข 


ืฐืืงืื– ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืฆื˜, 
ืฐืืงืืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ืืŸ ื–ืืจื’ืŸ; 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืืžืขื ืงืจืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื 5 ื˜, 
ื‘ื•ื™ื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืจื’ืŸ. 

ื‘ 


ืืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™?ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืง^ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืจื•ืงื˜; 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื^ืงื ื ืืจื•ื™ื, 
ืืจื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ ืงื™ื ืจืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ืงื˜. 

ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืจืฒื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืคืจืฒืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื’ืืดื˜; 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืจืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจื™ืžื˜, ืืŸ ื ื–ืฒื˜, ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืื ื˜. 


ื ืžืืžืข ื–ืดืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื”ืฒืื˜ ื ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืจืขืจ^ืขืš-ื‘ืจืขืงืข^ืขืš? 
ืื ื˜ืืŸ ื–ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื˜ืืŸ ื–ืฒ, 
ืงืฆืฒื“ืขื™ืฆืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืข^ืขืš. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื›ืŸ ื ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืืข ืžื^ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ืืจ: 
ื‘ืืฉื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜! 


274 



ืืฒื“ื ืžืื–ืข 


ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืงื‘ืจ 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื’ืจืื– 
ืฐืืงืืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ืจื ืงื‘ืจ: 
ื ืง^ืฒื ืข ืžืฆื‘ื”, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆืฒืŸ... 

ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘^ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืื– 
ืฐืขืฆ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืคื•ืฆืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ืจื ืงื‘ืจ: 
ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ืจื ืงื‘ืจ ืžื•ื– ื‘ืืฒื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื™, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ ืฐืื•ื ืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืจื•ื‘, 
ืฐื™ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฉืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘... 

ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ืจื ืงื‘ืจ ืžื•ื– ื‘ 5 ืฒื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื™... 


ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ 

ืขื ื˜ืจืื ื˜ ืจืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื–ื™ื ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืืคื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒื 
ืืคื ืขืจื™ืืขื ืข ืืงืืจื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืจื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืฒื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ื”ืข 5 , 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืœืื–ื˜ ืฐืฒืจ ืื–ื•ื™, 
ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข ื–ืฒ ืœืฒื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฑ ืื–ื•ื™. 


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ื›^ืื™ืข ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ 


[ 1925 ] 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืืœ 


ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ืขืกืจืฒื–ื˜ืข ื“ืขื›ืขืจ, ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืืฒื–ื–, 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจื? 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ึพื›ืืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจื—. 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื›^ืฒื›ืข ื’ืืืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื’ืืืŸ 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื™ืŸืื˜ืขื“ืจื?. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฐื™ืืฆืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ืขืคื 
ืฐืื‘ื˜ ื ืžืื“ื ืขืจ ืื•ื“. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื™ืŸื•ื ืื™ืš ืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ืืขืจืŸ ื™ืŸืื˜ืขื“ืจืื 
ืื•ื™ืŸื– ื ื”ืืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืก 
ืคืืจืŸ ืืฒื“ื™ื™ืŸืŸ ืืœื˜ืืจ. 
?ืื ื’ืข ืฉืืขืŸ ืจื• ืื™ืจโ€” 
^ืื ื’ืข ืฐืืœื™ืŸื ื, ^ืื ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื™ืŸืฒื˜ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื™ืŸื•ืžืื˜ โ€” 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื™ืŸื•ืžืื˜ ื ืฐืฒืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื“ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืืœืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื’ืŸื•ืžืื˜ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื• ืจืขื“ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ โ€” 
ื“ื• ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื• ืคืฒืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ โ€” 
ื“ืืก ื’ืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืืœืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื ืฉืฒืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 

ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื–ื•ื ื™ื™ืŸื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, ?ืขืจืขืจ ื™ืŸืื˜ืขื“ืจืืœ. 


276 



ื‘ืืกื™ืข ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืื– 


ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืจืกื’ืขืงืจืฒืฆื˜ืข ื’ื™ืฆืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืืดื–ืขืจื ืข ื’ืืื– 
ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืืฆ. 
ื’ืข^ืข 5 ืืžืคืŸ ื‘ื“ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื, 
ืฉืŸืฐืืจืฆืข ืืฒื–ืŸึพืฉ^ืขืืขื“ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื?ืฅ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื•, ื–ื•ื ื™ืงึพื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื“. 


ื“ืขืจ 3 ืจื™ืง 


ืคืืจืฐืืจืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื“ืขื’ืŸ, 
ื ืขื ืื™ืš ื^ืขืžืขื ื ื’ืขืฐืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื  ื–ืฒ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื’ืึพืฉืคื™ืฆืŸ 
ื”ื™ืž^ึพื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืง^ืืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืื˜ ืืค ืฐืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืขืจ ืฐืขื’. 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืฒื˜ ื ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื–ืฉื•ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™^ื‘ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืื ื‘ืฆื•ื˜ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืขืจ ืข^ืคื ื‘ืฒืŸ. 

ืคืืจื”ืฒ^ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™^ื™ืืืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืŸ, 
ื‘ืืฉืžื•ืฆื˜โ€” ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื˜ืขืžืคื™ืฆืขืŸ, 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ืจืขื˜ืขื“. 

ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืฆื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ^ื‘ื ื”ึพืฉืฒืŸ, 

ืื– ืžืฒื ืข ืจืื ื“ืŸ ื–ื^ืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ืฉืืจืคืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ? 

ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืื˜ื ื ืฉืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืืงืขื˜ึพื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืคื™ื’^ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืžืขืืขืจ, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื. 



ื›ืืื™ืข ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ 


ืืื ืขื 

ื’ืขืืืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ืžื•ื™ืขื— 
ื‘^ืฒื‘ืŸ ืืฆืข ื“ืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื“ืขื. ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืฃ 
ื ืฉื˜ืจื?, ื ืคืืจื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐืื ืงืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืื’ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืฆื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš. 

ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืขื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ, 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืืฒืขืจืŸ ื’ืข^ืื–ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืžืจื™ืจื‘ืืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉืื˜ื ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืŸ, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืฒืžืข ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืืŸ ื ืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืืฒื ื–ืืžืงืฒื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ึพื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืค^ึพืฉื˜ืจืื™^ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืืขื ื˜, ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–ืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจื˜ื™^ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ื˜ืจืฒืื˜ึพืื™ืžืื–ืฉืŸ, ืฐืื ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื ื–ืื, 
ืคืืจืื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื™ืื. 


278 



ืจื‘ืจืŸื” ืจืฑื–ื ื‘ืœ^ื•ื˜ 


[ 1925 ] 


ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 


ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืฒื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ^ืื ื’ืข ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื•ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. 
ืืณื”ืื˜ ื ืคืฒื’ืข^ืข ืคื•ืฆ ืคืจืฒื“ 
ื ืฐืขืจื™ืž? ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืฉ^ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ... 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืฒ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื 

ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ? 
ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื“ ื‘ื™ืื˜ื• ืืฐืขืง ! 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืืจ 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืืฒืœื ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ โ€” 

ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืŸ 
ื“ืฒืŸ ืืฒืœื’ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒื’ืข ื”ืืจ? 



ืจื‘ืงื” ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜ 


ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื™ 3 

ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒื ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื’ืขืืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื, ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืืžืข^ืขืŸ* ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื•ื™ ืขืคืขื ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืž 5 ืฉ^ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืฒื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืื™ืŸ ืณื˜ื•ื™ื โ€” 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืคืœื•ืฆื™ื ืจืขืฉื™ืง ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืฒื ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉืœืืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ื. 

ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืขื ื’ืœ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜. 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืืฒื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜. 


280 



ืขื˜ืœ ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืช 


[ 1926 ] 


ื“ื•ื™ื• ืืœืข ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 

ื“ื•ืจืจ ืืœืข ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 

ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ืืคื˜ืดืœื ื“ื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืืฆืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืืืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐืข^ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืจ ืœืฒื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขืœ ืจืฒืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืคืœืขืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ.ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืœืฉ ืœืฒื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื ื•ืขื”ึพืงืฆืฒืจ ืคืืจื“ืขืงื˜. 

ื‘ืฒื ืื›ื˜ ืฐืข^ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ืดื˜ืจืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจืฐืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืžืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข; 
ื‘ืฒื˜ืื’ ืฒืข^ ืื™ืจ ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืื˜ โ€” ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื”ืืจืขืฐืขื˜ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ืงืจื‘ื”ืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ โ€” 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืฒืŸ 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ื•ื ื’. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื ืคืืจื–ืฒื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืจื—, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื  ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข, ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฒืขื ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. 
ื“ื•ืจื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืฒืขื ืื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ืฆื™ืขื– ื–ื™ืจ ืฆื• ืจื™ืจ. 
ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืฐื™ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. 



ืจืื–ืข ืœืืจืŸืก-ืคืจืฅ 



ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฒืžื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ 


ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฒืžื™ืณืฉืŸ ืคืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒืงื 5 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืคื˜ื™ืง ื“ืื ืคืข^ื“, 
ื“ื™ ืณื’ื•ืื˜ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืฆืข 5 ื™ืคืขื 
ื”ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืืฒื ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืฆื“. 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืข^ื“ ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒืงื 5 
ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืฒ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื‘ื™ืฆืฒื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืฆ, ืฐื™ ืคืขืจืฆ, 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืืคื ื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื™. 

ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒื˜ ืฉืคื™ื™^ื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืจืžืื ืงืข, 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™^ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพืง^ืืจืŸ ืคืืจืฆืื ื’. 


ืŸ 1926 ื– 


282 


ืจืื–ืข. ืœืืงืึพืคืจืฅ 


ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง ื ืืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืœื™ืคืขื, 
ืฐืื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื™^ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืดื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’, 
ื ืื›ืŸ ืคืืจืง ื“ืขื ืคืืจืœืื–ืขื ืขื, ื?ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืื• ืžืฒืŸ ื—^ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ืณืืฐืขืง, 


ืžืืจืžืคืจื™ 

ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸึพืคืจื™ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื•ืื™ืง, 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ึพืฆื• โ€” ื‘ื™ืฆืื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“. 
ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืงืืค ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฉื˜ื™^ืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืž?ื– 5 ื™ืง ?ื™ื“. 

ืงืœืฒื ืข ืž^ืื›ืฆืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืœืฒื›ื˜ืข ืค^ื™ื’ืขื™^ืขืš 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸึพื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืชึพืฆืฒื˜, 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃื™ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื“ื™ื ืข ืค^ื™ื’ืข^ืขืš, 
ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘^ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜. 

ื—^ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื™ืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืฒืžื™ืฉืข, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ื›ืณื”ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื–ืฉืขื™ืงืขื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื^ื™ืง 5 ื™ื“. 


283 



ืจืื–ืข ืœืืงืึพืคืจืฅ 


ื›ืณื ืฒ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ื˜ 


ื›ืณื’ืฒ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชึพืขื•ืœื ืื™ื˜ ืฉืžืื™^ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืขื ืขื ืฐืขื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื ืงื™ื ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื—ืœื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’. 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืฒืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคืข 5 ื“ โ€” ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืขืคืœ, 
ืืณื‘ืื˜ื•ื™ืขื˜ืข ืคืข^ื“ ?ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืฐืขืง ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืื ื’... 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืืจ ืจืขืจ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ โ€” ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ 

ื‘ืื’ื™^ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืคื?, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™^ื“ืขื˜ืŸ ื’^ืืง ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™?ื›ื™ืง ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžืคื™ืงืขืจ ืง 5 ืื ื’. 


284 



ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืฒื–ืœ 


[ 1927 ] 


ื“ืฒืŸ ืงืŸื–ื™ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™? ืณืŸืŸืจื™ืคื•ืช ืื™ื– ื“ืดืŸ ืงืืค ืžื™ื˜ ืืฉ ืคืืจืณื’ืŸื˜ืืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืฒืขืจ ืคื™ืฆืืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, โ€” ืจื•ื™ืš! 

ืขืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืื™ืฆ ืงืื ืขืŸ ืงืืค ื ืจืฒื ืืจืืค, 
ืื•ื™ืื˜ืจืฒืืืขืŸ ื 5 ืฅ, ืฐืื ืืื˜, ืฐืื ื ืฒ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืข^ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื˜ โ€” 
ืคืจื™ืฉึพืจืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงึพืคืจืฒ! 


ื’ื“ืืึพืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืืžื˜ ื–ื? ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืงืืค, 
ืฆื• ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืืš ืฉื˜ืืš ื ืืš ืฉื˜ืืฃื•... ื–ืขืื˜ ? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื ื^ ืื•ืŸ ืค^ืืงืขืจ โ€” 
ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš! 


ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืื ืง 


ื”ืืื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืืฒื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืฆื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ^ื™ืง. 
ื ื“ืื ืง, ื ืื“ ื ืขื ื“ืื ื’?ื™ืง ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื 5 ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ 5 ืฒื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื™^ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขื ืคื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืื ืž ื™ ืจ ื’ืขืคืข^ื˜. 


285 



ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืฒื–ืœ 


ืื™ืš ืœืืš, ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™^ ืฆื• ืœืื›ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ืžืชื ื”. 
ืื•ื™ืš ืืืžืขื˜ึพืงื™ืฉืขืœืข, ืื•ื™ื— ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื ืฒื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒื–ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืค ื“ื™ืจ ืจืขื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉืื ืง. 


ื“ื• ื–ืื’ืื˜ 


ื“ื• ื–ืื’ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื’ืื˜ ืžื™ืจ: 
ืดืฐื™ืœ... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื™ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™^ืฅ!" โ€” 
ื˜ื ืžืืš ืื–ื•ื™ โ€” 
ืื– ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ื, 
ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ ื ืืš ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืจืขืืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืื ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ื— 
ืฆืฐืฒ ื–ืืœืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืืจ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•. 
ื“ื• ื”ืื ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืขืื˜? 
ื˜ื ื–ืืœึพื–ืฉืข ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”, 
ืฐืื ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ืจ ืฆื™ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ ืืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ื–ืืœ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. 
ื“ืื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜? 

ืขืš! 

ืฐื™ืœืื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืืจื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื“. 
ื˜ื ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ืืค, ืœืื– ืืค! 


286 



9 ืื•ืืŸ $ืŸื–ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜^ื˜ 


ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ื– ืณืขื˜ืื˜, 
ืฐืืก ื“ื• ืคืื˜ืจืขื˜ืกื˜ ื–ื™, 

ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืจื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ื™ื–ืืŸ ืคืจืฒ ื“ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืงืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ! 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื˜, ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื™ืฆืืกื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืง ืื–ื•ื™ โ€” 
ืจื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืฒืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
?ืขื›ืฆื˜ ื ืืš ืจืฒืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืฆืขื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืงืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ 1 
ืื™ืš ื–ืื˜? ืืŸ ื“ื™ ?ื•ืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืืฐืขืงื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื <ื•ื™ื ื˜. 
ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืงืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืื ื‘^ื•ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื’ื™^ื•ืื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืš, 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื’^ื•ืกื˜. 
ื”ืขืจ! 

ื”ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจ! 

ืื™ืš ืงืืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ืงืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ 1 


ื“ืฒืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง 

ื”ืืื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืืคืœืขืŸ ื˜ืฒื ืข 
ืืคืฉืคื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืืฐืขืง. 

ืขื ื ืฒืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ื ืืš ื ืขื›ื˜. 



ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืฒื–ืœ 


ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขื”ืณืšืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœื•ื 
ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ 
ื ื˜ืจืฒืื˜ึพืคืจื•ื›ืช. 


ืืš, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื˜ 
ืฆืขืจื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืื˜ื™ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ืืฐืขืก, 
ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืืคืœืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข 
ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืคื•ืื˜, 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืื˜. 


ืคืืจืœืื–ื˜ืข ืคื“ื•ื™ืขืŸ 


ื‘ืฒ ืคืืจืœื•ืŸื–ื–ื˜ืข, ืคืืชืขืืขื ืข ืืจื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืื“ื ืข ื”ืขืœึพืœื™ื›ื˜ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ืฒ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ึพื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ! 


ื˜ื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืืืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ, 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืืœื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ, 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืงึพื”ื•ื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง, 
ื”ื•ื™ืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ื’ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ. 

ื‘ืฒ ืืฒื ื–ืื, ืื™ืคึพืืฒื ื–ืืžืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ืกืœืขื ืขืจ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืืคืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 
ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœึพื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ืคืจืืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ึพื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 


283 





ื“ืฐืืฑืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 



ื˜ืฉืื“ืจืข 


ื 

ืฐืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืจืฐื™ืืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ* ื–ืืžื“ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืืกื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืดื•ืื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืœืŸืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืณืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืขื”ื™^ื˜, 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™^ืข ืฆื• ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขื“ึพื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, โ€” 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื“ื™ื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืฐืขืฆื ื“ืข ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 


ื ืื“ ื˜ืฉืื“ืจืข โ€” ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื“ืฒื–ืข โ€” ืคืื“ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืข ืคืืจื‘ืฒ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื ืืš ืคืืจื›ื^ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขื“ึพื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒ ... 


[ 1922 ] 


291 


ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 


ื”ืฒื ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ, 
ื ืืš ื”ืฒืืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื ื˜. 
ืืฒืœ ืื™ืจ ื ื‘ืืจืฐื™ืืข, 
ืืฒืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’. 

ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื ืืจ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืฐืื•ืงืื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ืš. 
ื ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืฉืื“ืจืข. 
ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืจื•ื™ืš. 

ื ืฉื ื™ืจืขืœืข ืคืขืจื 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื’ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–, 
ืฐื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืณืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื”ืขืฆ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฅ. 

ืœืขืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฒื˜ืขืจื 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš. 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 

ืฐืขืŸ ืœืขืฐืื ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืื” ืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื–ืฒืขืŸ, 
ื ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉืขืฐ ืฐืขืœ ื’ืฒืขืŸ. 


ื ื™ื˜ื ืงืฒืŸ ืฐืืืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’. 
ืžืฒืŸ ืคืื ื™ื โ€” ื“ืืจืขืึพืฐื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜. 
ืฐื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืฐื™ื’. 
ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจืฉืข โ€” ืคืืจืคืจืขืžื“ื˜. 


292 



ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 


ืฐื™ืจื‘ืœึพืฐื™ื ื˜ื–, ื”ืขืœืข ื–ืืžื“ืŸ. 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืื•ื™. 
ืืœืฅ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš โ€” ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื– 
ื’ืฒื˜ ื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืฃ. 

ื ืฒื–, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืณืฐืข? ืงืฒื– ืจืขื’ืข. 
ื–ื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ื ืืจ ื‘^ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜. 
ื ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฉืขืฐ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื˜ืขื’ืœ 
ืฐืืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉืื˜ืŸ, ืฐืืจื˜ื– ืฐืขื ื˜. 

ื— 

ืืจื•ืฃื™ ืืฃ ืคืข^ื–ื™ืงื– ืฉื˜ืฒื– 
ื^ืฒื– ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 
ืžืฒื– ืื™ืฉืขืฐ โ€” ืื™ื– ื ืขืคืœ. 
ืžืฒื– ืื™ืฉืขืฐ โ€” ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ืš. 


ื›ืณืฉื˜ืฒ ื“ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืื˜ื•ื›ืขืจ, 
ื“ื ืื™ื– ื–ืืžื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜. 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒื“ืœืฉืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 


ืื™ื– ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืžืดื– ืžืืžืข 
ื”ื™ื˜ ื”ืฒื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขื ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืœืืžืขื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืค^ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฆืขื ื“ื˜. 

ืฐืขื– ืื™ื– ืืฐื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆืขืœื˜ 
ืžืืžืข ืฆื™ื ื“ื˜ ืคืฒืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืฒ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜: 
ืืณืžื™ืจ ืคืœืื ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืฒืขืจ. 


29 ? 



ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 


ืฐื™ ืณืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืืš-ื–ืฒื˜, โ€” 
ืคืจื™ ืžืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืขืœ. 
ืžืืžืข, ื›ืณืฐืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืฒืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืœ. 

ื– 

ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸืขืœืขืš, ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืš 
ื‘ืณืคื™ืจ ืืคืŸ ื–ืืžืจ, 
ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจ ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ: โ€” 
ื˜ืฒืŸ ืงืœืฒื ื™ื ืงืข ื”ืื ื˜. 

ืื™ืžืื ื™ืžืœืขืš ืฐืฒื›ืข 
ื›ืณืฆืฒื›ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฒื˜, 
ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ืŸ:โ€” 
ื˜ืฒืŸ ื˜ืณืคืื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืดื”ืฒืืด 

ื 

ื ืจืืฐืข ื›ืืœืขื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื ื˜. 
ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ ืœืขืฐืื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืณืื ืฒ. 
ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ โ€” ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ ื ืืฐื ื˜, 
ืืฒืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืฒืŸ. 

ืงืืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก. 
ืณืคืฆืืŸื– ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืคืœ ืณืคื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื›ื˜. 
ืžืฒื ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืžืขื ื? 
ืืณืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœืืฉืขื ืข ืœืขื›ืž. 


294 



ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 


ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ. 
ืคืื—ื˜ืœืืืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. 
ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ื’ืฒืŸ? 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ? 

ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒืืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ื“ืืจืš ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืืš ื“ืืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ! 
ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืžืฒื– ื”ื•ื™ืืš, 
ืฐืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืื’ืŸ? 

3 

ืคืืจื‘ืฒ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืฉืœื™ืืš. 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื–ื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ืืš. 

ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืข ืคืœื™ืื˜ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข, 
ืืš ืฉื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืืื“ 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ื’ืŸืฐืขืœื ื“ืข, ืณืคื˜ื™ืืข. 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืื•ืื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ, 
ืื– ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืŸืขื ื™ืŸืฒื˜, 
ืฐืื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืณืฉืœืืคืŸ. 

ืื– ื˜ืื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒื ืขื 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื ื ืืš ืืœืฒืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื›ืณืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ. 


295 



ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 


ื‘ืืก ื™ืื 


ื 

ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืงืฐืขืœื ื“ืข ื›ืฐืืœื™ืขื 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. 
ื’ืฒ ืื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ืฆื• ืืฒืš, ืฉื•ื™ืžื™ืœืŸืข, ื˜ื™ืœื“ืข. 

ืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืงืขื’ืŸ, 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข, ืžื™ืœื“ืข. 

ืื™ืจ ื ืขื˜ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 
ื›ืณื•ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ืคืืจ ืืฒืš ื“ื ืคืืจื ื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


1 

ืื•ื™, ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ, ืฆืขืฐื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš! 
ืฆื•ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ 1 
ืื˜ืขื ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ 
ืืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจื˜! 

ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจืงืœืขืžื˜ืข 
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืกืฒืŸ ืจื™ืจ: 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืŸื•ื™ืœืขื 
ืฉืจืฒืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืจ. 


296 



ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 


ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒืš, ืžืืžืขื, 
ืืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ืข, 
ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒืš, ืžืฒื“ืœืืš, 
ืืืจืฉืฒื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจืŸ ื ืขืœืฒื˜ืขืจื˜ืข 
ืืฒืขืจ ืืจืฒื“, ืืฒืขืจ ืฐืฒ 
ืฐืื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฐืืงืื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ. 


ื’ 

ืื•ื™, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื ืฉืคืืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื•ื™, ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืœืฒื˜ืขืจื˜. 

ืคืœืื’ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืืžื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืืš ืฆืขื”ื•ื™ืจืขื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืขืก ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืฐืขื, ืฐืฒืืข ืฐื™ ืฉื ืฒ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒื›ืŸ ืฆืขืฐืืงืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ; 

ืื•ื™, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื ืฉืคืืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื•ื™, ื“ื™ืจืš ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ื“ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืœืฒื˜ืขืจื˜. 


ื ืืื™ืกืข 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืฐื ื˜, 
ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฒ, 
ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืงื ื™ 
ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืžืขืืŸ ืฆืฐืฒ: 



ื“ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืจืข ื ืืจืืœ 


โ€” ืดืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื˜ื™ื–.ืด 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืข^ืขืš ื ื›ืฐื^ื™ืข, 
ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืฒื˜, 
ืŸื™ืš ื’ืŸืฒื’ืŸืื˜ ื ื›ืฐื^ื™ืข ื ื”ืข^ืข 
ืคื•ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื™ืžืขืจ ืฐืฒื˜. 

ื˜ื™ืš ืืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื‘ืข ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืืŸ ื ืžืื™ืžืข, 
ืื™ืจ ืคืื ื™ื โ€” ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ื^ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื– ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืืŸ ืื–ื•ื™: 

โ€” ืดื ืงื™ื ื“, ื ืงืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื‘ืข 
ื ืขืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒืืŸ.ืด 
ืดื“ืขื“ ืื™ืงืขืจืด, โ€” ืžื™ืš ืฐืืจืขื ื˜ ืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ืข, โ€” 
ืดืจืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื 5 ื‘ื ื ืžืื™ืืข.ืด 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืข^ืคื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืš, 
ืดืฆืขืฆื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืื•ืŸ ืคืืžืฒ^ืืš. 
ืดื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืื™ืฆื‘ืข โ€” ื ืืš ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืจ, 
,ืžืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืืจืฒ^ืืš. โ€”โ€ข 
ืดืคืืื˜ ืืคืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื“ืืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ 5 ืงืฒื˜, 
ืดืฐื™ื”ืขื ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉืžืข 5 ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืข^ืขืจ. 
ืดื“ืฒืŸ ืงื 5 ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืฆืžืŸ 
ืดื“ืืจื•ื– ืง^ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืข?ื–." 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ืจืืฆ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื‘ืข 
ืฆื•ื ืืฒื ื™ืงื ื“ื ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืฉื ืฒืขืŸ. 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื ืฒ. 
ื›ืณื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื‘ืข, ื“ืื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื™ืžืข. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืจื 5 
ืื–ื ืฐืืจื™ืžืข ื›ืฐื^ื™ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืฒื˜. 


298 



ื“ืฐืื•ื™ืจืข ื›ืืจืืœ 


ืื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืŸืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืขืœื‘ืขืœืขืš 

ืื•ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืขืืืขื™ืฆืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืณืื˜ื™ืœืข ืืœื™ื’ืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืื’ื™ื’ืŸืŸ ืคืื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื˜ืฒืš, 
ื›ืณืฉืฒืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื ืฒืข ืณืื˜ื™ืœืข ืื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒืš. 

ืฆื• ื^ืข ืืฒืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ืฆื• ืืœืข ืืฒืš, ืฐืื ืืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, 
ืฐืื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ โ€” 
ื ื’ืจื•ื ื ืฐืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืš. 

ืื•ื™, ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฐื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžืฒืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืืŸ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฑื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’. 
ืกืณื–ื™ื ื ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืณืŸ, ืืฒื’ื’ืขื ืฉืคืื’ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฒืขืŸ, 
ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืืขืจ ื’ืื ื’. 

ืฐืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข. 
ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืื˜, ืฆื™ ื›ืณืฐืขืœ ื ืืš ื–ืขืขืŸ ืืฒืš. 
ื‘ื ืฉืœื™ืื›ืขื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจื‘ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ, 
ื›ืณื’ืฒ ื’ืขืฉืคืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืœืฒืš. 



ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ื”ื 


[ 1922 ] 


ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืืงืกืŸ 

ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืืจืŸืืŸ, 
ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒืขืŸ โ€” 
ื”ืื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืคืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืข^ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ 5 ืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ืืš ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืจืื! 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืจืขืจ ื’ืจืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืฐืขื’ ืจืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืื– ืืณืฐืข^ืŸ ืฆืขืจืฒืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืณื‘ืฆื™ืขื’ืจืข ืฆื™ื›ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืจืฒืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ืขืจ. 
ื–ืืžืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขื’ื˜^ืืš 

ืฐืข^ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื ืคืืจ ืฆืขื’ืจ^ื™ื’ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืงืืŸ ื–ืฒ ืฆืื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒื›ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜!... 
ืืณืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืืงืืŸ โ€” 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ืืš ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืจืื, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืจืขืจ ื’ืจืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฒื ืฐืขื’ ืจืืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืื– ืืณืฐืขื™ืฆืŸ ืฆืขืจืฒืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘^ื™ืขื’ืจืข ืฆื™ื›ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืจืฒืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ืขืจ. 


ืืœืข ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ 

ืืœืข ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืื’ืข 
ื“ื™ ืฐืืืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ, 
ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืจื•ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืฐืืœื™ืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉึพืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


300 



ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืง* 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืฐืืจื™ืžืข ืคืืฆืŸ โ€” 
ื˜ืจืืคืŸ ื ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืข ื™ืืžืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ืคื™ืฆ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื ื”ืฑื‘ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืื ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืืฐืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ 


ืืณ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ... 
ืื™ืš ืฆืขื’ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ... 
ื›ืณื’ืฒ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืืคื ื 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืข. 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื ืืืื ืข, 
ื ืฐืฒื›ืข, ื ื“ื™ื ืข, 
ื–ื™ ื–ืฒืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืžืืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืื›ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืขืฐืฒื ื™ืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืก. โ€” 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืขืžื“... 


ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื 

ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืืจื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜! 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืฒื ื˜, ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจื˜,โ€” 
ืื•ื™.ื•ื•ืื, ืืš ืฐืขืŸ? 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืื•ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืื ืขืŸ ืืณื”ืื˜ ื ื˜ืจืืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืืื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. 



ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื 


ืขื– ื˜ืฒื ืข ืคืจืฒื“ืŸ 


ืื– ืืฒื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ, 
ืื– ืžืฒื ืข ืคืจืฒืจืŸ ืฐื™ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ. 
ืฐืื ืงืืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื–ืื ืŸ? 
ืฐืื ืงืืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื˜ื•ืŸ? 
ืฆื™ ืงืืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ืงืืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืฒ ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืจื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜? 

ื ื•, ืฐืื ืงืืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ, ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื , 
ืฐืื ืงืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืœืฉืข ืžื™ื˜?... 
ื ืฒืŸ! ื›ืณืฐืขืœ ืืฒืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืืฒืš, ืคืจืฒื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฑื’ื ื˜, 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒืš ืฆืขืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืืณืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืืคืฒื›ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืœ, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ืืฆ ืืจืฒื ื’ืฒืŸ โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ืืงืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืงืืŸ. 


ืฆืขืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื ืืกื™ื•ืŸ 

ืฆืขืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื ืืืคืŸ, 
ืฆืขื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฆืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืฆืฐืฒื ืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืคื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื”ืื ื™ืง. 
ื”ืื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืืืคืŸ, 
ืฐืฒื˜ืืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ, 
ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, 
ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’. 


302 



ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืื™ืก 


[ 1923 ] 


ืืข ืžืจื•ืงืขื˜ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืขื”ืฒื ื•ืข 

ืืข ืžืจื•ืงืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 8 ื‘ืขื”ืฒืžืข, 
ืกืข ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข ืจืขื›ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืžืขื ื‘ืืฐืฒื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืข^ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ. 

ื, ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื ืขืžื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ^ืขื ื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืค ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฐื^ืš, 
ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื, ืื™ืš ืฐืขื™ืฆ ื’ืืจ ื“ื ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ, 
ืืณื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืค 5 ืืฆื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืšื™ ื’ืื™?. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื, ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸืด 
ื“ืื ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ โ€” 
ื ื’ืืจื’? โ€” ื ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจื ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉ^ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืืณืฐื™^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืืณืฐื™ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืื’ืŸ 
ื“ืื, ืฐืื ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืžืฒืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื’ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒื–ืŸ-ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 



ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืื™ื 


ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื‘ืขื”ืดืžืข, 
ืฐืื ืจืืจื˜ ืงืฒืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื ื’, 
ืฐืขืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงืฒืงืืขื– ืื•ื™^ ืื•ืจืืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื™ื“ื™ืžืขืจ 
ื™ืŸืฒืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืข ื ืฒืข ื–ื•ืŸ. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ, ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืกืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, 
ืืณืฐืฒืืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื โ€” 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืฆื“ืขืจ ืณืคื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืืจื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขื ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื•. 


304 



ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืงืขื 



ื˜ืขื’ 


ืคืจื™ 


ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืืชื– ื”ืื˜ ื”ื™ืž 5 ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืชืŸึพืžื™^ื• 
ื ืขืžืขืจื˜ ืคื•?ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืืŸ. ื ื”ืขื ื“ืฆ ื ืฑื ื’ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืืจ ื‘ืืฉืฒื ื˜, 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ื’ืŸื˜ ืคืื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืค^ื™ื ^ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืืฉืืื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื˜ื ื ืื•ื™ื” ืคื™ืฆืืฅ ืื•ื™ื” 
ื‘ืืฉื ืฒื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื” ื–ื™ืื‘ืขืจื ืขื ืจืฒื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืชืคื™ 5 ื”, ื˜ืจืื’ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ... 


305 



ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืงืขื 


ื’ืขืื˜ 


ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื ืขืฐืขืงื˜ ื”ืดื ื˜ ื ืฑื ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืื’โ€ข 

ื ื‘ืืจืฐื™ืืขืจ ืฉืคืช, ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ึพืฐื™ื ื˜ ืืืจื˜ืจืื’ืŸ, ื”ืื˜ 
ืื ื’ืขืงืœืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืจ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ ืคืืจืณื˜ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืœืืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ... 

โ€” ื ืฑื ื’ืข ื›ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒื ื˜. 

ืงืœืืคื˜ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ืคืจืฒื“. 

ืื™ืš ืขืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืื“ืŸ- 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™^ ืคืจื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืื“ืŸ ืฉืคืืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืฒื ืข ื?ืฒืŸ. 

ืฐื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ?- 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื–ืฒ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื ื’^ โ€” 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืฒ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒื˜ืŸ, โ€” ืคื•ื ืจื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืœ. 

ืื™ืš ืžืืš ืžื™ืจ ื ืจืื“ ื ืืš ื ืจืื“. ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืฒื˜ ืขื ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืคื™?... 


ืขืจื‘ 


ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื™ืœืขื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ืข ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฒืœืขืš 
ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขืจื‘. 

ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ืœื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜: 

ืฐืขืจ ืืณืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืž^ืš ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 

ื ื”ื•ื ื˜, ื ืœืฒืค ื ืฉืฐืืจืฆืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฐืฒื›ืข, ืžืœื›ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, 

ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืืžืขื˜ืŸ ืคืขืฆ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 

ืื•ื™ืš ืงืฒืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืฒืŸ ืงื ืฒื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 

ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 


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ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืงืขื 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืณื˜ื˜ืื˜ ืฑื ื’ ืื•ื– ืฐืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื˜ ?ืดื‘ื™ืฉึพืงื™ื ื™ื’^ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื–, ืื•ื– ื“ืื ืืจื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืข 5 ื–. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขื“ ืฉื˜ืืฆืฆืงืฒื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืืคื’ืขืืื–ื˜, ืื•ื– ืื™ื– 
ืคื•^ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ื ืคืืจื•ื™ื ืฆืข 5 ืขื’ื˜, 

ื”ืื˜ ื™ืขืจืขืจืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืฒื ืขืจื‘ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ืื™ืฆื‘ื˜ืข ืคืจืฒื“ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ื–... 

ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจื– ื”ืื‘ื– ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ื–โ–  ื’ื“^ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜, 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื“ 

ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืื’ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื–., ื’ืืืŸโ€ข ืฐื™ ืื– ืืคื’ืขโ€ข 
ืฉื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืงืืฐ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ื– ื”ื™ืž^ืฉื– ื‘ื™ 5 ืฒ... 
ืื™ื– ืฐืื• ื–ื? ืื™ื ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืื– ืื–ื, ืื– ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืฑื ื’ืข, ืฐื™ 

ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ืข^ืขืš ืžืืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืฆื“ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื^ื“ ืฆืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข โ€” ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉ 
ื–ืฒืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื–ืฒื“, ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ืš ืื™ื– ื–ืฒืขืจ ืคืจืฒื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื– 
ืžืดื– ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉืฐืขื›ื–. 

ืื™ื– ืฐืื•ื”ื™ื– ื–ืื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฆื•ืงื ืขืค^ืขื–, ืฐืื•ื”ื™ื–, ืื– ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืื–ื ื‘^ืฒืขืจื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆืข ื˜ืขื’, 
ื ?ืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ื™ืฆืฒืš ืฆื•ื ื™ืืš... 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐืื ื˜ 


ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืœโ€ข ืจ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื›ืฒืจืขืจึพืฐืื ื˜ 
ืฉ^ืืคื˜ ื ืฑื ื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืื ื“; 
ืฐืฒื ืื™ืš, ืฐืฒืื˜ ื–ื™, 
ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐืื ื˜!.., 


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ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก 


ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืืžื? ืื™ืŸ ื ืืœืขื, 
ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืค ื“ื™ ืฐืื ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื ืืงืขื˜ืŸ ืฐืืจืขื โ€” 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ โ€” 

ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืฑื’ื ื˜ ืืฐื™, 
ืื™ืš ื›ืืค ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃื™ โ€” 
ื ืฐืื ื˜! 

ืฐืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ึพืคืืจืจืจืืื™ืง ืคืืจ ืฐืขื ื˜ื™ืณืžืขืจ ื^ื˜ืงืฒื˜, 
ืคืืจ ืขื–ื˜ืฒื ืขืจื ืขืจ ืงืขืฆื˜... 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐืื ื˜ 
ืฉืœืืคื˜ ื ืฑื ื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืื ื“; 
ืฐืฒื ืื™ืš, ืฐืฒืื˜ ื–ื™, 
ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐืื ื˜... 

ื‘ื ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ 

ื‘ื ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืข, ื‘^ื•ื™ืข, 
ื‘ื ืง^ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืื’, 
ื ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืืจื˜ ื ืฑื ื’ืข, ื ื‘ืฆืื ื“ืข, 
ื“ืื ?ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืฒื“^ืฉืŸ ื˜ืื’... 

ื”ืขืจื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืฒื–ึพื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืงื™^ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืข^ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœืงืดื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื“ืœ ื‘ื ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ 
ื ืฒื˜ ื“ืื ื™ืฆื™ื“ ืื•ื ื’ืืฆื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืื’... 

ื”ืขื“ืŸ ืขื ืฑื ื’ืข ืืš ื ืืืŸ, ืืš ื“ืื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืืจืฑ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื’ื˜, 
ืฆื• ื‘ืœืื ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืžืฒื“ืœืฉืขืจ ืฑื’ื ื˜, 
ืฆื•ื ืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืื’... 


308 



ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืงืขื 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ ื ื‘ืจื•ืจืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืื•ื ืขื–, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืœืŸื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื ืงืœืฒื’ื ื ืขืฐืื•ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ื, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


309 



ืžื™ืจืข ื›ืขื ืงืฅ 


11925 ] 


ืฑืžื˜ 

ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื ืฆืขืค^ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆืฒืŸ. 
ืคืฆื™ืขืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืฐืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืคืฒืŸ. 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ โ€” 
ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™^. 
ืฐื™ื ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืืงืฒื˜ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ,โ€” 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืจื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื. 

ื˜ืจืขืš ืื™ืš 5 ื™ื‘ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ,โ€” 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. 
ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ,โ€” 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืš ืฉืฐืืจืฆื. 

ื›ืณื˜ื• ื ?ื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฐืฒื˜ืŸ,โ€” 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืง^ืืค. 
ืื•ื™, ื ื”ืข^ืŸ ืจืฒื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืื˜ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจื›ืืคื˜. 


310 



ืžื™ืจืข ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ 


ื ื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืขื•ื ื‘ื•ื™ืก 

ื ื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืืฑื•ืขืจ ืฆื•, 
ืฉืฐื™ืžื˜ ืžืฒืŸ 5 ืฒื‘ ืืš ื›ืฐืืื™ืขื ืฐืฒืืขืจ ืจื•. 
ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™^ื›ื™ืงึพืฐืฒื, 
ื›ืณืฉืฐื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืืขืจึพ ื‘ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืฒื. 

ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฆ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืฆื™, 
ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื‘ื™^ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื“, 
ืคื 5 ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ?ืฒื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื’ ืืจืืค, 
ืงื•ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืš ืค^ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืŸ ึพ ื˜ืจืืค... 


ืขืจื ืขืฅ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ 

ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื– 
ืืฃื™ ื ื ืฒืขื ืฉืื™ืืš. 
ืฐื™ืค^ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืืš ืืืจืงืฆืขืžื˜ืข 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืฆ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืš. 

ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื˜ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฉื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ?ืื›ื˜. 
ื˜ืื’ ื“ื• ืงืฒื ืขืžื, ื˜ืื’ ื“ื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, 
ื’ืฒ ืืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืืš. 

ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฉืคืจืฒื–ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืข, 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฆื™ื˜ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜. 
ื˜ืื’ ื“ื• ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืื’ ื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื’ืฒ ืืฐืขืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื“!... 


311 



ื˜ื™ืจืข ื‘ืขื ืงื™ืŸ 


ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ 

ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜, ื“ืฒืŸ ืื™ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ 5 ื•ื™ ึพ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. 
ื ืืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ึพ ื–ืขื’ื ืืŸื– ื“ื ื™ืขืคืจ, 
ืฐืื ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื‘ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐืขื’ืฆืขืš ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข. 

ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืจืื˜ 
ื^ ื‘ืฆืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืฆืจืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืขื˜ืขืจืคืืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ืงืข ืืจืฒื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื˜ืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ื ืืš ืฆื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืŸ. 


ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื’ืืืŸ 

ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ื’ืืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ื˜ืืคืืฆืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืฆืฒื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืฒืืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–. 
ื–ื™ืฆื‘ืขืจึพืฉืื˜ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฐืื ืข ืฆื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ืคืฆื™ื ืง ืฉื ืฒื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืคืฆืขื“ืขืจืžื•ื™ื–. 

ืฆืฒื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื‘ืขืจ-ืฉืื˜ื ื ืฆื•ื™ืคื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืฆ ืื™ืš ืืฒืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืžืฒื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืฆืืืขื ืขื 
ื˜ืจืื’ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืงืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืฆื™ื“. 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืื™ 

ื 

ื”ืื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒื ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜. 
ืืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ืงืฒื˜ ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื˜. 


312 



ืžื™ืจืข ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ืคืขืจ ืžืื›ื ืขื ืื™ื– ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฆืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ืื•ื™ ืจื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ 5 ื™ื ืจืขืจ ืคืจืื ืขืฐื™ืง, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืืืจื›ืืืžืขื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืค?ื™ืง, 

ื‘ืื”ืืื˜ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื, 
ื™ืื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื ื^ ืžื™ืฆืจืข ื ืืืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ 5 ืจืข ื’ืื, 

ืคืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืืŸ ืžืื™, 
ืื™ื– ื ืจืฒื˜ ื ืฉืื™? ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘^ืฒ. 


ื”ืื˜ ืฐื™ืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒื ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜, 
ื ื–ืฒ? ื ?ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 5 ืื ืจ ืžืฒื ืขื ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ืŸ. 


ื› 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืื›ื˜ ืจืขืจ ืคืจื™^ื™ื ื’ึพืคื•ื™ื’ื™ืฆ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืฆื˜ ืจื™ ื‘ืฆืื ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืฐืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืžืฒืŸ ืคื™ืฆื™ืขื ืจื™ืงืŸ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื– ืฐืขื’ ืžืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืฆืฒืš: 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆื• ื”ืืจื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืื ื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจืขืจ ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืจืฒืš, 
ืื™ื– ืฐื™ืจืขืจ ื˜ืจืื˜ ืžืฒื ืขืจ ืฐืืจื™ื ื”ืฒื ื˜, 


313 



ืžื™ืจืข ื›ืขื ืงื™ื– 


ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื›ืืฐืขืจื˜ืข 


ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืืจ 1905 


ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื›ืืฐืขืจื˜ืข 
ืขืื˜ืขืจืงืข ืžืฒื˜ื™ื–, 

ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืฉ^ืื ืงืข ืžืฒื“ืฆืืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืฉ^ืื›ื˜ ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื‘ืขืจื˜, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ . . . 

ืžืืจื’ืŸ, ื, ืžืืจื’ืŸ, 
ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง ืืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืื™ื ืงืŸ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘^ื•ื˜. 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขืŸ . .โ™ฆ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขืŸ ... 
ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ^ืขืš ื’ื•ื˜ ... 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืฆืฒื ื™ื ืงืข ืžืืžืข 
.ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜: 
ืดืืณืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜." 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื›ืืฐืขืจื˜ืข 
ืขืื˜ืขืจืงืข ืžืฒื˜ื™ืŸ 

ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ืืš ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื˜ ... 


314 



ืืื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืงื™ 





[ 1925 ] 


ืฐืขืจืขื˜ืขื ืขื 


ื 

ื”ืฒ, ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื 5 ืข, ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืงืข, ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืฆืขืš, 
ืคืืจืฐืืจืคื˜ ืณืื•ื™ืŸ ืืฒืขืจ ื”ื™ืž^, ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืื ืฉืขื ืขืจื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฆื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืจืืก ^ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒืืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ^ืขืš, 
ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืขื‘ื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ื ืฒืข ืื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืขื˜ืขื ืขื. 

ืื™ืจ, ืืš ืืืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ืจืŸื™ืฉืขืืขืš ืคืืจื–ืขืกืขื ืข, 
ืคืืจืฐืื ื˜ืณืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฒ^ื™ืืฒื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืฉืขืคืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ? 
ืฐืื™^ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืฆืจ ืคืืจื”ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืž^ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืค^ื˜ืงืฒื˜โ€” 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒ ื™ืฆืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒืšโ€”ืฐื™^ืŸ ืขืจืจื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืื ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืืืขืš ืืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื’^ ืฆื•ื ืืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ, 
ื 5 ืฅ ืคืืจืฐืืจืฆื™ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“,โ€” 
ืฐืื ?ืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืง^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืค^ืงืฒื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข. 


ืืื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ 


ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ.ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืฐืขืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜, 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒืื˜ืขืจื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืขื ืฉืฐืฒื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘^ืขื˜ืขืจ โ€” 
ืื•ื’ื“ื– ื‘ืื’ืฒืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืจืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ, ืฐืื ืžื™ืจ ืืืฒืŸ, ื ืืš ืฑื ื’ืข ืขืจืฉื˜, 
ืื™ื ืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ื ื ืื•ืคื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ โ– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜^ืขื” 

ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจ, ืคืจืฒื“ ืžืฒื ืข, ืฆืขื”ื•ืื™ืข ื–ื™ืš, ืฆืขื˜ืื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื–ืืฆ ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืืขืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืืš ื’ืืจ ืจื™ ืงืณืฆืขื ืื˜ืข, 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฐืข^ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข, 
ืฐืฒ? ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืื ืฆื™ื“ ืžืฒื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืขื˜ืขื ืขื. 


ื ื–ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“^ืขืš ืคืืจืœืืฉืขื ืข? 
ืžื™ืจ โ– ืฐืื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™^ืขืจื”ืฒื˜, 
ืื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ?ืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืฉืืืขื ืขืจ, 
ืื– ืฐืื• ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืงืขืจืขืฐืข ื–ื™ืš: ืคืจืฒื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒื“! 

ืื™ื– ืฐืื, ืื™ื– ืฐืืึพื–ืฉืข ืคื™ื ื˜^ืื˜ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืืจ? 
ืื™ื– ืฐืื ืื–ื•ื™ื ื ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ึพืืžื^ ืคืืจืฐื^ื˜?โ€” 
ื–ืื ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื– ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืฆืื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืืฐืื“ืข ื–ืณื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉ^ื™ืคืŸ ื ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืืจื˜โ€ข 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืงืฆืฒืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฐืืงืืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜, 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒืืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ: ืžื™ืจ ืฆืขืฐืืงืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืื ื’?ื™ืก,โ€” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื“ืขื, ืฉื˜ืฒืคืข, ืคืฆืืงืืขื ืข, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืฒืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืข, ื ืฆืืจื˜ืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ืจ. 


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ืืื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืงื™ 


ื’ 

ืฉืฐื™ืžื˜ ืืŸ.ื ืฐื^ืงืขื ื“^ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืืข ื”ืืจื™ื–ืื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืืš ื’ืขืืข^ืขืš ื ืฉืฐื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ. 
ืืš, ืคืื“ืขื, ืคืขื“ืขืž^ืขืš, ืคืืจืฐืื ืฐื™ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืฆืื ื˜ืขื–, 
ืืš, ื“ื•, ืื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจื, ื›ื™ืื˜ ืคืืจืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืง?. 

ื–ื 5 ื–ืฒืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืš ?ืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ื›ืณืฐืขืฆ ื“ื™ืš, ืžืฒืŸ ืื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจื, ืืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืขื˜ืขื ืขื ื ืืš ื ืฆืขื ืจ^ื™ื ื’ืฆ, ืฆื™ ืžืขืจืขื“, 
ืฐืขื ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืืŸ ืจื™ืจ ืื–ืขืืขื›ืข ืฆืขื’ื™ืฆื™ื˜ืข. 

ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืื ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจืฒื˜ืข, 
ืงื•ืื™ืงืขื ื›ืฒื ืขืจื ืข ื ืฉ^ืขืค ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฐืข^ืŸ ืขืงืŸ, 
ืฐืขืื˜ื• ื ื’ืจื™?ืฅ ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืคืŸ ืฆืขืš ืฐืขืื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืจืฒ ื˜ื•ืŸ โ€” 
ืฐืขืจ ืืณืื™ื– ืฉืจืขืงืขื“ื™ืง, ื–ืืฆ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืขืงืŸ... 

ื“ 

ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืื˜ ื“ื ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืš ืค^ื•ื™ื˜, 
ืืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื ืง^ื•ืžืขืง ืฉื˜ืจืื™ืฆืขื›^ืขืš. 
ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื ืืณืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืื ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืื ืฆืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™^ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ื^ืขื’ืข. 

ื–ื•ืŸ, ืืณืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื ื›ืืฐืขืจื, ื•ืฐื™ ื“ื•, ืื–ื 
ืคื™^ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืืคื™ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆืฒื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื›ื˜ 
ืืš ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืื›ื˜ืข ื“ื ื‘ื ืฉืคื•^ื™ืขื›ื™ืฆืขืš ื‘ื ืฉืฐืืจืฆื™ื ืงืข. 



ืืื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืื”ื™ 


ื” 


ืขืš, ื–ืืฆ ื–ืดืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืฆืดืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™^ืขืš ืจืŸ^ืฒื ืข 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆืขื ืขืจ ื ืืš, 

ื”ืฒ, ืฆืขื’ืจื™^ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ?ื™ื“, 
ืื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื^ืขื ืขื ื ืื™, 
ืฐืขืจืขื˜ืขื ืขืฆืขืš. 

ืืณืื™ื– ืกืฒืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ื ื™ื˜ื, 
ื ืืจ ื ?ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ืื’ 
ืื™ื ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื™ืฆืข, 

ืขืš, ืฆืขื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆืขื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ืฆืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืžืฒื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš! 


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ื›^ื ืข ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ 


ยฃ 1925 ] 


ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฐืขืง ืืฃ ืงืฒืฐืขืจ ืืฐืขื 
ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ?ืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ. 
ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื–ื•ืคื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืืš ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข ืณืฆื–ืืฐืฒื. 

โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืื˜ื• ื’ืืจ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ! 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ โ€” 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืงืกืข! 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืืŸ! 

โ€” ืžืืžืข, ืืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืื™ืฆ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“! 
ืงืืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ื›ืขื˜ ื–ืื˜^ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื“, 
ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•ื™ืข, ืฐื™ ื ืฉื™ืงืืข. 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืืŸ. 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืข^ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื“ื ื‘ืจืขื ื˜. 
ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื^ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืงื, 

ืื•ืŸ ื^ ืžื™ืจ โ€” ืฆืฐืฒ ื”ืฒืืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืฐื™ ื ืฉืฒื ืขืฅ, ืฐื™ ื ื’ื•ื™ 
ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืื ื˜ืŸึพืคืฒืขืจ! 
ืคืจืขื’ ื“ื™ ืคืข^ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ืืจืื˜ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ โ€” 
ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒื“ื ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ 
ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐืข?ื˜, ืฐืื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ: 


319 



ื›ืื’ืข ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ 


ืืฒื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืดื’ืŸ ืคืœืดืฉ, 
โ€” ืžืืžืข! ืฐืดืื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืดืกื˜ 
ื“ืดืŸ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืžืข โ€” 
ื“ืื™ืืฉ ื˜ืืฐืืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื ืžืืจืŸืื™ืžื! 


ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ 

ื”ืดื ื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฐืื ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืณื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ . . . 
ืฐืฒื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืฆืขืฐืฒื ื˜, โ€” 
ืฐื™ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืงืŸ ื’ืœืดืš ื ื™ ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ?... 
ืžืฒืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืžืดืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืœืื ื“, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืืœืขืš 
ื”ืืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืฒืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš... 

ืื™ื ืืฒื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื 
ืงืืจืืžืขืืœืขื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ื ืืฒื ืขื ืคืจืฒื”ืฒื˜ ืขืžืขืจืฐืดื ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื ืดื–ื™ื ืด. 


ืื™ื– . . . ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“, 
ื ืืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื’... 

ืžืฒืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืžืฒืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืœืื ื“, 

ืฉื˜ืฒืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื, ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืขืœ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืืœ ืื™ืš ืจืฒื ืืจืืค ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืขืœ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืืžืขึพื”ืืช 
ืื™ืš ืœืื– 
ืืจ ืงืœื™ืืžืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ... 

ืžืฒืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืžืฒืŸ ืจืื˜ื ืœืื ื“, โ€” 
ืืจืฒื ื’ืขืฐืฒื˜ ื”ืืื˜ ืžืขื ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจ 


320 



ื›ืื ืข ืœืขืฐื™ื– 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื›ืŸ ืžืืžืขึพื’ื•ื—, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืืžืข-ืœืฒื‘ ... 
ืžืขื ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื™ืš ืจืฒื ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒืŸ ื”ืขืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฉืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒื‘ ื‘ืฒื ืณืขืฐืขืœ . . . 

ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื ืืš ืžืืžืข ื–ืฒืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื ืืš ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืฐืฒื‘ ... 

ื”ื™ืžืœ โ€” ืงืืจื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืจืื™ืขืฅ 

ื ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืฐ. 

ื”ื™ืžืœ โ€” ืงืืจื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืจืื™ืขืฅ, 
ื’ืขื“ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืื–ืืœืฆืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ... 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ืœืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ? 
ื, ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ ื ื’ืœืขื˜ ื˜ื•ืŸ. 
ืณืคื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ื’ืœืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ืฉืืฃื . 

ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒื’ืขืจ, ืฐื™ืœืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ? 
ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื ืกืื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ืš ืžืืš ืืŸ ืืคืจื•. 
ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื™ืš ืœืฒื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื— ื ื ืื›ื˜. 

ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืžืฒื“ืœ, 
ื ืืจ ื ืคืจืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื ื•ื™ืœื›ืœ. 
ืื” ื“ืฒื ืข ื›ืžื•ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคืŸ 
ื–ื•ื ืขืŸึพื”ืขื ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ 
ืืืจืณืืคื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื›ืณืฐื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœึพืณื’ืœืื–. 

ื”ืืกื˜ ื’ืขืžืฒื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืคืืจืณื˜ื ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืค ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืœึพืฆืืจื˜ืงืฒื˜ืฃ 
ืขืš, ื“ื•... 


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ื›ืขื ืข ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ 


ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื›ืณืฐืขืœ ืžืดืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐืืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ 
ื^ ื’ืื ื™ื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืดื’ืฒืŸืด. 
ืื•ื™ ืžืฒื ืข ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื–ืืœ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื–ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ... 

ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืืจ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืžืฒื“ืœ, 
ื ืืจ ื ืžืฒื“ืœโ€”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš, 
ื ืืจ ื ืงื ื•ื™ืœื›ืœ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื“. 
ืืš ื“ืฒื ืข ื›ืžื•ืจื ืข ืœื™ืคืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืจ 
ื–ื•ื ืขืŸึพื”ืขื ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ 
ืืคืฉืคื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื–ืคื™ื’ืœึพืจืฒื“. 

ื’ืืืŸึพืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 

ื 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืื ื™ื ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ื•ืฆืคืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ, 
ืฐื™ืขื โ€” ื›ืืœืขืฐืขื ืฆืขืจืขืคืขื˜ โ€” 
ืœืื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืืค. 
ื’ืขื’ืื ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ 
ื ืฆืืฆืงืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืขืงืœืขืš โ€” ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, 
ืืฒื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืื˜ืœืื˜ืŸ ืงืืค. 

ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขึพื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืงืฒืœืขื›ื“ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ืคืืจืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉืืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืืค, 


322 



ื›ืื ืข ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื‘ืื”ื^ื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืื˜, 
ืื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงืืคื ื ... 

ืฐืขืจ ืฐืดืื˜, 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื–ื ืฆืืฆืงืขืœืข 
ืื™ื– ื’ืืจ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืณืืขืฃื• โ€” 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืฆืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืฒืœื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืŸ ... ืื™ืฉืขืฐ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืืฆืงืขืœืข โ€” ืคืืจ ื ืงืืžืฒืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคืืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืžืืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืฆืขืฉืื˜ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื ืฒ, 
ื”ืื˜ ืขืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงื, 
ืืจืืคื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ืฆืืฆืงืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ 
ื ืžืขืืขืจ? ื ืดืคื™ื ืงืขืด... 


ื‘ื ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืื•ื™ 5 ื– 4 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข, 
ืืš ืื™ืจืข ืฐืฒื›ืข ื“ 5 ืื ื™ืขื 
ืจื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, 

ืืš ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ืื’ืŸ ืงืื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ืจืฒื˜ืฐืื’ื ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืด?ื™ื‘ื–ืด โ€” 

ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจื™ืŸ โ€” ื ืฐืฒื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืคืื“ืจืื. 
ื‘ื ื ื‘ื™ื“ื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืื•ื™ืฆืข 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคืŸ: 
ื ื ื™ื˜ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ โ€” 
ื ื”ืฒืžืœืื–ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืœืื˜ืขืจ โ€” 


323 



ื›ืื ืข ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ 


ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื“ืจืฒื˜ 
ืฆืฐืฒ ืคืขืงืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคืœ, 
ืฆืฐืฒ ืคืขืงืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ื. 

ื‘ื ื ื‘ื™ืชืขืจื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืื•ื™ืœืข, 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข, 
ื^ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืฒื›ืข ื“^ืื ื™ืขื 
ืจื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ. 

ื–ืฒ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื˜ืื™ืขืืฐืฒื โ€” 
ืจื™ืจืขืฐื“ื™ืกืข, 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข ืžืืœืคืขื. 
ืื•ื– ืžืืœืคื™ืฉ โ€” ืฐืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜, 
ืคืืจื”ืืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืง ... 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ื”ืฒื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืš ื–ืฒ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืืคื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืณื’ื–ืฐืื— 
ืื•ืŸ ืืณื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืšึพืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืœืคื™ืฉืข, 
ืฆื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฆื™ ืคื™ื, 
ื ืฉืฐืื›ืขืจ ืืฐื ื˜ึพืื›ืืš... 
ืืณื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจื™ื ื ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืฉืŸ, 
ื’ืœืฒืš ืื˜ืื™ืขื ืฐืขืœืŸื– ืืŸื– ื–ืฒ โ€” 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื˜ืขืค. 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืฆืฃื™ ืฐืืœื˜ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื’ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืืขืจ ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื–ืืœ ืขืžื™ืฆืขืจ ื–ืฒ ืื•ื™ืืฆืฐืื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืขืค... 


324 



ืื ืฑื˜ื ืคื™^ื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืจื•ืื™ื 



ืฆื™ื’ืฒื ืขืจื™ืŸ 


ืื– ื’ืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืฐืข^ื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ืดื, 
ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจ ืื•ื– ืฐืืโ€”ื ืฆื•ื™ื? 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, 
ืฐืื• ื’ืืื– ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ื– ืื•ื™ื ื ืค^ืืฅ, 
ืฆืขื™ืฆืฒื’ ืื™ืš ืžืฒื ืข ืฆืฒืฐื ื˜ื–, 
ืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืžืฒื– ื‘ื™ืื ื˜ืฐืื•ืข ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขื–. 
ื™ื–ื•ืงื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืขืจ, 

ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืคืขืื˜ื™ืง ืžืฒื ืข ?ื™ืฑื•ื’ื˜ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืจ. 
ืคืจืขื’ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืฒืขืš ื‘ืฒ ืžื™ืจ... 
ื–ืื™? ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆืฒ^ืŸ ื™ืขืจืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงื–, 
ืฐืื ื›ืณืฐืฒื ื^ืฒื–: 
ืื– ื’ืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืข 5 ื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒื! 


ืื ืฑื˜ื ืคื™ืขื˜ื™ื’ืื“ืืงืื™{} 


ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ 

ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืื”ื^ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืขืค ืื•ื ื˜ืขื•ึพ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, 
ื’ืืจ, ืฐื™ ืืณื’ื™ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงืฐืืœืŸ ืžื™ืž ืฐืืืขืจืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื’ืŸ, 
ื–ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ืš ืื’ื’ื™ืืŸ ืจืฒืš. 

ืฐืฒืฆ ืฐื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขื“, ื‘ื ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื–ืืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืื ื’ืืจืŸ ื ื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคื™^ืŸ, 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืืจื˜ ืžืฒืŸ ืœืฒื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืคื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขื ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืžืคืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœืŸ! 

ื“ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 

ื“ืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืฒืขืŸ ืคืืจืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื“ืฉืื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืขืื˜ื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฐืขืื˜ื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืื˜ืขืฉืงืข, ืฐืื ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ ืฉืฐืข^, 
ื ืื“ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ื“ืขืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืžืฒื ืข, ืืคืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืงืืŸ ืฐื™ ืืžื^ ื–ื™ ืฆืขืคืจืืœืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื”-ืฆืื“ื˜ืขืจ 

ื‘ืืคืขืฆ. 


ืืณืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืืืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืฐืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืื˜ื• ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืžืฒื ืข, ืืคืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืง^ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื ืคืจืขืžื“ ื“ืฒื ืข ืื™ื ื’ืœืฉืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ: ืดื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจื–ืด 


ืฐื™ ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืฒื“ืœืฐืฒื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, 

ืืณื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš โ€” ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืš ืฆืฐืฒืขืŸ. 


326 



ืื ืฑื˜ื ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื 


ืืณื”ืื˜ ืžืดืŸ ืžืืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืง^ืขื ืื˜ืข ื–ืืš, 
ืืณื”ืื˜ ืžืฒื– ื˜ืื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข^ืื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ื™ืฆื– ืณื˜ืคืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš 8 ^ืฒื– ื ืžืืžืข ืคื•ื– ืื– ืืฒืคืข^ืข ื ืงื™ื ื“, 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืฉื“ืขืง ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ื™ืฆ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ืจืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื– ื ืฐื™ื ื˜. 

ื˜ืื’ ื ืืš ื˜ืื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืื™ื– ืืจืคืขื˜ โ€” ืื•ื™ืื›ืืฐืขื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื ืงื™ื ื“, 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืื›ื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉ^ืืš ื ื™ื˜ โ€” ื›ืณืฐืืš ืื™ืคืขืจ ืžืฒื– ืงื™ื ื“. 

ืื•ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืณื˜ื•ื™ื– ืคืืื“ ืคืืจื’ืขืื–, ืื– ืืณืื™ื– ื’ืืจ ืืžืื™ืฆ ื’ืขืฐืขื–: 
ืื– ืฐื™ ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืง ื’ืจืขื–ืข^ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืžืฒื“ 5 ืฐืฒื ื’ืขืฐืขื–. 


ื–ื^ื– ืฐืขืจื– ืฐืฒื, โ€ขืฐื™ ื–ื™ 5 ืคืขืจ, ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ, 
ื–ื^ื– ืงื ืฒื˜ืฉื– ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ื– ืฉืคื™ื ืขื–, 
ืืคื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื^ ืขื ืฐื™ืื– ืฉื•ื™ื– ืืš ืงื™ืฆืืจ: 
ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒื–, ืžืฒื– ื–ื•ื–, ืฐืื ื›ืณื”ืืค ื’ืขืฐืื•ื ืขื–? 

ืฆื™ ื”ืืค ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆืขื‘ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืื›ื˜, 
ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืื ืขื– ืžื™ืš ืืžื^ ืฆื•ื ืฉ^ืขื›ื˜ื–? 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ ืžืฒื– ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขื–ึพื ืขืฅ ืฆื• ืคืืขื›ื˜ื– โ€” 
ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืื“ืืึพื”ื•ื™?, ืื•ื– ืื˜ ืฐื™ ืงื•ื™ืจืืšึพืจืฒืš. 

ื˜ื ื–ื^ื– ืฐืขืจื– ืฐืฒื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืœืคืขืจ, ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ, 
ืื•ื– ื–ืืื– ืงื ืฒื˜ืฉื– ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ื– ืฉืคื™ื ืขื–, 
ืืคื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื? ืขื ืฐื™ืกื– ืฉื•ื™ื– ืืš ืง 5 ืืจ: 
ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒื–, ืžืฒื– ื–ื•ื–, ืฐืื ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืฐืื•ื ืขื–? 


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ืื ืฑื˜ื ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ 


ืžืฒืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 

ื 

ืขืจื“ ื”ืื˜ ืืคื’ืขืคืืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืฆืื ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืขืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืฆื™ื ื’ึพื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื”ืืจื˜ืŸ ืขืŸื ืด, 
ืณืขืฒ^ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืืš ื“ืืจืŸ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ, 
ืฆื™ื ื˜ ื ืืš ืคืœื™ื›ืขืืฐืฒื ืคืืจื”ืืจื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ืฒ. 

ื”ื•ื™ืคื ื ืคื•ืœืข ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ ืืš ื’ืขืจื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืขืฐืืจืคืŸ, 
ื’ืขืœืข ืณื˜ื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืณืฉื•ืจืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ ืงื ืืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื˜ืื’ ื ื–ื•ื ื™ืงึพื”ืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคืืจืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืฒื˜^ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื’. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆืงืืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคื’ืขืฉืฐืขื ืงื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคืฆืืš 
ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืขืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื™ื’ื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ืž^ืขืŸ ื ืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืืฒื ื’ืขืคืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ ึพ ืฉื˜ืืง. 

ืคืขื˜ืข ืขืจื“ ืคืืจื–ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืื’ืŸึพืจืขื“ืขืจ, 
ื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืŸ, ืืฒื ื’ืขืคืจืขืื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืฃ!, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืฒื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžื™ืฆืขืŸ ?ืฒื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื ื“ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘^ื•ื™ืงืฒื˜, ืืฒื ื’ืขืคืืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคื˜. 


ื‘ 

ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™^ื™ื ื’ึพืคืฒื›ืงืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜-ืฆืขืคื•ื™^ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืื˜, 
ืกืณืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆืขืืงืขืจื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงึพืคืจื™ืฉ. 


328 



ืื ืฑื˜ื ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื 


ื?ืข ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜, 
ื”ื™ืž? ืื™ื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒ โ€” ื“ื™ ื“ืขืง, 
ืณืขื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขื“ ื ืืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜, 
ื‘ืขื˜ืฆืขื“ื ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’. 

ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขื“ ืŸ^ืื–ืŸ ืคืื™^ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขื“ ื’^ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืืขื“ึพืฉื˜ื?, 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขื“ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒื’ืŸ, 
ืคื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืขืืขื“ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืžืืฆ. 

ืฉืคืจืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘^ืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฉืฒื˜ืขืจื ืคื™ืฆืืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื’, 
ืคื•ื ื ืืฉ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืืฉ ืจืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืฆื™ื’ื’ึพืฐื™ื ื˜ ืฆืขื˜ืจืื’ื˜. 

ื’ 

ื‘ืื™ืฆืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒืคืข 
ืงื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืืจ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืคืข, 
ืขื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข, 
ืฆื• ื“ืจืณืขืจื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืขืจ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื ืขืจื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืฆืขืฐืื’ืข ื‘ื ืฐืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืฆืฒืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืคื™ืฆ ืืจ ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืฆื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉืฒืŸ ืื™ืฆืข ื‘ืฆืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ืฆืื›ืข ืงื™ืฆืขื˜ืขืจื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฉื™ืฆืื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืขืคื™ืฆ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ. 
ื”ืื’^ื˜ ื ื”ืื’ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคื™ืฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, 
ืื” ื’ืจืื–ืŸ ืืš ื’ืจื™ื ืข, ืืš ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒื˜ืŸ. 



ืื ืฑื˜ื ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื 


ื”ืฒื ื˜ ,ืฐืขื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื— ืณืขืคืืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ืŸ ืคืจืฒ, ืืŸ ื–ืืจื’ืŸ: 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืื˜ื™ืงึพืงื™^ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸึพื˜ื•ืž^ ื“ื ืคืืจืืŸ. 

ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื“ืจืื ื’ ื ?ืื ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆืฐืฒื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉืฆืฒืš ื ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืŸ, 
ืคืืจืงืงืขืžื˜ ื ืคืจื•ื›ื˜, ื–ืฒืŸ ืง^ืฒื ืข ืจื•ื™ื‘, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’^ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆ ืืจืืค ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 

ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืฐื™ ืžืข^ืงืขื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจืฒืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฐืข^ืŸ ื–ืฒ โ€” ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ 
ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืื ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืคืจืฒื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™. 

ื?ืฅ ื’ืจืขืืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืฒื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ 5 ืื•ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืืื˜ื ื, ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ - ื’ืœื™, 
ืฐืข?ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืขืืขืจึพื˜ื™ืจ ืคืืจื”ืืงืŸ. 


330 



ื”ื™ื ื“ืข ืจืฑื˜ื‘ืœ^ื˜ 


[ 1927 ] 


ื, ื˜ืขื’ 


ื, ื˜ืขื’, ืื™ืŸ ืค^ืืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืคืืขืจืŸื˜ืข, 
ืฆืขืฐืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื™^ื“ืขื ืขื ืจืดืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืืงืื ื“ื– ื’^ื™ื’ืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืš ืคืขืฆื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืค^ืขืงื˜ืข 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ื ื˜^ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฆืืžื˜ ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 
ืฐืขื ืื™ืš ื‘ื ืžืขื–ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš ืฐื^ื’ืขืจืŸ 
ื›ื™ื– ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜. 


ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ 

ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ื— 
ื“ื™ ืณื˜ื˜ืฒื ืขืจื ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, 

ืฐืื ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ื™ืจืœืื›ืฐืฒื ืœืื ื’. 
ืืณื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืขืžืฉืืœืข ื“ืขื ืžืืจื’ืŸ โ€” 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืคืขื ื‘ืื ื’... 



ื”ื™ื ื“ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜ 


ื‘ืื ืฉืฐืืจืฆืŸ ื™ืื 

ื ืจื•ืื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืืจืฅึพื™ืื ืฆื•ืคื•ืืŸ โ€” 
ื’ืฆืฒืš, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืฒืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ื–ื ื“ืข ืงืจืืคื˜. 

ืžื™ืš ืืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืื ืฐืืืขืจืŸ ืคืœื™ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืืŸ, 
ืžื™ืš ืืจื˜ โ€” 

ืฐืื ืืณืคืืจืฉืฐื™ื ื“ื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜โ€ข 


ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคืื ืขื– 

ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืค ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคืืžืขืœืืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืจื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืื ื˜. 
ืื™ื“ ื–ืฒื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข, 
ืคืืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื ื™ืขืŸ. 
ืฆื•ื ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืฒืžืื•ื™ืœืขื 
ืคื™ืœ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืข ื’ืขืฐืื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคืื ืขืŸ. 

ื ืฐืฒืœืข ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– 
ืืฒืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืืจื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ. 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืค ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื ื, 
ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื‘ืืž ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจ. 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคืื ืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฐืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒืœืข โ€” 
ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ืืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืื ืขืŸ? 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคืื ืขืŸ. 


332 



ืื ื™ื˜ืงืืฐ 


ืื ื™ื˜ืงืืฐ โ€” 8 ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืฆ 
8 ืฉื˜ืขื˜^ ื‘ืื ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฅ, 
8 ืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฆ, ืฐื™ 8 ^ืข โ€” 
ื’ืจื•ื™ื, ืฐื™ 8 ื’ืขื ื™ืฅ. 

ืขื ื’ืขืจ โ€” ื“ื™ ื’ืขืื™ 85 ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืืขืจ โ€” ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฆืขืฆืขืจ. 
ื‘ืืื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืฒื–^ืืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืง^ืขืฆืขืจ. 

ื ืืงืขื˜ ื“ืื ืฉื˜ืขื˜^ โ€” 
8 ืณ?ืฒืžื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืŸ. 
ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืฆ ืงืฒืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื ืงื, 
ืงืฒืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคืื“ื™ื. 


ื™ ืžืฒืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜^ โ€” 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 58 ืข: 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒืฆ ื ืคืืจืงืขื˜ืŸ, 
ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืืจืขื˜ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืื›^ืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™^ื“, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืค^ืขืงื˜ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒืžืขื ืขื ,^ืขื ื™ืŸ, 
ื ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื“ืขืจืงื™ืฆืขืคื˜ืŸ. 

ืขื ืจืฒืื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืืš ื“ืขื ื ืืงืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 5 , 
ืฐืื ?ื™ื’ื˜, ืฐื™ ืคืืจืฐืืจืคืŸ, 
ืืš ืฉืื›ืžืื˜ืขื ืขื ื‘ืจืขื˜ืฆ... 



ืœืฑื‘ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืจ, 


!; 1927 ] 


ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืกื˜ ื’ืŸื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฆื™ ืฉืคืขื˜ ืฆื™ ืคืจื™, 
ืื•ื– ื’ืฒื– ืฐืขืื˜ื• ืจืืจืคื– 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, โ€” 

ืฐื™ืื– ื–ื^ืื˜ื•, ื”ืขืจืื˜, 

ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืืฐืขืง 
ืื•ื– ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื– ?ืื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. 

ืื•ื– ืฐืขื‘ ืื™ืš ืจืืจื˜, ืฐืขื‘ 
ื’ืื ืฆืขื’ืข ื˜ืขื’, 

ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจื– 
ืื•ื™ื ืงื™ื ืจ; 

ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืืฐืขืง 
ื–ื•ื›ื– ืžืฒื– ืฐืขื’, 

ืฆืขื™ืื’ื˜ ืื•ื– ืฆืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ื– 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐื™ื ื˜ . . . 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื ืฒ ืžื™ื˜ื– ื“ืจืฒ, 
ืฐืื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘, 
ื”ืื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื โ€” 


334 



ืœืฑื‘ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืง 


ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืขืฐืจืข ืคืืจืฉืฒื˜ืข, 
ืฐืืก ืืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืฒื˜ืข, 

ืณืฐื™ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื– ึพืืฐืขืง 
ืคื•ื– ืื™ืœ ื”ืฒื โ€ข . . 

ืฐืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืขืจ ื”ืฒื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืืจ ืื™ืฆืข ืื™ื ืฒื ืขื โ€” 

ืฆื• ืืฒื ื โ™ฆ โ™ฆ โ™ฆ 

ืื•ืŸ ื 5 ืข ืื™ื ืฒื ืขื 
!ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืจื•ืžืข, 
ื’ืขื™ืื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ืืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ื˜, 
ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒื ืขืŸ โ€” 

-ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฆื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจืฒื“ื•ืฒื˜, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ โ™ฆ โ€ข . 




ื ื™ืื ืจืืคื™ืขืก 

ืื•ืŸ 


ื ื™ื ืœื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข 




ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ 


ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉึพื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸืณ'โ€ข ื ืฑ ื™ืืจืชโ€ข 

1915 โ€ข 

ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ, ืžืจื™ื 

ื’ืขื โ€ข 1890 ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื–, ืคื•ื™ืœืŸโ€ข ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืดื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื‘ืขืก ืื•ืฆืจื™/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ€ข ืชืจืค''ื‘โ™ฆ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืžืืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื”ืงื“ืžื”โ€ข ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ื ื™ื™ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืดืฉื‘ืชืณโ€ข ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื ื‘ื™ื— ืฐืืก 
ืื™ื– ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜โ€ข ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื–โ€ข 
ื‘ืืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืฒื’ืข 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ืดโ™ฆ ืœืื“ื–โ€ข 1919 โ™ฆ 

ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืฉืจื” 

ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืดื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸืณ'โ€ข ืœืื“ื–โ€ข ืชืจืขืดื˜ึพืคโ™ฆ 

ื‘ื•ืจืฉืžื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืข 

ื’ืขื‘ืด 1901 ืื™ืŸ ืกืืงืืœื™^ ืœืืžื–ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืด ืคื•ื™ืœืŸโ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืดื“ืืก ื ื™ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸืณ/ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืืงโ€ข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 1921 โ™ฆ ืื•ื™ืืขืจ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืžืขืฉื”ืœืขืš, ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸโ€ข ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืืึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก/ ืงืืœื™ืคโ€ข 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ/ ืžืืœื™ืข 

ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืดื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸืดโ€ข ืœืื“ื–โ€ข ืชืจืขืดื˜ึพืณืคโ€ข 

ื‘ืœืืš, ืื ื ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1901 ื‘ืฒ ืืจื˜ืื“ืืงืื™ืฉืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืดืžื™ืจืด/ ืื™ื ึพ 

ืืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ€ข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉโ€ข ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืฉื•ืœืข, ืฐืื• ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืจื•ืื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคืจืื›ืŸโ€ข ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸโ€ข ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืฉื ืฒื“ืขืจื™ืŸโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ 1913 ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืืŸ ืฆื• 
ื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืคโ€ข ื“ืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉโ€ข 

ืื™ืŸ 1915 ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืงืฒืคื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคืจื™ืงืข, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 



ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืœื™โ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ 1918 ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื”ืื ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, 
ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคืจื™ืงืขโ€ข ืื™ืŸ 1921 ื”ืื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจื–ึพ ืดืคืึพ 

ืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉืข ืžืฒื“ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืืณ'โ™ฆ 

ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜, ื‘ืขืจื˜ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1903 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข* ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืงืฒืคื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคึพ 

ืจื™ืงืขโ™ฆ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1917 ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื”ืื ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื›ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ืดื“ืขืจ 
ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจืดโ€ข ืื™ื– 1920 ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืกืขืจื™ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืดืกื•ื™ื˜ื” 
ืืคืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ืื”ืจึพื‘ื•ืšืณ/ ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ* 

ื’ืืœื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ืงื” 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1891 ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ื ืืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ™ฆ 1907 ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข^ ื•ื•ืื• ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉโ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ 1912 ื‘ื™ื– 1915 ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืœืืกึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, ืงืืœื™ืคโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ 
ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจโ€ข ืคื•ืŸ 1917 ื‘ื™ื– 1920 ื’ืขึพ 

ืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืืคืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืข, ื™ืืคืืŸ, 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข, ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขโ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดืคืจืึพ 

ื’ืจืขืกื™/ ืœืืกึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืโ™ฆ ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื ืื™ ื“ื™ืืกืคืืจืืณ/ ื•ื•ืื• ืืณื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ึพ 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉโ€ข ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืงโ€ข 

ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’/ ืขื˜ืœ 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1897 ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืืจืš ืœื™ื˜ืื•ื•ืกืง, ื’ืจืื“ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ€ข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขึพ 

ืจื™ืงืข 1912 โ€ข ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดืคืจืฒื”ืฒื˜ืณ/ 1926 โ€ข ื”ืืคื– 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืื ืื˜ ื˜ืื’ืืจืก ื‘ื•ืš ืดื’ื™ื˜ืื ืด 
ื“ื–ืฉืืœื™ืณ/ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืณ'/ ืฉื™ืงืื’ื^ 1926 โ€ข ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื™ืคโ€ข 

ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืจืื–ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข ืืจื•ื 1870 ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื™ืื˜ื™ืŸ, ืคืืœื˜ืืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืด ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขโ€ข ื“ืขื‘ืฑ- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœืื’ืขื ืฆื•ื ืดืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืืœืงืกื‘ืœืื˜ื˜ืด, ืกื˜โ€ขึพ 
ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืจื•ืกืœืื ื” 1888 โ€ข 

ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ^ ืจืื–ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1898 โ€ข ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืดืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขืณ 1920 โ€ข ื”ืื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืงืœืฒืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืดืคืืจ ื’ืืจ ื“ืขื ื ืืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸืณ/ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, 

1925 โ™ฆ 

ื’ืœืื–ืขื” ืื™ื“ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1891 ืื™ืŸ ืœืฑื‘ืื” ื•ื•ืืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขโ€ข ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืืžื™ืจ 1906 โ€ข ื ืืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื–ื˜ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืขโ€ข ืื™ืŸ 1909 ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืงโ€ข ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


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ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืœืื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฐื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ (ืฆืคื•ืŸึพืืžืขืจื•ืงืข)* ื ืื›ื– 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืื ื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืง* ื ืขืฉื˜ื•ึพ 

ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืงโ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดืคืจืฒืข ืขืจื‘โ™ฆ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืœ/ ื’ืดึพื™โ™ฆ 1918 ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ืก ื”^ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™ึพ 

ื“ืขืจ ืดืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ึพืฉืื˜ืขืŸื™/ ื *ึพื™โ™ฆ 1922 โ™ฆ 

ื’ืขืœื” 

ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื”ื‘ืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1710 ื ืกื“ื•ืจึพืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืดืชืคืœืช ืžืฉื”ืณ/ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืข, 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืื–ื™ืงืŸ ืกื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื” ืืคึพ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืœื™ื“ ืดืชืคื™ืœื”ืด, ื•ื•ืืก ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืืœืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜/ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจึพ 

ืฆืฒืœื˜ ื“ืืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื™ืืจโ™ฆ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืจโ™ฆ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸึพื ื˜ืข ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื”ืื ืื•ื•ืขืจืก ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ึพ 

ืฉืขืจ ื›ืจืื ื™ืง ืดื™ื•ืŸึพืžืฆื•ืœื”ืณ' ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืดืชืœืื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืื• ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ืขึพ 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืด, ืฐืืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ึพื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืขืฉืจืช 
ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ื’ืŸึพืขื“ืŸ ื*ื^ื•ืก 

ื’ืขืจืกืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื—ื ื” 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1898 ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกืง, ^ื•ื™ืœืŸโ™ฆ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ึพื™ืฆื”ืง ื’ืขืจืกืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืืกืง (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข: ืื™ืŸ ืดืขื™ืจ ืœืกืง ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื”ืณ/ ืœืื“ื–โ™ฆ ืชืจืคืดื•)โ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ 
ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืดื™ื•ื’ืขื ื“ืณโ€ข ืœืื“ื–* 1918 * 

ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ืœื™ืข 

ื’ืขื‘* 1888 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง, ื•ื•ืฒืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“โ™ฆ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃึพืฑื ื” 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ึพืงื•ื—ื” ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื–ื•ื›ื˜โ™ฆ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื’ืืœืื“ืขืฅโ™ฆ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืื•ื•ืื–ื™ื‘ืงืื•ืฐ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ื’ืืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ™ฆ^ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขโ™ฆ ื ืื›ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉื•ืœืข/ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข* ืื™ืŸ 1912 ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื—ื˜ืื™ื, 
ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข/ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸโ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืฉื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื.ึพื โ™ฆ ื’ื ืขืกื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜, ื ืืš ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจื™ื™ืก/ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ. ื’ื ืขืกื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจืก ื ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขึพ 

ืจื™ืงืขโ€ข ืื™ืŸ 1917 ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ/ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ /^ื ืฒืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืด/ ื *ึพ'*ืณ 1917 . ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื .ึพื™. 

ื”ืืคืžืืŸ/ ืœืื” ืง. 

ื’ืขื‘* 1898 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืงืœืืŸ/ ืฐื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘. ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื™ืืจ ืืคื’ืข- 
ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืืŸ.. ืฆื• ื–ืขื›ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืข- 


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ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ืฆืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ืจืื™ื˜^ ืžื™ืฉโ™ฆ, ืฐืื• ืืณื’ืขืคื™ื ืž ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื—* 

ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพึพืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืดืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ืณ', ื *ึพืฐ# 2 ื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืข 1921 . ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืื˜ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืงื“ืžื—. 

ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ื•ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืžืขืฉื”ืœืขืš ืดืงืœืฒื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืณ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื—ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืืงื™. ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง, ืฐืื• ืื™ื– 
ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ืณ. 

ื—ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื” ืคืขืื™ 

ื’ืขื‘* 1900 ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขื ืื‘ืจืื” ื•ื•ืืœื™ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจืขึพ 

ืฐื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืŸืข ื ื’ืขืคืขืึพืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฒ ื ืคืจื™โ€ข 

ื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ. ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืจื•ืื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื™ื™ืงืœืืื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืœืข. ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ 1918 ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขโ€ข 

ืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืื’ื, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉืืคโ€ข ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1918 . ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงืื’ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื” ืฐื™ ืดืฑื ื’ึพืฉื™ืงืื’ืืด ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ื™. ืคืืจึพ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืดืงืืจืขืœืŸืณ/ ืฉื™ืงืื’ื^ 1926 . ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื˜ืจืื™ื˜, ืžื™ืฉ. 

ืฐืื–ื–ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง^ ืžืจื™ื 

ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืื™ืœื•ืื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขืด 1919 ืด 

ืฐืืœืคื™ื ื’ืขื” ืคืขืจืœ 

ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืดืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸืด/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข^ 1920 โ™ฆ ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืžืืฉื˜ืฉ^ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ. 

ืฐืฒืก^ ืฉืคืจื— 

ื’ืขื‘ืด 1889 ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœืขืž, ืงืืฐื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘. ืงืฒืŸ ืื™ืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฆื• ืคื•ืคืฆืขืŸ ื™ืืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืดื‘ื•ื ื“ื™/ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืจืื™ืืŸึพ 
ืงืืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื. ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœื™ืฆื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 1906 ื 6 ึพ 

ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืงืื’ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1915 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื™ืคืืจื ื™ืข. ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจึพื‘ืื•ื•ืขึพ 

ื’ื•ื ื’. ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดืคืจื™ื™ืข ืืจื‘. 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืณ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ืœืืงืืœืข ืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืฉื•ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจึพืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื” ืงืืœื™ืค. ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืืกึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก. 

ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงืฑ ืจืืฉืขืœ 

ื’ืขื‘ืด 1395 (?) ืื™ืŸ ืืฑื•ืื ืงืืฐ, ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘. ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒื“ืข ื ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ึพ 

ืžืขืจืก ืฆื” ื‘ืจืืชื™ื ืกืงืฑ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืื•ืคื” ื“ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ โ€” ื ืกื•ื—ืจ. ื’ืขโ€ข 

ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืฒืŸ ื™ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ื” ื“ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉึพื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืขืฐืด 1906 ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฐืื• ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื•ื ื˜ึพืฉื•ึพ 

ืœืข. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ืก ืจืื–ื ืคืขืœื“ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขื—ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื•ืคืฆืขืŸ ื™ืืจ. ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1913 , ืื•ื™ืš ืืดืค 


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ืดืจืืฉืœึพืจืืฉืœืณ/ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืšึพืคืืจื: ืดืจื•ืŸืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืœื™/ ื โ€ข 1926 โ™ฆ ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืงโ€ข 

ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœืขื” ืืกืชืจ 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืณ/ ื *ึพื™โ€ขืณ 1913 โ€ข 

ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื‘ืขืจื’, ืฉืจื”ืณื˜ืฉืข 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืดื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸืณ/ ืœืื“ืฑ ืชืจืขืดื˜ึพืคโ€ข 

ืžื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงืฑ ืกืื ื™ืข 

ืดื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 1902 ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื‘ืื”ื•ืกืœืื•ื•โ€ข ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืžื•ืœื™ืขืจโ€ข ืืคืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืžืขืœืืžืขื” ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ/ ืœื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ื™ืŸโ€ข 
ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืืคื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืฉืžืดืจืก ื ืจืืžืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื’ื˜ ืดื–ืฉืืจื’ืืŸืด'โ™ฆ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขึพ 

ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขโ€ข ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜, ืกืื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืคืืฆื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžืื™ืกืขืœืขืšโ€ข ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื–ืŸโ€ข ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸโ€ข 

ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื ืขื–โ€ข ืื™ืŸ 1914 ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ 
ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืืžืขโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืฐืขื‘ืขืจโ€ข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœืขืก ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจึพ 

ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ, ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืคื˜ืžืืœ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœืฅ ื‘ืื ื‘ืืœืขึพ 

ื‘ืืก, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืดืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื˜ื™ื›ืŸืด (ืœื™ื“ืขืจ)โ€ข ืื™ืŸ 1917 ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขึพ 

ื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื™ืœึพืคืืจืืฒืŸโ€ข ืื™ืŸ 1921 ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดืืจื‘ืงืืจืšื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ื™/ 1924 ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืงืืจืขืืคืื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืดืขืžืขืกื™'โ€ข 1925 ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืงืื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸืณ' ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืืจ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืดโ€ข 

ื˜ื™ืœืขืก, ืื™ื™ื“ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1888 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื™ืœืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜โ€ข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืื•ื ื’ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืœืคืขืจืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉโ€ข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืดื‘ื•ื ื“ื™'โ€ข 

1905 ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืขโ™ฆ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืœืื ื“ โ€” ื‘ืฒื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืืงืขืืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืคืขื’ โ€” ืงืื ืื“ืขโ€ข ืื™ืฆื˜ โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืกโ€ข 
ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืืก ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืด/ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืคืขื’/ ืื™ืŸ 1918 โ™ฆ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึพ 
ื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจึพืงืื ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืด/ ื *ึพื™โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ 
1924 , ื•ื•ืื• ื’ืขืงืจืื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคืจื™ื– ืคืืจืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืดื ื‘ืœื•ืื™'โ€ข 

ืžืฉืืจื ื™/ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืกโ™ฆ 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1894 ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืด ืฐืฒืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“โ™ฆ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืืจืฃโ™ฆ ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœืขึพ 


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ืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืณืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ~ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืžื•ื˜ ืจืฉืดื•, 

ื“ืงื“ื•ืง* ืฆื• ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืืจ ืงืœืืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืชื ืดืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉึพืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืž ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจโ™ฆ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืื ืคื™ืจืŸ *^ื•ื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคืขื—โ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืืœืขื•ื•ืขืฅ, ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ื’ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ 
ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ึพืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”ึพื™ืืจืŸ ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืขโ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืื’ืขืฐืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืคื˜ ืืคืฆื•ืคืืจืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืขโ™ฆ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืขึพื‘ืึพ 
ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจืฒื ื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื ืืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืขืงืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืงืฒืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ/ 

ื .ึพื™โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ^ 192 ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื”โ™ฆ ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื, ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒืšโ™ฆ ื’ืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฐื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืค :ื˜ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขึพ 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฑื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขึพ 

ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงึพ 

ืจื™ื™ืš. ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืดื˜ืื’ืณ/ 1923 * ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืดืค 
ืดืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขืœืด ืื™ืŸ ืดืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืณ/ ืื•ืŸ ืดื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ืณ/ ืฐึพื™. 

ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืื•ื•ืกืงื/ ืฉื•ืฉื ื” 

ืด ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื”ืขืคื˜ ืดืฑื’ืขื ื“ืด/ ืœืื“ื–^ 1918 

ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืง/ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืข 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ โ™ฆ ื›ืืจืงืื•ื™/ 1927 

ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ/ ืจืื–ืข 

ืดื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1889 ืื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ื™ืฉื›ืจึพื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ ื’ืจื•ื™ื‘ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืคืจืืฉื ื™ืฅ, ืคืœืืฆืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืด ืคื•ื™ืœืŸโ€ข ื“ืืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฐืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ/ ื’ืจื™ื/ ืคืขืจืื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืชื™ืžื ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ืŸ/ ื•ื•ืื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃโ€ข ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”ึพืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ึพ 

ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ื’ืขืฉืคืจืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœืงืก ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜/ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ/ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืืก ืคืืœืง ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืœื•ืชึพื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ/ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸโ€ข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืฅ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืข. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ. 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื—ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ึพื‘ืขืจ ื–ืื™ืื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ืŸ. ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ืฐืื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืŸ ื ืชื•ืจื”ึพืœืขืจื ืขืจ/ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ึพ 

ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืืก ืดื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืืจื˜ืณ/ ื“ืืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ,/ืฆื• ืžืฒืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืขืŸืด ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืฆื ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš //ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉื™', ืฐืืจืฉืขืด 1910 โ€ข 

ื ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ,/ืžืฒื ืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸื™'/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข/ 1924 . ื”ืื‘ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืดืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืื˜ืณ'/ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜โ€ข 


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ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืกืืŸ, ืจืื–ืืœื™ื 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืจืืžืื ึพืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ืดโ™ฆ ืฐ?}ืจืฉืข* 1908 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 

ืคืกืฒื“ืื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืขืจื ืฉืžืฒืŸ. ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1809 ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืž 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืกื•ื—ืจื™ืโ™ฆ ืฆืœ 12 ื™ืืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืื. 
ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขึพ 

ื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจโ™ฆ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื”ืณื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืื™ื ึพ 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ื” ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸโ™ฆ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื•ืงื–ืืš ืดื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจึพืฉื‘ืช^'โ€”ื ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืฑื’ื ื˜ึพื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช โ€” ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืณ/ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื” 1907 * ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืืžืืŸ^ ืืŸ ืืฒื ืืงื˜ืขืจ ืดื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืด (//ื“ืืก ื ืฒืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ^^/ ื ืœืžโ™ฆ 4 / ื *ึพื™ื™โ€ข 1909 )/ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืฆืขื ืข 
//ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ืด (ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืืก ื ืฒืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸืด/ ื ื•ืžโ™ฆ 7 ึพ 8 / 1911 )โ™ฆ ื ืืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืฅึพืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืข 1917 ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขืจึพ 
ืฆืฒืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื //ืœื•ืขืงืขืจ^^/ ืžื™ื ืกืง/ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“โ™ฆ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืกโ™ฆ 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืšึพืคืืจื: ืดื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืื™ืดโ™ฆ ืื™ืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒ ืืงื˜ืŸโ™ฆ ืžื™ื ืกืงโ€ข 1925 

ืฑื“ื™ืงื 

ืืกื™ื™ื“ืื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฆื™ืงโ™ฆ ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1898 ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื–ืฉื“, ืงืื•ื•ื ืขืจ ืœื™ึพ 

ื˜ืข/ ื‘ืฒ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒื˜ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฅ/ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืื ื“ืœืกึพืื ึพ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸโ™ฆ ื ืืš ื’ืืจ ืืœืก ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข 
ืงืฒืŸ ืœืื ื“ืืŸโ™ฆ ืฆื• ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขึพ 
ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœโ™ฆ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืจื™ืžืงืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื/ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืžื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืกืŸ, ื‘ืฒ ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ึพืžืื™ืŸ/ ื•ื•ืื• ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜โ™ฆ ื‘ืฒื ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืกึพืœืื’ืขืจ/ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืฒื“ืŸ/ ืคื™ื ืœืื ื“/ ืžืืกืงื•ื•ืข ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืื•ืœ/ ื•ื•ืื• ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืžืฒื“ืœืขืšึพื ืฒื˜ืืจื™ื ืกโ™ฆ ืฉืืขื˜ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœื ื’ื•ืืฐืขืจื ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขึพ 
ืกื™ื˜ืฉืื ืกืงโ™ฆ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื•ื™ืฃ( ืฒื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขึพ 
ืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืฒื˜ืฉโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืืกืœืื•ื• ืืจืฒื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืฒื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจโ€”ืคืจืฅ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืจืืกื™ืŸ/ ื”ื ื” 
ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“โ™ฆ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื˜ืขึพ 
ืจื™ื ืืกืœืื•ื•โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืื˜ืืฐึพื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืฒ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ 
1920 ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืžืืืงืฐืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืืฐืขืง ืงืฒืŸ ืคื™ื ืœืื ื“, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืกึพืœืื’ืขืจ/ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืงื”ืืœื, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ 1922 ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ึพ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœโ™ฆ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ,/ื ืฒืข ืฑื’ื ื˜ืดโ™ฆ ืงืืฐื ืข 1923 ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืืขืžืข ืดืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ืดโ™ฆ ืงืืฐื ืขโ™ฆ 1925 ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจโ™ฆ ืืืชืจ ืขืœื™ืืฉืขื•ื•โ™ฆ 


345 



ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื, ืฉื™ืคืจืข 

ื’ืขื‘* ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืืจืŸืข ื™ืืื ืื’ืืจืื” ืฐืืœื™ื™ื–โ™ฆ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ึพืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืืจืŸืข/ ื•ื•ืื• ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื’ื ืก 8 ื“ืขืกื™ืื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ื™ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜โ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืฆื“ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืื˜ืŸ ืคืืœืงืกืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจโ€”ึพื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืœืขื–ืžืขืจ ืคื“ื”ืฆื•ืจึพื›ืึพ 
ืœืื“ืขื ืงื* ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸโ™ฆ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืกื˜ื•ึพ 

ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื”ึพืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจื–ื•ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืกืงื•ื•ืขโ€”ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉึพืžืื˜ืขึพ 
ืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜โ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉึพื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืฉื˜ืจืืืดโ™ฆ ืžืืืงึพ 

ืฑืข* 1922 

ื›ืืกื™ื, ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืฉื˜ืจืืืดื™- ืžืืกืงืฐืขโ™ฆ 1923 

ื›ืืจืืœ, ื“ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืจืข 

ืดื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ 1898 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื›ืจื™ืžืืฐ, ืงื™ืขืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ืื•ืงึพ 

ืจืื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ื ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ืฆื“ โ€” ืจืขึพ 

ืคืืขืœ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืืŸ โ€” ื ืจืฒื›ืขืจ ืฐืืœื“ึพืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ* ื ื›ืืกื™ื“ ืจืณ ื“ืื•ื•ื™ื“ืœ ื˜ืืœึพ 

ื ืขืจืก* ื“ืขื ื–ืฒื“ื ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืฒ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืกืฒ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ* ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸโ€”ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจึพ 

ื ืขืจ ืฉืจืื ืง, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืœืฒื›ื˜ืขื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืคืœืื“ 
โ€”ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคืœ. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸโ™ฆ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืืจืฉื ึพ 
ืื•ืŸึพื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœึพื’ืืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืฒื˜ืขืจ/ ืืจื•ื ืฉืœื™ืืš/ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืงืขืกื˜ืœื˜ืข 
ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื“ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื ืก ืืŸ ืืฒื ื™ืงืœ, ืืœืฒืŸ ื ืžืืกืงืœ, ืืฒืจืึพ 

ืคืขืื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜, ื”ืื˜ ืืจืฒื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคืื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ื“โ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื™ืืจืฉื ื˜ ื ืื˜ื•ืจึพื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื•ื ืœื™ึพืจโ™ฆ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื–ื•ืžืขืจึพืื•ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืกื™ึพ 

ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœืงืกึพืœื™ื“ืขืจโ™ฆ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืืŸืž ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืืืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืึพ 

ืžื™ืงืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’โ™ฆ ืฆื• 14 ื™ืืจ ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐ, 

ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ึพ 

ื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื ืื˜ื•ืจึพื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืคื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ 1919 ื™ืืจ ืœืขืจืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืคืขื“ืื’ืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ 1920 ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ึพ 

ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ: ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืฐ ืดื™ืืืœื™ืด, 
ืฉื•ืœื”ื™ื™ืโ™ฆ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืœืขโ™ฆ ื ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ืฐ ืืŸ* 
ืคืื“ืืœโ™ฆืด 

ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืจืข 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืดโ™ฆ ื›ืืจืงืื•ืฑ 1925 


346 



ื›ืดืฅ^ ื—ื ื” 

ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ึพืœืฑื‘ ื›ืดืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืžื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืฉื›ื ื–โ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ 
ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ืฒื˜ืฉ ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืขืŸ, ืฐืืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืฒืœืŸโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข, ืฐืื• ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื”, 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืจืข ื ืดืชืคืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืช/ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืดืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืด 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืืฉึพื—ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœโ™ฆ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื ืื™ืŸ 17 ึพ 18 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื—* ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ืดืชืคืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืชืณ' ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืขโ™ฆ 

ืœืืงืกึพืคืจืฅ/ ืจืื–ืข 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1894 ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื•ื• (ื ื™ื™ึพืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจื™ืข), ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜โ€ข ืื™ืจ 
ืคืื˜ืขื” ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคืจืฅึพืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข/ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸโ€ข 

ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืื“ื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒ ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ึพ 

ืกื•ื—ืจโ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืฆื“ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉึพืจื‘ื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื”โ€ข 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืช ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืืฆืง, 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ 1911 โ€” 1914 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืจ ืคืจืฑื•ืื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืงึพืœืฒื‘ื•ืฉ 
ืคืจืฅ (ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“)/ ื•ื•ืื ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™โ™ฆ ืœโ™ฆ ืคืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื™ื ืขื–ืืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืดื‘ื™ื›ืขืจึพื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืด ืื•ืŸ ืดืœื™ื˜โ™ฆ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืด, ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ€ข 1924 โ™ฆ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืื ื“ืืงื˜ืืจื™ืŸ/ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืืจื˜ืื•ื•/ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขึพ 
ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืงื•ืœืคื˜ืืจ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืœืืงืก 
1923 ื–ื™ื“ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขโ™ฆ ืฆื• 13 ึพ 14 ื™ืืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉโ™ฆ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1926 ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืดื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ืด 

ืื•ืŸ ืดืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืณ', ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ 

ืœื™/ ืžืœื›ื” 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1904 ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ืืกื˜ืขืจื–ื™ืืงื/ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืขโ™ฆ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ืคื™ื ืฃึพืงืœืืกื™ืงืข 
ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืขโ€ข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉ/ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ/ ืจื•ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉโ™ฆ ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” 
ืืฐืขืง ืงืฒื– ืฐื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืฉื•ืœืขโ™ฆ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1923 โ™ฆ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืงโ€ข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืš ืฑืœืฑ 1927 ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื›ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”ึพืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื ืืดื  //ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸืด ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืดืคืจืฒื”ื™ื™ื˜ืณ/ ื *ึพื™ โ™ฆ 


ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก/ ื“ื™ื ืข 

/,ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1900 ืื™ืŸ ืกืœืื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื ื/ ื•ื•ืืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ื‘ื™ื™ ืขืœึพ 

ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœืขื“ืขืจึพืคืื‘ืจื™ืงโ™ฆ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขึพ 

ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืขื”ืฒืžืขืก, ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ึพืื™ื™ืคืขืกโ™ฆ ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืขื“ืขืจ 


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ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜โ€”ื ื•ื•ืืœื“โ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐื™ื™ื– ืืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื 
ืงืจืื ืงืข ืžืืžืข^ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœึพ 

ื˜ืขืจืข ืงืืค ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ื ืืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึพ 

ื‘ืขืจ ื™โ™ฆ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืžโ™ฆ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืจโ™ฆ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืืœื’ืŸ 
ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืื ืืขโ™ฆ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข, ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ 1920 , ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื’ืจืืึพ 

ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื ืืจ ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ืขืฐโ™ฆ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืขื“ืื’ืื’ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืจืกืŸโ™ฆ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืื’ืจืืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจโ€ข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸโ™ฆ 

ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดืงืืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืืŸืณ/ 
ืงื™ืขื•ืฐื™' 

ืœื™ื™ื‘^ ืžืจื™ื 

ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืดืฐืขื’ืŸืดโ€ข ืœืื“ื–โ€ข 1922 

ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ, ื›ืื ืข 

ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืณโ€ข ื›ืืจืงืืฐโ€ข 1925 

ืžืื–ืข, ืืฒื“ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1893 ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืคืœ ืื•ื’ืœ, ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืืคื•ืœื™ืข, ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘*, ืฐืฒืกึพ 

ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“โ€ข ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ึพ 
ืงืืฐืกืงื™โ€ข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– 1908 โ€ข ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ, ืงืื ืื“ืขโ€ข 

ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืกืงืฐ ืงืื“ื™ืข 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1393 ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ื•ื–ึพื‘ืขืจืขื–ืข, ืœื™ื˜ืขโ€ข ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืขืจื™ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืดืื™ื™ื’ื ืกืณ/ ื‘ืื ื“ 2 * ืงื™ืขื•ืฐ 1920 โ€ข ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœืขโ€ข 

ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ/ ืื ื 

ืคืื™ื™ื“ืื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื–ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืกื‘ื•ื™ืโ€ข ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1887 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืืง ื“ืœื™ื˜ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขโ™ฆ ื ืืš ื“ืขื ืคืื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืขโ€ข ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืจืฒื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืจโ™ฆ ื—ืฒื ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืœืื•ื•ืกืงื™, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืจืขืืข ืืœื ืคืจืืคืขืกื™ืื ืขืœืข ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸโ€ข ืก 191 ึพ 1911 ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ€ข ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื” ืกื˜ืื•ื•ืกืงื™ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅึพื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ืดโ€ข ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1920 ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืืดืค ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸโ€ข ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ืืดื  ืดื“ืืก ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื– 1923 '/ ื โ™ฆ*ึพ'โ€ข 


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ืžืฒื–ืœ, ื›ื™ื˜ืœ 

ืดื’ืขื ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1898 ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื . 

ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืœืื–ึพืคืื ืจื™ืงืื ื˜ืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืขึพ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืขโ€”ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ืžื™ื™ื–ื™ืœ โ€” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืฉืขืจ ืดืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืืดึพืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืงืื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜, ืคืืจึพ 

ื˜ื™ืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื™ืŸึพื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืœื•ืฉึพืืขื•ื“ื•ืชึพื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ึพื”ื›ืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืื’ืจืขื ื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 

ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคืืจื˜โ™ฆ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืขโ€”ืžื—, ื’ืขื“ืื ืงื™ ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืขโ€”ื“ืืก ืœืขื ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸโ™ฆ ืื“ืื ืง ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ื–ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื ืขืจืฉืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืืคื˜ ืคืืจื ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื , ื”ืื  ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื ื ืฒืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื ืืจืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพ 

ืฉืข ื™ืืจืŸโ™ฆ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืืš ื’ืขื ืœื™ื ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืืฆื™ืื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื ืฉืืคืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ืคืืจื ืืจื’ืขื ืขื ื ืก, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื ืŸ. ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐ/ ืื™ืŸ 1917 , ื™ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึพ 

ืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืืคื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸึพืฉื˜ื•ื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืดืงืืžืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืึพื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉึพ 
ืงืฒื˜ืณ/ ื•ื•ืื• ืกืณื”ืื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื–ึพื“ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ืก* ืื™ืŸ 1921 ืืฐืขืง 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืกืงื•ื•ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1922 ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข^ ืฐืื• ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืืœืก ืฉืขืคืขึพ 
ืจื™ืฉึพื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืืจื ืขื˜. ื“ืืจื˜ ื ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจึพืงื•ืจืกืŸ, ืื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื  ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื˜ืฉืœืื ื” ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ 
ืดืคืืœืงืืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ื™' ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืžืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ึพ 
ื ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืดืœื™ื˜* ื ืœืขื˜ืขืจ^ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืšึพืคืืจื: ืดื“ืืกื˜ืื™ืขืฐืื”ื™ 
ืคืืจ ืฑื’ื ื˜ืด. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ 1925 . ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืขืจื™ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืดื”ืึพ 

ืžืขืจ^/ ื โ™ฆึพ'โ™ฆ 1927 โ™ฆ 


ืกื™ื’ืืœ, ืืกืชืจ 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1895 ืื™ืŸ ืกืืœืืคืงืื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืคืื“ืืœืขืจ ื’ื•ื . ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
1909 . ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1922 . ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ, ืงืื ืื“ืข. 

ืขืจื“ื ืขืจื’, ืžื™ืจืขืœ 

ื’ืขื‘ื™ 1892 ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื ืข, ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ึพืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 3 ื™ืืจ ื”ืื ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืœืื ื“ืืŸื™ ืื™ืŸ 
5 ื™ืืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ. ื”ืื˜ ื ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ 4 ื™ืืจ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืขื™ ื”ืขื ืจืขืื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื ืคืื˜ืขืจ. ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจื™ึพ 

ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืœืขืจืขื” ื ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื– ื“ืขื ื”ืขื ืจืขืื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขืจืขืจึพืงื•ืจืกืŸ. ื’ืขืืจื ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืŸึพื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืืจืœืื–ืฐ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื”ืขื ืจืขืื™ืฉ ืื™ื– 


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ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืื ื’ืกึพืฉืคืจืืšโ™ฆ ื’ืขืืจื ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืœืงืฉื•ืœืข^^ืื™ืŸ ื ืŸื•ื˜ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™โ€ข ืœโ€ข ืคืจืฅโ™ฆ ื“ืขื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉโ™ฆ /,ื“ืืก ืคืืœืง^/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ 

ืคืืื•ืœื ืจโ€ข 

ืคืกื™ื™ื“ืื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืณืคืขืจืœ ืคืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™โ™ฆ ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1876 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจึพ 

ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœึพืžืฉื” ืืฒื“ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸโ™ฆ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืกื™ืžื™ึพ 
ืœืื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืื•ื ื’/ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข/ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืื ืกืขืจืฐืื˜ืืจื™ืขโ™ฆ ืฆื• 17 ื™ืืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืื ื“ืืงึพ 

ื˜ืืจ ืื“ืื ืจืื–ืขื ื–ืืœ/ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื–/ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื‘ืŸ ืกืณื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉึพืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืืœืืŸโ€ข 

ืื™ืŸ 1903 ึพ 1905 ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจ/ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ึพ 

ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจโ™ฆ ืื ึพ 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ 1904 ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉโ™ฆ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื— ืคืจื™ึพ 

ืœื•ืฆืงื™ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฒืœืื’ืข ืฆื•ื ืดื•ื•ืขื’ืณ'/ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’/ 1900 . ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ึพ 

ืœืขื›ื˜ ืคืืขืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ึพืคืจืื–ืข/ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื”ืœืขืš ืโ™ฆ ืโ™ฆ ื•ืฐ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื ืจืฒ ื“ืจืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืืงื˜ืขืจืกโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืืจื: ืดื“ืขืจ ืžืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืŸืดโ€”ืคืืขืžืข/ ืฐืืจืฉืข/ 1908 โ€ข //ื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”ืดโ€”ื“ืจืืžืข ืื™ืŸ 4 ืืงื˜ืŸ; //ื“ืขืจ 
ืืงื˜ื™ืืจืดโ€”ืืฒื ืืงื˜ืขืจ; /,ืืฒื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืณโ€”ื“ืจืืžืข ืื™ืŸ 3 ืืงื˜ืŸโ€” 
ืฐืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ ืดื ืฒืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’^'โ€ข 1912 ึพ 1913 * ืื™ืจืข ื“ืจืืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึพ 

ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืงโ™ฆ ืดื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”ืด ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ึพ 
ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’โ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืŸ ืžืืŸ/ ื’ื— ืคืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™โ™ฆ 

ืคืืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” 

ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ืœืฒื‘ ืคื™ืฆืงืขืจ/ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืืŸโ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืฒื ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ ( 17 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”โ™ฆ?)โ™ฆ ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ื ืคืืขืžืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื’ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืื˜โ™ฆ ื“ื™ ืณืคืืขืžืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ึพ 
ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืขโ™ฆ 

ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงืก/ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1903 ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืืฐ, ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ/ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขโ™ฆ 

ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ/ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ืคืื˜ืืฉ/ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒื˜ ืงืืจืขืกึพ 
ืคืื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ /,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸืด/ ืฐืืจืฉืข/ ืื™ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ/ ืžโ€ข 
ื ืืจืงื™ืก/ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ //ืืœื˜ื ื™ื™ืœืื ื“ืด/ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข/ ืืดืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืโ™ฆ ื™โ™ฆ ื˜ืจื™ืฐืืงืโ™ฆ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ™ฆ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืืœืข/ ื‘ืฒ ืื•ื™ื“ืืฐ/ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึพ 
ื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืฒืกื˜/ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืดืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒืฅืด/ ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ/ ืฐืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื™ืืจโ™ฆ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ/ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ 


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ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืืคื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ .ืดืฉืฐื™ืื˜ื™'*.ืื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืฉื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคืื’ืจืื ื–ื™ืš 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขึพ 

ืจืื˜ื•ื— ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื ื’ืขืจ* ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืžืขืฉื”ึพ 

ืœืขื” ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืœืื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืโ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจึพ 

ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืฉื•ืœืื•ื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ืจืืžืขืŸ: ืดื™ืืœืืด ืื•ืŸ ืดืคืืจืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸืดโ™ฆ 
ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื–โ™ฆ 

ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื^ ืื ืฑื˜ืข 

ืดื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1893 ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืืžื™ืก ื•ื•ืืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ื‘ื ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸโ€”ืœืขึพ 

ืจืขืจโ™ฆ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืกืืจืข ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพ 

ืฉื•ืœืข, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืณื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒื“ืœืขืš ื^ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉโ™ฆ ืžืฒืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืืจืืขืœ ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงื™, ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸโ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸึพื ืืžืขืŸ ืดืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงื™ืณ/ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขืจืขืจื™ื™, ื ืืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืœ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขึพ 
ื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืดื‘ืœืื’ืื ืื“ื™ืื–ืฉึพ 

ื ืืกื˜ืด. ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื’ ืจื•ืื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืšโ™ฆ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืืกืืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจโ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื˜ืžืืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ืšโ™ฆ ืฆื• 16 ื™ืืจ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืขโ™ฆ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฉืคืจืื›ืŸ/ ื‘ืึพ 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉโ™ฆ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฉืคื™ืœืŸโ™ฆ 

ื ืืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืžืืœ ื”ืื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืื ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื– ืฉืœืืŸืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸโ™ฆ 

ืฆื• 19 ื™ืืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจืืคืขืกื™ืื ืขืœืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืณื”ืื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืืŸืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉโ™ฆ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจโ™ฆ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉโ™ฆ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจโ™ฆ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืืŸืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉโ€ข 1915 ื&ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืดื’ืจื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืœืขืšืด ื 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืžืื™ืกืขโ™ฆ 1916 ืื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืงื•ืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ืฐ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจึพืืคื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’โ™ฆ 1921 ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื’ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜โ€ข 1925 ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืดโ™ฆ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸโ™ฆ.ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“โ™ฆ ืืืฆโ™ฆ ืคโ™ฆ ืดืคืืจึพ 
ืืฒื ื™ืงื˜ืขืดโ™ฆ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ึพืงืืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื•โ™ฆ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžโ™ฆ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™โ™ฆ 1921 ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื™ึพ 

ื ืขืจ ืฒื“ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข ื‘ืื ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืกึพืืคื˜ืฒืœโ™ฆ 1922 ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆโ™ฆ ืงโ™ฆ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“โ™ฆ ืืขืงืฆื™ืขื ื‘ืื ืคืืœืงืกึพืงืืžื™ืืืจื™ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืืงึพ 

ื•ื™ืขโ€ข 1920 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืื ื˜ ืืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ 
ืืžืืจืืฆืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™โ™ฆ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจึพ 

ืฉื•ืœืณ ืงื™ืขื•ื” ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืกืืกื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืื ืขืจืข ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขโ™ฆืด 


351 



ืคืขืฐื–ื ืขื” ืืืชืจ 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืดืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸื™/ ื ืฐึพึพื™ืืจืงโ™ฆ 1919 

ืงืืจืŸ, ืจื—ืœ ื”* 

ืดื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– 1898 ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืœืฐืืจืง 
ืดืกื•ื›ื ื ื•ืจืื™/ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืžืืฉืฆื™ืฉืง, ืื™ืŸ ื ืืœื™ืฆื™ืขโ™ฆ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืื ื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืืจืŸ^ ื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืื• ื›ืณื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืืฒื ืขึพืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื˜ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื ื ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืš ื™ืืจ ืขืœึพ 

ื˜ืขืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืœื™ื“ ืื ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 13 ื™ืืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœโ€”ื ืดื˜ื™ืŸืขื™' ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจโ™ฆ ื“ื™ืด ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืจื™ื ืข ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืืคื ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ืกื•ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืณืื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ 
ืฉื˜ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืืš ืžืขืจโ™ฆ ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืก ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื”ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜โ™ฆ ื“ืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืื˜ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืกืš ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ืจืข ื ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจืฒื ื˜โ™ฆ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1913 ืื™ืŸ ืดื ืื•ื•ื™ ื“ื–ื™ืขื ื™ืงื™' 

ืื•ืŸ ืดื ืœืืก ืคืฉืขืžื™ืกืงื™ืณ/ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1919 ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื“ืื ืง ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืืš. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคืจื•ืื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ โ€” ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข/ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ โ€” ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืฉืขืžื™ืฉืœืขืจ ืคืืœืงืืฉื˜ื™ืžืขื™' 1919 ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจืืœื›ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ึพ 

ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื ืขืจ ืดื˜ืื ืขื‘ืœืื˜ืด ื‘ื™ื– 1924 โ™ฆ 

ืงื•ื“ืœืฑ ื‘ืจื›ื” 

ื ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1892 ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื–ืขืคืคืืœ, ืคืื“ืืœืขืจ ื ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืจืฒืข ืืจึพ 

ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืด/ ื .ึพื™. ืฐืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก/ ืงืืœื™ืค. 

ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ, ื›ืืื™ืข 

ืดื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 1907 ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง. ื ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืืจึพืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืœืขื“ื–ืฉ (ืื•ื ืฑื•ืขืจืื™ื˜ืขื˜). ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื•ืœืขโ™ฆ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจึพืจื™ื ื  โ€” ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœืข/ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจึพืกืขืžื™ื ืืจโ€ข 
ืืคื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ /,ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืณ/ ื ืืจ 
ื”ืืœื˜/ ืื– ื”ืื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื ื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืด 1925 '/ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง/ ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจึพื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ.ืด 

ืงืœื™ื ื / ื‘ืขืจื˜ื 

ืดื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ 1885 ืื™ืŸ ื ืื•ื•ืืจืขื“ืืง/ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ 1916 ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ //ื•ื•ืื”ืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ืด/ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง. ื ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืœ 
ื ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ืฉื˜โ™ฆืด 


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ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง^ ื–ืขืœื“ืข 

ื’ืขื * 1869 ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘. ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืื•ื ื’ ื‘ืฒ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืขืœึพืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืคืจื•ืฉโ™ฆ 

ืฆื• 9 ื™ืืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืŸืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉโ™ฆ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืด, ืงืจืืงื•ื™ืณ 1900 

ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœ, ืจื‘ืงื” 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1888 ืื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืโ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืื ื ืฒืข ืœืื ื“ืดโ™ฆ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืงืด 

1912 โ™ฆ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืดื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ื™', ืกึพืฑ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืืดื  ืจืขื™ ืจืืกืงื™ืŸโ™ฆ 

ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ^ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืข 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1881 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืืง (ื“ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืจื’) ื‘ื™ื™ ืืจื™ืžืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื’ื• 9 ื™ืืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸโ™ฆ ืฆื• ืก 1 ื™ืืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืœึพ 
ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงโ™ฆ ืฆื• 12 โ€”ืืœืก ืื™ื’ืืจืขื˜ึพืžืื›ืขืจื™ืŸโ™ฆ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 1895 โ™ฆ 
ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1900 ืื™ืŸ ืดืื‘ืขื ื“ึพื‘ืœืื˜ืณโ™ฆ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืืจึพ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื^' ืื•ืŸ ืดืคืจื™ื™ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข^^ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸโ™ฆ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื’ืืจืขื˜ึพืฉืขืคืขืจโ™ฆ 1901 ืื™ื‘ืขืจึพ 

ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืงืืœืืจืื“ื/ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืžืื ืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜โ™ฆ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื ึพ 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืจืฒื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1920 ืื™ืŸ ืดืืžืขึพ 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจืณ/ ื ื™ึพึพื™โ™ฆ 

ืจืืคืคืืจื˜, ืื ื ื 

ื’ืขื‘โ€ข 1876 ืื™ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ื ืข ื‘ืฒ ื ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขโ™ฆ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื•ื•ื ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืงืจืฒื–ืŸโ™ฆ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 16 ื™ืืจโ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืขึพื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ืก ืฆื• 17 ื™ืืจ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉโ™ฆ 

ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืณ/ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืง, 

1893 ืืดื  ืดืื ื ื ื–ื™ืฃืดโ™ฆ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืดืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืดโ€ข ืคื•ืŸ 
1911 ึพึพึพึพ 1917 ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืดื“ื”ื™ ืงืืœืœืดโ€ข ืื™ืŸ 1910 ื’ืขืฐืื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืจื™ื– ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืจืžื™ืงืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพื“ืขืจืฆื™ืื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืกืณ/ ืกึพื™โ€ข 

ืจื•ื™ื–ืœ ืคื™ืฉืœื 

ืžืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืณ ื™ื•ืืฃ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืืงื•ื™โ™ฆ ื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืืงื•ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1856 ืžืฉื” ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืืœื ื’ืขื’ืจืืžื˜ืข ืชื”ืœื™ืึพืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืŸ* 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉึพื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืขืŸโ™ฆ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข* 

ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜, ืจื‘ืงื” 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1906 ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืกืืจืื‘ื™ืขโ™ฆ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 1910 โ™ฆ ื’ืขโ€ข 


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ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื ืื“ืข ื ืฒื“ื™ืฉึพื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื•ืœืขโ™ฆ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขึพ 
ื“ืขืจึพืกืขืžื™ื ืืจ/ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืงโ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืดืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืณ', ื ^ืณึพื™โ™ฆ 1925 ื™ 

ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜, ื”ื™ื ื“ืข 

ืดื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืื‘ื™ืœ, ื ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืด 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืืŸ ืืจื™ืžืขืจ, ืื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืขืจโ™ฆ ื‘ื™ื– 12 
ื™ืืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉโ™ฆ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืืจ 1905 ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืืœืื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืืœื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจื ืก ืฐื™ืจืงื•ื ืก ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืื•ื ื , ื ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืก ืฆื• 12 ื™ืืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืืจื™ืŸ ื ืดื˜ืจื™ืงืื˜ืื–ืฉื ื™ืฆืขืดโ™ฆ ื ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืœืขืš/ ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืืืœืืฐ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“โ™ฆ ืฉื˜ืขื˜โ™ฆ ื‘ื™ื– 1912 ืžื™ื˜ึพ 

ื ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ.ื%ื“.ืคโ™ฆ ื“ืขืจื ืืš ืื™ืŸ 1915 ื‘ื™ื– 1919 ื ืคื•ื™ืืœืฒืฆื™ืื ื™ืกื˜ืงืข. 

ืื™ื– 1919 ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืืจื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืคืจืื ื˜โ™ฆ ื ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืื˜ืŸึพืžืื›ื˜, ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœโ™ฆ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจึพ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืืฉื•ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 2 ึพื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืคืขโ™ฆ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื ื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 1912 โ™ฆ ื ื ืจื•ื™ึพ 

ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื  ื”ืื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฒื ื ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืจโ€ข ืฉืื•ืœ โ€” ื 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจโ€ข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1915 โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉโ™ฆ ืกืืฃ 1915 ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ืขืฐืืจืŸ. ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืžืฒื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1917 โ€” 1918 โ™ฆ 

ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื  ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจโ™ฆ ื ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืขืจื™ืื“ ืื™ื ึพ 

ื ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ/ ืคืืจื›ืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืื ืขืจืŸ ืจืืžืื ื˜ื™ื–ื*'' 


ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ/ ืฉืจื” 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1885 ืื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื“ืื ืืฐ, ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื ื•ื‘โ™ฆ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื‘ืฒ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืžืื”ื™ืœื ืโ€”ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ืขืžืืŸ/ ื•ื•ืื• ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ 
ื ืฉื•ืœืขโ™ฆ ืฆื• 13 ื™ืืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขืคืืจืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืŸโ™ฆ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื  ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื 
ืืœื ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ ืื ึพ 
ื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ืฉโ™ฆ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืึพ 

ื ืื‘ืขืก ื ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื”ืœืขืš/ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื›ืคืืจื ืืดื : ืดื—ืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืด. ืฐืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ 1911 โ™ฆ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืดืœื™ื“ืขืจืณ' 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืข 1924 . ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืื ืืœืก ืดืฉื™ื ืขืœืด/ 
ืื ื“ืจืขื™ืขื•ื•ืก ืดื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืื˜ืืจืณ', ืดืจืื‘ื™ื ื–ืืŸ ืงืจื•ื–ืื™', ืืืงืืจ ืฐื™ื™ืœื“ืก 
ืดื“ืขืจ ืฑื ื ืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื ืด ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ื™ 

ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ/ ืืกืชืจ 

ื“ืขื‘ืฑื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืืกืด/ ืฐืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ 1922 . ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืืจื 
ืืคื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพืคื™ืขืกืขโ™ฆ 


354 



^ืžื˜ืืง, ืคืจืื“ืขืœ 

ื’ืขื‘โ™ฆ 1390 ืื™ืŸ ืกืงืืœื^ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืขืด ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 1907 โ™ฆ ื“ืขื‘ืฑโ€ข 

ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1910 โ™ฆ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืคืืจื ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืดื’ืขื–ืืžืขืœื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ึพ 

ื’ืขืŸืณ/ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืง* 1919 * 


ืขื–ื˜ืดืจึพืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, ืžืจื™ื 

ื’ืขื‘* 1882 ืื™ืŸ ืื“ืขืกโ™ฆ ืฉืžืดืจืก ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ* ื“ืขื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืดื“ืืก 
ื’ืฒืข ืœืื ื“ืด* ื’*ึพื™* 1912 * 

ืฉืขื ืคืขืœื” ืฑื›ื‘ื“ 

ื’ืืฐืืจืื“ืืžืกืง^ ื ื•ื™ืœืŸ* ื“ืขื‘ืฑืžื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืดื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ/ 

ืฐืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ ืชืจืขืณื™ื˜^ืคโ™ฆ 


355 















(ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ) 

ืโ€” ืงืฐืืŸื™^ืŸ 
1 ืœื™ื“ืขืจึพื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
(ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืดื‘) 

1 ืื•ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžืจื™ื โ€” ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขืก ืื•ืฆืจ. ืคืดื’ ืดื‘ื“ื™ื“ืขืจ 
?ืขืฐื™ื–ึพืขืคืฉื˜ืฒื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.ืด ื•ื•ืืจืฉื. ื”ืชืจืคืดื‘* ืงื˜ื• ื–ื–ืณ*) ื™ 

2 . ื‘ ื™ 5 ื ื“, ืื ื ื โ€” ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ^ื™ื˜ืฐื™ืฉืข^ืจ) ืžืฒื“ืข^ ืื™ื– ืืคึพ 
ืจื™ื”ืโ™ฆ ื™ืื”ืื ืขืกื‘ื•ืจื’ (ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคืจื™ืงืข)โ€ข 1921 32 ื–ื–ืณ 

3 . ื’ ื• ื˜ ืž ื ืŸ, ืจืื–ื โ€” ืคืืจ ื’ืืจ ื“ืขื ื ืืขื ^ื˜^ืื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื“ืขืจ. ืคืดื’. 
ืดืจืขื ืขืกืื ืกืด. ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื–โ€ข 1925 16 ื–ื–ืณ 

^^ 4 . ื’^ืื–ืขืจึพืื ื“ืจื•ื, ืื™ื“ื โ€” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฆื‘ึพืฉืื˜ืŸ. ืคืดื’ ืดื’ื–ื•ื™ืฆ- 
ื˜ื•ืจืดโ™ฆ ื ืฑึพื™ืืจืงโ€ข 1922 68 ื–ื–ืณ 


*) ืœ! ื™ ืจ ืฆ ื• ื  ื’ ืข ืŸ: ืื™ืœ.โ€”ืื™ืœื•ืื˜ืจื™ืจื˜. ืืดื .โ€”ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ. 

ืืกืกืณืŸ โ€” ืืกืืกื™ืื™ื™ืฉืืŸ (ืืืืฆื™ืืฆื™ืข). ืืณื™ืคโ€ข โ€” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืกืฒื“ืื ื™ื. ืืจ. โ€” 
ืืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. ืืดืจ. โ€” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข. ืืจื•ื™ืกื’. โ€” ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื’ืขื‘. 

โ€” ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ. ื’ืขื–. โ€” ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืดื‘. โ€” ื•ื•ืื›ื ื‘ืœืื˜. ื•ื•ืดื–ืฉ. โ€” ื•ื•ืขึพ 
ื›ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉ. โ€” ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืดืฉืจ. ึพโ€” 
ื•ื•ืื›ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ืฐืดืฆ. โ€” ื•ื•ืขื›ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื–ืžืดื‘. โ€” ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš. ื–ืžืดื”. โ€” 
ื–ืืžืœื”ืขืคื˜. ื–ืžื™ื™ืœ. โ€” ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’. ื–ื–ืณ โ€” ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื–ืฉ. โ€” ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. ื—''ื–ืฉ. โ€” 
ื—ื•ื“ืฉึพื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ. ื˜ืดืฆ. โ€” ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื . ื™ืืจื’.โ€”ื™ืืจื’ืื ื’. ื™ืืจื”. โ€” ื™ืืจึพ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืœื™ื˜. โ€” ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ. ืžืดื–ืฉ. โ– โ€” ืžืื ืื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ื™ึพ 
ื ืืœ. ืžื ื™ื™ื˜. โ€” ืžืื ืื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ื™ืฉืจ. โ€” ืžืื ืื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ื .ึพื™. โ€” ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืืจืง, 
ื ื•ืž. โ€” ื ื•ืžืขืจ. ืค. ื. ืฉ.โ€”ึพืคืจื™ื™ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข. ืคืดื’ โ€” ืคืืจืœืื’. ืฆืดืฉืจ, 

โ€” ืฆืฒื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ืงืืœื™ืค. โ€” ืงืืœื™ืคืืจื ื™ืข. ืจื“''ื’ โ€” ืจืขื“ืื’ื™ืจื˜. ืจื“ื™ืณืง โ€” ื“ืขืด 
ื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจื˜. ืจืขื“. โ€” ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืืจ. 


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5 . ื” ื ืค ืž ื ืŸืด ืืื” ืง.โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆืื˜ื“. ืคืดื’ ืดืงื•ื™ืณื˜ื•ืจืด. 

ื .ึพื™. 2 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืขโ€ข 1921 218 ื–ื–^ 

6 . ื”ืขืจืฉืคืข^ื“, ืคืขืื™โ€” ืงืืจืข^ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงื•ื ืื˜ึพืงื™ืฆื•ื‘. ืฉื™ืงืื’ืโ€ข 1926 98 ื–ื–ืณ 

7 . ื• ื• ื ื• ืจ ืฆ ืข ืœ, ื”ืื ืข โ€” ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ. (ื -ึพื™โ€ข) 1927 128 ื–ื–ืณ 

8 . ื• ื• ืข ืค ืจ ื™ ื  ื ืง ื™, ืจืืฉืขืœ โ€” ืจื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ื. ื’ืฑึพื™ืืจืงโ€ข 1926 
60 ื–ื–ืณ 

9 . ื” ื• ื• ื™ ื™ ื“ ื ื’ ื ืง ื™, ืคืดืจืœ ื–ื–ื ื” ืฆืื”โ€”ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคืึพ 
ืจื™ื–ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒ ืž. ืงืื˜ื˜. ืคืื ืขืฐืขื–ืฉโ€ข 1922 

10 . ื™ ื ืง ื• ื‘ ื ื• ื• ื™ ื˜ ืฉ, ืจืื–ื โ€” ืžืดื ืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฐืืจืฉื. 

1924 48 ื–ื–ืณ 

11 . ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ืง ื โ€” ื ืฒืข ืฑื’ื ื˜. ืคืดื’ ืดืœื™ื›ื˜ืด. ืงืืฐื ืขโ€ข 1923 10 > ื–ื–ืณ 

12 . ืžืื™ืฆืื“ืื•ื•ืืงื™, ืงืื“ื™ืข โ€” ื—ืฉืฐื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขื›ื˜. ืฆื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืฐื™ 5 ื ืขื“ ืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืฐื™ืœื ืขึพืฐืืจืฉืขโ€ข 1927 96 ื–ื–ืณ 

13 . ืจ ื™ ื™ ื– ืข ืŸ , ืฉืจื”โ€”ืณืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืคืดืณื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืข^ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืื˜ืŸ. ืฐื™ืœื ืขโ€ข 1924 96 ื–ื–ืณ 


2 ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืขื 
(ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืดื‘) 

14 . ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื,ื“ื™โ– โ€” 

ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืื”ืจ 1919 โ€” ืื ื˜ืืืื’ื™ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืฉื ?ืื ืจื•ื™. ืคืดื  
ืดืื™ื“ื™ืฉืด. ื .ึพื™. ื—ืจืขืดื˜โ€ข 1919 (ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง). 

15 . ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื, ื“ืื โ€” : 1923 
โ€” ืื ื˜ืืฆืื’ื™ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื ื ืžืืจื’ืื™ืฆื™ืŸ. ื โ€ขึพ'โ€ข 1924 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; 
ืืœื›ื— ืœื™) 

16 . ื ื™ ืŸ ืค ื™ ื™ ืข ืจ ื“ ื™ ืง ืŸ ื“ ื• ื™ ืข ืจ โ€” ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืืœื•ึพ 
ืฆืื™ื ืขืจืขืจ ?ื™ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฒื ื’ืขืืฒื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืข. ืงืืจืžืืŸ. ืž^ื•ื›ื”ึพืคืดื’. ืงื™ืขืฐ. ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืดื’ 
ืดืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืœื™ื’ืขืด. ื—ืจืคืดื (ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™) 

17 . ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ โ€” ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืืื•ึพ 
ืฆื™ืื ืขืจืขืจ ?ื™ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ื’ืขื–ืืž^ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฐืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืข. ืงืืจืžืืŸ. ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืึพ 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืดื’. ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸโ€ข 2 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืดืื™ืŸ ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืดโ€ข 1923 (ืžืึพ 
ืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™) 

18 . ื  ื™ ื• ึพ ื™ ื ืจ ืง ื ื™ ืŸ ื ืข ืจ ื– ืข ืŸ โ€” ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ึพ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ื™ึพืœืฒื‘ (ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืดื‘ ืดื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœืด) ืœื™ื˜. ื–ืžืดื‘ 
ืดื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืข?ืด. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืดื’ ืดืื™ื ื–ืขืœืณ. ื .ึพื™. 1918 (ืฉื˜ืืง) 


360 



19 . ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืื”ืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืขื–ื™ืข 
โ€” ืื ื˜ื^ืื ื™ืข ื’ืขื–ืืžืข^ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื‘ืืื™ื–. ืคืืจืฐืืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›. ืคืืจืื›ืืฐ. 2 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืค^ืื’ืข. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืดื’ ืดืจืื ื›ื•ืšืด. ื .ึพื™. 1917 ื‘ืื ื“ ืืณ (ื’ืขืœื™ืข); ื‘ืื ื“ ื‘ืณ (ืจืื–ื ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืดืŸ; 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื—; ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ.; ื–ืขืœื“ืข ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง; ืื ื ื ืจื&ืคืืจื˜; ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ; ืฉื˜ืืง) 

3 ื”ืื ื˜ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 

20 . ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืขื˜ืŸ โ€” ื”ืื ื˜ื›ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื’ื’. 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ (ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืจืฒื ืคื™ืจ, ืืคื˜ืฒื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึพ 
ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉึพืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืื˜ื™ืฆืŸ) ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืขื ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœืงืฉื•ืœ ืืจื’ืโ–  
ื ื™ื–ื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉึพื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืŸ ืืจื›ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ึพืฆืฑืŸ. ื .ึพื™. 
1927 (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”; ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ.; ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง; ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ) 

4 ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื™ืื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขืก 
(ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืจืื ืืœืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื“ืจ) 

21 . ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขื ืคืืœืงืึพื›ืœืื˜ื˜ โ€” ื›ื™ื™ืœืื’ืข ืฆื•ื ืดื™ื•ื“ื™ึพ 

ืฉืขืŸ ืคืืœืงืึพื›ืœืื˜ื˜ืดโ€ข ืจืขื“ โ€” ืจืจ, ืœ. ื. ืงืื ื˜ืืจ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. โ€” ื™. ื™ืœืขึพ 
ืฐื™. ืื˜.ึพืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื”ืณ ื’ื™ืืŸ, ืชืจืžืดื”โ€ข 8 (ืก 2 ) ืžืขืจืฅ 1888 (ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) 

22 . ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื›ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ื”ืขืง,ื“ื™ื โ€”ื ื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ?ื™ื˜., 
ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข. ืจื“ืดื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™. ื. ืคืจืฅ. 
ืฐืืจืฉืโ€ข ื‘ืื ื“ 1 ืชืจื ืดืโ€ข 1891 (ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) 

23 . ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื›ื™ื›ืœื™ืื˜ื”ืขืง โ€” ื‘ืื ื“ 2 ืชืจื ืดื‘โ€ข 1892 
(ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) 

24 . ื™ ื• ื“ , ื“ืขืจ โ€” ืฆืดืฉืจ. ืคื™ืจ ืืœืข ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืืขืŸ (ืฐืดื‘) 

ืคืดื  ื—ื‘ืจืช ืดืื—ื™ืืืšืด. ืงืจืืงื•ื™ื. ืฆึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’โ€ข ืชืจืืดื. ื ื•ืžโ€ข $9 1900 (ืงื ื™ื–ืฉึพ 
ื ื™ืง) 

25 . ื™ ื• ื“ โ€” 3 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’โ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 ืื™ืŸ 8 1901 (ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง) 

26 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜, ื“ื™ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจืขืจ, โ€” ืื™ืœื™ืค ืงืจืื ืฅ. ื ืฐึพื™ืืจืงโ€ข 

1905 (ืจืืคืคืืจื˜) 

27 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ืจืขื“. โ€” ืžืืจื™ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐืืงื™. ื โ€ขึพ'โ€ข 1908 
(ืจืืคืคืืจื˜) 

28 . ืจ ื ืž ื ื  ืฆ ื™ ื™ ื˜ ื• ื  ื’ โ€” ื ืื™ืœื•ืื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืขื ืฐืดื› ืคืืจ ?ื™ื˜., 
ืงื•ื ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืืขื ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ื“ื•ืจืš ืž. ืงืจื™ื ืืงื™. ื•ื•ืืจืฉื. ื›ืณ ืื™ื™ืจ, ืชืจืืดื—โ€ข 
ื ื•ืžโ€ข 18 8 ( 21 ) ืžืื™ืณ 1908 (ืจืื–ืืœื™ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืืŸ) 

29 . ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขืื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ โ€” ื ืฐืขื›ืขื ื˜ืœื™ึพ 

ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฉ. ืืดืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ. ืฐืืจืฉื•ื™. ืคืดื’ ืดืคืจืื’ืจืขืกืดโ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 31 1910 (ืฉืจื— 
ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ) 

30 . ื’ ื ืœ ื“ ืข ื  ืข ืค ื• ื  ืง ืข ืŸ โ€” ื–ืžืดื. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื— ืคืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™. 
ื•ื•ืืจืฉืโ€ข 1910 (ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ.) 


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31 . ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ืณืž โ€” ืื™ื˜.ึพืงื™ื ืื˜ืืขืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืžืดื‘. ืจืขื“. ืคื•ื– ื™. ืœ. ืคืจืฅ. 

ืณืคืดื’ ืดืคืจืื’ืจืขืืด. 1910 (ืจืื–ื ื™โ€ข) 

32 . ืฆ ืข ื‘ ืข ืŸ ื ื• ืŸ ื• ื• ื™ ื ืข ื  ืฉ ื ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจืขื“. โ€” ืฉ. 
ื”ื•ืจืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. โ€” ื–. ืฉ. ืฉืจืขื‘ืขืจืœ) ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื”ื•ืจืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. !ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’. 
ืก 1 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืคื˜โ€ข ืืคืจื™ืœ 1910 (ื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื—) 

33 . ื– ื ืž ืœ ื• ื  ื’โ€” (ืดืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸึพืงืืœืขื ื“ืืจืด; ืดืคืจืฒืข ื˜ืขื’ืดืŸ ืดืคืจื™ื”ึพ 
ืœื™ื ื’ืึพื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืด; ืดื“ืื ื™ืื”ืจืด) โ€”ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ืืขื ืฉ. ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืโ€ข ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ึพืคืขืจืงื•ื™ืŸื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืดื’ ืดืคืจืื’ืจืขืืดโ€ข ืชืจืขืดื 1911 
(ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช) 

34 . ื  ื™ ื™ ืข ืœ ื ื  ื“, ื“ืื โ€” ืื™ืœ. ืฐืดืฉืจ. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜ืด ืงื•ื ืื˜, 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 7 ืณ 9 ืื•ืŸ 13 1911 
(ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ); ื ื•ืž. 12 (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช); ื ื•ืž. 14 (ืฉื˜ืืง) 

35 . ื  ื™ ื™ ืข ืœ ืข ื‘ ืข ืŸ, ืจืื โ€” ืžืื ืื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื˜.ึพืฐื™ืืขื ืฉ. ื–ืฉ. 

ืืดืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื“. ื—ืฒื ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืœืืฐืืงื™. ื .ึพื™. ื‘ืื ื“ 3 ื”ืขืคื˜ 8 1911 (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช) 

36 . ื ื™ื™ืข ืœืื ืจ โ€” ื ืฐืดืฉืจืด ืจืขื“. โ€” ื. ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 18 
1912 (ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 19 (ืจื‘ืงื” ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 25 (ืฉื˜ืืง); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 29 (ืžืจื™ื 
ืฉืžืดืจึพืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ); ื ื•ืž. 31 (ืจื—ืœ ื ืื•ื•ืื’ืจื•ื“ืืงื) 

37 . ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜,ื“ื™ โ€” ื ืฐืดืฉืจ. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜. 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ืืขืณื ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฆื˜ื•ืจ. ืจืขื“. ืืด ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ. ื -ึพื™โ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 1913 (ืืกืชืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืจ; ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ) 

37 ื. ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ืจืขื“. โ€”โ–  ื. ืฆื™ืขืื™ืŸ, ื .ึพื™. ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืื˜/ 1913 / 
(ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง). 

38 . ื  ื™ ื™ ืข ื” ื™ ื™ ื โ€” ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืก ื–ืžืดื‘. ืดืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืดื’. 

ื .ึพื™. 1914 (ืฉื˜ืืง) 

39 . ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 5 ืขื‘ืข ืŸ โ€” ืดื“ื™ ื ืฒืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฐืขืœื˜ืด. โ€” ืœื™ื˜.-ื’ืขื–. ืžืดืฉืจ. 2 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 1915 (ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ) 

40 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจืขื“. โ€” ื. ืœื™ืขืื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืดืคืืจึพ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ืืด-ืืืืณืŸ. ื .ึพื™. 1915 (ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง; ืฉื˜ืืง) 

41 . ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืœืงืื‘ืœืื˜ โ€” ืฐืดื‘. ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืืจืขื–ึพืืจื•ื™ืึพ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ: ื™. ื™ืขืคืจื•ื™ืงื™ืŸ; ื . ืฉื˜ื™ืจ. ืคืขื˜ืจืื’ืจืื“โ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 18 ืืงื˜โ€ข 1917 (ื—ื ืช ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ) 

42 . ืง ื• ื  ื ื˜ ึพ ืจ ื™ ื  ื’โ€” ืืœืžืื ืืš. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ืง. ื–ื™ื ื’ืžืืŸ. ืขืจืฉึพ 

ื˜ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. ืคืดื’ ืดืื™ื“ื™ืฉืด. ื›ืืจืงืื•ื•. 1 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืขโ€ข 1917 ; 2 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืข โ€” 
ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸโ€ข 1922 (ื”ืื ืขืœืข) 

43 . ื™ ื• ื’ ืข ื  ื“ โ€” ื–ืžืดื” ืคืืจ ืฉืขื ืข ืœื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. ืืดืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ื”ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืกื’.โ€” ื. ืืงืขืจื‘ืขืจื’. ืœืื“ื–. ืืคืจื™ืœ 1918 (ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ; 
ื—ื ื” ื’ืขืจืกืืŸ; ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืื•ื•ืืงื; ืจืื–ื ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ; ืžื™ืจืขืœ ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’) 

44 . ืื™ืœื•ืื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ โ€” ืฐืดื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜., ืงื•ื ืื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืคืจืื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืโ€ข 1919 (ืžืจื™ื ืฐืื”ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง) 


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45 . ื• ื• ื ืš, ื“ื™ โ€” ื ืฐืดืฉืจ. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืคืจืื’ืขืŸ. ืฐื™ืœื’ืข. 

ื ื•ืž* 4 8 ืคืขืฐืจืืœ (ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ) 1919 (ื—ื ื” ืจืื–ื™ 1 ) 

46 . ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ืฉ ืข ืจ ื– ืฉ ื• ืจ ื  ื ืœ ื™ ื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื–ืฉืณ 1919 (ืคื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืืจืขื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸืŸ ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’) 

47 . ืฆ ื• ื’ 1 ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจืขืจ. โ€” ื. ืœื™ืขืื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืดืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืืดึพืืืืณืŸโ€ข 1919 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ืœืื” ืง. ื”ืืคืžืืŸ) 

4,8 . ืฉ ืจ ื™ ืค ื˜ ืข ืŸ โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. ื ื“ืจืฒ-ืžืื ืื˜ ืคื•ืš. ืคืดื’ ืดืืžืขืจื™ืงืืด. 

ื . ื™โ€ขโ€”ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1919 (ืื™ื“ื ื’ืœืื–ืขืจืŸ; ื”ืขืจื‘ืื˜ 1919 (ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ; ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ืจืืฉืขืœ 
ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™; ืืืชืจ ืคืขื•ื•ื–ื ืขืจ; ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ืงืœื™ื ื’) 

49 . ื ื™ ื™ ื’ ื  ื โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. 2 ึพื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืš. ืคืดื’ ืดืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืœื™ื’ืขืด. ืงื™ืขืฐ 
1919 (ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™) 

60 . ื ื™ ืŸ ื– ื™ ืš โ€” ืžื ืดื˜ ื–ืฉ. ืืืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืืคืขืงื˜ืฑื•ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜. 
ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืจื•ืคืข ืดืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืšืด. 1 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 ืณ 3 , ืื•ืŸ 4 
(ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 1920 (ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™) 

51 . ื’ ืข ื– ื ื  ื’ ืข ืŸ โ€” ื–ืžืดืœ. ืจื“ืดื’ โ€” ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข. ื”ืขืคื˜ ืืณ โ€” ืดืœ'โ€ข 
ื‘ืขึพืœื™ืจื™ืงืด. ืœืื“ื–ืฉ. ืชืจืขืดื˜ึพืค. 1919 โ€” 1920 (ื‘ืืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; ืžืืœื™ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ; 
ืฉืจื”ืณื˜ืฉืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื‘ืขืจื’; ื˜ืฉืขื ืื˜ืื›ืืฐืืงื; ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’; ืฑื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื–ื–ืขื ืคืขืœื“) 

62 . ื ื™ ืŸ ื  ืข ื‘ ืข ืœ โ€” ื–ืžืดืœ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคึพ 

ืžืืŸ, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื (ืฉ. ืฉื ืฒื“ืขืจ), ืžืชื™ื” ื“ืฒื˜ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืฑื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจึพ 
ืคืขืจืื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉื™ืงืื’ื. (ื™ืืจ?) (ืคืขืื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“) 

63 . ื’ ืข ื– ื ื  ื’ ืข ืŸ โ€” ื–ืžืดืœ. ืจื“ืดื’ โ€” ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืข. ืœืื“ื–ืฉ. ื”ืขืคื˜ ื‘ืณ 

โ€”ืดืื•ืžืขื˜ืด. ื˜ื‘ืช, ืชืจืดืค (ืฉืจื” ื‘ื•ื™ื) 

54 . ื™ ื• ื’ ืข ื  ื“ โ€” ื ืฆืดืฉืจ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืฑื ื’ืข ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจ. 
ืฉื™ืงืื’ื. ืžืื™ 1920 (ื—ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“) 

65 . ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื–ืืžืขืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ โ€” ืจื“ืดื’ ืจื•ืจืš ื™. ืž. ืฐืฒืืขื ึพ 

ื‘ืขืจื’. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ึพืคืดื’. 1920 (ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ; ื˜ืฉืขื ืื˜ืื›ืืฐืืงื; ื™ืึพ 
ืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ; ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’) 

66 . ื™ ื• ื“ ื™ ืฉ ืข ืค ืจ ืข ื ืข, ืจื™ โ€” ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœึพืืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืดืžื–ืจื—ื™ืด 
(ื•ื•ืดื‘) ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸโ€ข 51 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’โ€ข 1920 (ื—ื ื” ื’ืขืจืืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) 

57 . ืื•ื™ื˜ื”ึพืื™ืคืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจึพื‘ื•ืš โ€” ืืžืึพ 

ื ืื–ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜., ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ืืขื ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืจืขื“. โ€” ื . ื“. ื”ืืึพ 
ืžืื ืŸ. ื”ืขืจื•ื™ืื’ืขื‘ืขืจ โ€” ืž. ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜. ืงืฒืคื˜ืื•ืŸ (ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคื™ืงืข). ืฉื ืช 
ืชืจืดืคโ€ข 1920 (ื‘ืขืจื˜ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜) 

58 . ืจ ืข ื– ื ื  ื ื  ื โ€” ื–ืžืดื”. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืฑื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจึพืคืขืจึพ 

ืืฒืŸ. ืจืขื“.ึพืงืืžื™ื˜ืข: ืžืื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืืŸ, ืž. ื“ืฒื˜ืฉ, ื‘,ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ. 
ืฉื™ืงืื’ื. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 * 1920 (ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœืจ) 

59 . ืจ ื™ ื  ื’ ืข ืŸโ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืฆ ื™ืฐืฒื›ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 


363 



ื”ืืฆื™ื–ื ืข. ืฐืืจืฉืข. ื‘ืื ื“ 1 ึพึพึพ 2 1920 ึพ 1921 (ืจืื–ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ; ืคืขืจืœ ืฐืืœืคื™ื ื’ืŸื ืจืŸ 
ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™) 

60 . ื• ื• ื™ ื ืค ืข โ€” ืื™ื˜. ื–ืžืดื‘. ืจื“ืดืง โ€” ืง. ื–ื™ื ื’ืžืืŸ. ืคืดื’ ืดืงื•^ื˜ื•ืจืด. 
ืงืืฐื’ืข. ืœื™ื˜ืขโ€ข 1921 ; 2 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืข โ€” ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ 1923 (ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ; ืฑื“ื™ืงื) 

61 . ืœ ื ื’ ืœ ืข ืŸ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื’ืœืื˜ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. ื .-ื™. ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื™ืืจโ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 ืณ 1921 (ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™) 

62 . ืค ืข ื ื“, ืืณ โ€” ื–ืžืดืœ. ื”ืขืคื˜ ื“ืณ ืคืดื’ ืดืืณืคืขืœื“ืด. ืœืื“ื–ืฉโ€ข 1921 
(ื‘ื•ื™ื) 

63 . ืฉ ืจ ื™ ืค ื˜ ืข ืŸ โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. ื’.-ื™. ืคืดื’ ืดืืžืขืจื™ืงืืด. ืคืจื™ืœื™ื’ื’ 1921 
(ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™) 

64 . ื ื™ ืŸ ื– ื™ ืšโ€” ืžื ืดื˜ ื–ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืดื’. ื’.ึพื™. ืจืขื“. 

โ€” ื. ืœืขื™ืขืœืขื. ื‘ืื ื“ 2 ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 1922 
(ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ) 

65 . ื ? ื› ื ื˜ ืจ ื ืโ€” ื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ืจืขื ื ืฒืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ืื˜- 
?ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืื“ืจื•ืง. ืจืขื“. โ€” ืื•ืจื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 1922 (ืืืชืจ 
ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 

66 . ื‘ืืจื’ ื ืจ ื• ืŸื–โ€” ืฆื™ื˜. ื–ืžืดืœ. ืคืดื’ ืด:ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฐืื•ืงืืด. ืงื™ืขืฐ. 

ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 1922 (ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืืจืืœ; ื“ื™ื ื” ืœื™ื‘ืงืขื) 

67 . ื’ ืข ื“ ื ื’ ืง, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื”ืขืคื ื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ^ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ืจื“''ื™ื• 

โ€” ื. ืคืจืื ืงืขื ื˜ืืœ. ืคืดื’ ืดื“ื™ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืฐืขื™ืฆื˜ืด. ืœืื“ื–โ€ข ื”ืขืคื˜ ืืณ ืชืจืคืดื‘. 
1922 (ื‘ื•ื™ื) 

68 . ื• ื• ื ืจ ื˜, ื“ืื โ€” ื ื–ืฉ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื’ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื˜ืืŸ. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืฆ. ื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ื .-ื™. ืชืจืคืดื‘, !ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 (ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ) 

69 . ื• ื• ืข ื’ ืŸ โ€” ื–ืžืดืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื–ืข. ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืืจื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“. ืื•ืŸ :ืืจ. โ€” ืž. ืฉืฐืืจืฅ. ื”ืขืคื˜ ืืณ ืœืื“ื–ืฉโ€ข 1922 (ื‘ื•ื™ื; ืžืจื™ื ืœืฒื‘) 

70 . ื™ ื• ื  ื’ - ืฉ ื™ ืง ื ื’ ื โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. ืคืดื’ ืดืฑื ื’ ืฉื™ืงืื ืืด. 1922 (ื”ืขืจืฉึพ 

ืคืขืœื“) 

71 . ื  ื™ ื™ - ื ื™ ื“ ื™ ืฉ โ€” ืžืดืฉืจ. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืื˜. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. 
ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ. ื .-ื™. ื ื•ืž. 1 (ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ; ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 ึพ 3 ืื•ืŸ 4 * 5 1922 
(ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ) 

72 . ืข ืค ื ื› ืข โ€” ื ื“ืจืฒ-ืžืื ืื ื–ืœื™ืš ื–ืžืดืฉ ืคืืจ ืžืื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜. 

ืจื“ืดื  ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื™. ืื™ื’ืืœ, ื. ื 5 ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ื. ืฉ. ืฉืงื^ื ื™ืงืืฐ. ืžืื ึพ 
ื˜ืจืขืืœ, ืงืื ืื“ืขโ€ข 1922 (ืืืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ) 

73 . ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ื ืœ โ€” ืฐืื›ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜. ื .ึพื™โ€ข 1922 (ืฉืจืช 
ืจืดื–ืขืŸ) 

74 . ืจ ื• ื™ ืข ืจ ื“ โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื™. ืื™ื’ืืœ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืดื  
ืดืจื•ื™ืข ืขืจื“ืด. ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 1922 (ืกื™ื’ืืœ) 


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75 . ืฉ ื˜ ืจ ื ื โ€” ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ-ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืข: ืืดื’ ืดืฉื˜ืจืืืด. 

ืžืืกืงืฐืข. ื ื•ื˜โ€ข 3 1922 (ืฉืคืจื” ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื; ื›ืืจืืœ) 

76 . ื ื• ื™ ืค ื’ ื ื  ื’ โ€” ื–ืžืดืœ. ^ืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ โ€” ืฑืืจ ื˜ื•ืจืงื. ื”ืขืคื˜ ื, 

ืœืื“ื–ืฉ. 1923 (ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ) 

77 . ื‘ืืจื’ ื ืจ ื• ืจ โ€” ^ื™ื˜. ื–ืžืดืœ. ืคืดื’ ืดืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฐืื•ืงืืด. ืงื™ืขืฐ. 

ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 1923 (ื›ืืจืืœ; ืœื™ื‘ืงืขื) 

78 . ื ื™ ืŸ ื– ื™ ืš โ€” ืžื ืดื˜ ื–ืฉ. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื. ื™ืฆืขื™ืขื™ืฆืขื. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืดื’ ืดืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืšืด. ื .ึพื™. ื‘ืื ื“ 3 ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข ื–ืณ 8 ืณ 9 1923 (ืžืืจื ืืœื™ืŸ) 

79 . ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื^ืžืื ืืš ื”ืชืจืคืดื“ โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. 
ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืื˜ืŸึพืคืืจืฒื ื™ืงื•ื’ื . ืฐืืจืฉืข. ืชืจืคืดื“โ€ข 1923 (ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืึพ 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ; ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืกืงื™; ืจื”ืœ ื”. ืงืืจืŸ) 

80 . ื  ื™ ื™ ึพ ื ื™ ื“ ื™ ืฉ โ€” ืžืดืฉืจ. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 ึพ 9 (ืžืืจึพ 

ื’ืืœื™ืŸ; ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื•ื“ืœื™); ื ื•ืž. 10 1923 (ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื“ืŸ) 

81 . ื’ ื™ ื™ ืข ืœ ืข ื‘ ืŸ, ื“ืืโ€”ืžืดื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ืงื•ืœืŸืžื•ืจ ื.ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–. ืคืจืื ืŸ. 

ืืดืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจ. ื—ืฒื ื–ืฉื™ื˜^ืืฐืืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื .-ื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 (ืžืืจื ืืœื™ืŸ); 
ื ื•ืžโ€ข 11 1923 (ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™) 

82 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ื .ึพื™. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ?ื™ืขืื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืดืคืืจืฐืขืจื˜ืึพืืื^ืŸ. ื ื•ืž. ื“ ืื•ืŸ 9 1923 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ) 

83 . ืจ ื• ื™ ืข ืจ ื“ โ€” ื–ืžืดื‘. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ื™. ืื™ื’ืืฆ. ืคืดื’ ืดืจื•ื™ืข ืขืจื“ืด. 
ืžืื ื˜ื“ืขืืœ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 1923 (ืื™ื ืืœ) 

84 . ืฉ ื• ื• ืข ื ืŸโ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ^ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืื˜. ืœืื“ื–ืฉ. ื‘ืื ื“ 1 
ื”ืขืคื˜ 1 ื ืืฐโ€ข 1923 (ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืคืื˜ืืฉ; ื—ื™ื”ึพืขืœืงืข ืคืจืขื ืงืขืœ) 

85 . ืฉ ื˜ ืจ ื ื โ€” ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ-ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืคืดื’ ืดืฉื˜ืจืืืด. ืžืืืงืฐืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 
1923 (ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืื™ื) 

86 . ื ื• ื™ ืค ื’ ื ื  ื’ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ื™ืฆื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืฆื˜ื•ื“ืดืคืจืื’ืŸ. ืจื“ืดืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ?ื™ื‘ืžืืŸ. 2 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 9 ืืงื˜. 1924 (ืื™ื ืืœ) 

87 . ื ื™ 5 ื• ื ื˜ ืจ ื™ ืจ ืž ืข ื• ื• ื ืš โ€” ื–ืฉ. (ืฐืดื‘) ืคืืจ ืฐืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™?ื“. 2 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’โ€ข ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 ( 6 ) (ื•ื•ืื”ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืณืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 6 ( 8 ) 
(ืคืื˜ืืฉ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 21 ( 14 ) (ืคืืื•ืœื ืคืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 13 ( 15 ) (ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจืŸ; ื ื•ืž. 
20 ( 22 ) (ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 32 ( 34 ) (ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ; ื•ื•ืื”ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 49 
( 61 ) 1924 (ืืืชืจ ืงื•ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืืง; ืจืฒื–ืขื–) 

88 . ื• ื• ื ืจ ื˜, ื“ืื โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ืฆ. ื–ืขืฆืขืจ. ื ^ึพื™โ€ข 4 ึพื˜ืขืจ 

ื™ืื”ืจื’. ืชืจืคืดื“. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 ืณ 2 (ืฉืคืจื” ืฐืฒื) 

89 . ื ื™ ื  ื™ ื™ ื  ืข ื โ€” ื ื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ืฆื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืื˜. ืจืขื“. โ€” ื˜. 
ื‘ืื’ื“ืื ืืงื™. ืฉื™ืงืื’ื. ื ื•ืž. 1 (ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“; ื•ื•ืฒืก; ืื™ื“ื ื ืœืื–ืขืจึพืื ื“ืจื•ื); ื ื•ืž. 
2 (ื—ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“; ืฐืฒื; ืงื•ื“ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 (ื•ื•ืฒืก); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 (ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“); ื ื•ืž. 5 
(ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“; ืฐื™ื™ื; ืงื•ื“ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข ืก 1924 (ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“; ื•ื•ืฒืก; ืœืื— ืง. ื”ืืคืžืืŸ) 

90 . ื˜ ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ. ื’.ึพื™. ืฆืขื”ืŸึพื™ืื”ืจื™ื’ืข ืฑื‘ื™^ืขื™ึพืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืข. 

ื’ื•ืžโ€ข 3640 ื ืืฐโ€ข 23 1924 (ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ) 


365 



91 . ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืืฆืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืชืจืคืดื” โ€” ื”ื“ืดืง ื^ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจ. ืืžืข^ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืžืื–. 3 -ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. 
ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’. 1924 (ืจื—ืœ ื”โ€ข ืงืืจืŸ) 

92 . ืค ืข ื“ ืข ืจ, ื“ื™ โ€” ื”ืดื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืื˜. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–. 
ืฐื™ื™ื ืคืขืจ. ื .ึพื™. 5 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ื ื•ืž. 1 (ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข ืš (ืฐืฒื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 12 1924 (ื’ืœืึพ 
ื–ืขืจ) 

93 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ื .ึพื™. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืœื™ืขืื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืดืคืืจืฐืขืจื˜ืืดึพืืืืณืŸ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 7 (ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 9 1924 (ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 

94 . ืฉ ื• ื• ืข ืœ ืŸ โ€” ืคืขืจื˜ืœึพื™ืืจ-ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืื ื“ 1 ื”ืขืคื˜ 1 ืœืื“ื–ืฉโ€ข 1924 
( 3 ืื˜ืืฉ) 

95 . ืฉ ื˜ ืจ ื ื โ€” ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉึพื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืคืดื’ ืดืฉื˜ืจืืืด. ืžืืืงืฐืข. ื ื•ืž. 

6 ึพ 8 1924 (ื›ืืจืืœ) 

96 . 6 2 19 โ€” ืžืดื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื . ื‘. ืžื™ื ืงืืฐ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸืŸ; ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 ึพ 5 ื .ึพื™. (ื›ืืื™ืข ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ) 

97 . ื ื™ ื ื• ื ื˜ ืจ ื™ ืจ ื˜ ืข ื• ื• ื ืฃ โ€” ืคืืจ ืฐืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืจืขื“. 

โ€” ื. ื’ืจืืคืžืืŸ. ืงื ื™ืื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœโ€” ืฉ. ืคืดื’ื ื‘ื•ื™ื. 3 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืฐืืจึพ 

ืฉืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 ( 59 ) 5 ืคืขื‘โ€ข 1925 (ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงื) 

98 . ื– ื• ื  ืฆ ื ื  ื“ โ€” ืžืดืฉืจ. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™. ืœ. ืžืืฆืืžื•ื˜. ืœืื˜ึพืื ื’ืขึพ 

ืœืขื (ืงืืœื™ืค.) ื—ืจืคืดื—. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 / 4 1925 (ืงื•ื“ืœื™) 

99 . ื™ ื• ื  ื’ ึพ ืง ื• ื– ื  ื™ ืข โ€” ื–ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืืฆืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒ- 
ื‘ืขืจึพืคืืจืืฒืŸ. ื .ึพื™. ื‘ืื ื“ 2 ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 ( 6 ) 1925 (ืฐื™ื™ื; ื—ื ื” ืืคื™ืงืขืจ) 

100 . ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฆืขื˜ืขืจ โ€” ืื™ืฆ. ืฐืดืฉืจ. ืคืืจ ืฆื™ื˜., 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืื˜. ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืจืขื“. โ€” ื™. ื™. ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืคืจืฅ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ, 
ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืฒื–ื™ืฆ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆืš ืจืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืคืดื’ ื‘. ืงืฆืขืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืฐืืจืฉืขโ€ข ื ื•ื˜โ€ข 67 (ืžืืจื’ืึพ 
ืœื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 79 (ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืืงื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 81 1925 (ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 

101 . ืž ืข ืจ ื‘ โ€” ื–ืฉ. ืจืขื“. โ€” ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืืจืืฐื™ืฅ. 1 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืคื˜. ืœืืึพ 
ืื ื’ืขืœืขื. ืคืขื‘โ€ข 1925 (ื•ื•ื™ื™ื; ืงื•ื“ืœื™) 

102 . ืคืื“ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืฆื™ื™ืŸ โ€” ืื™ืฆ.-ืฐืดื–ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ 
(ื“ืจื•ื) ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ: ืฆ. ืžืฆืืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื’ืฆืื–ืขืจืžืืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืกื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืืงืฆื™ืื ืขืจืŸึพื’ืขื–. ื‘ื•ืขื ืืึพืื™ื™ืจืขื (ืืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข). 4 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 197 1925 
(ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 

103 . ืค ืข ื“ ืข ืจ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ื .-ื™. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–. ืฐืฒื ืคืขืจ. 6 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. 

ื ื•ืž. 1 (ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 (ืงืœื™ื ื’); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 (ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 ืื•ืŸ 11 1925 (ืœื™) 

104 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ื .ึพื™. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืฆื™ืขืื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืด'ืคืืจืฐืขืจื˜ืืดึพืืืืณืŸ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 (ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 12 1925 (ืจื‘ืงื” ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜) 

106 . ืง ื ื  ื ื“ ืข โ€” ืคืขืจื™ืื“ื™ืฉึพืœื™ื˜. ื–ืฉ. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืฆืขื’ืฑื. 
ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ. ื ื•ืž. 1 (ืื™ื’ืืœ; ืื™ื™ื“ื ืžืื–ืขืŸ; ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 ืื•ืŸ 3 1925 ืจืขื“. ืคื•ืŸ ื™โ€ข ืจืึพ 
ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื. ืฉโ€ข ืฉืงืืœื ื™ืงืื•ื• (ืžืื–ืข; ืžื™ื’ืืœ; ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜) 

106 . ืจ ื• ื™ ื˜ ืข ื• ื• ืข ืœ ื˜, ื“ื™ โ€” ืคืืฆื™ื˜ื™ืฉึพื’ืขื–., ืฆื™ื˜.ึพืฐื™ืื ืฉ., 
ืฆืฐืฒึพืฐืื›ื ื˜ืฆืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืฉ. ืคืดื’ ืดื˜ืฉืขืจืฐืื ื™ึพืฉืฆื™ืืšืด. ื›ืืจืงืืฐ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 (ืžื™ืจืข 
ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸืŸ; ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขึพืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข (ื›ืื ืข ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 (ืื ื™ื•ื˜ื 


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ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื ืืจืืงืื™ื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 ืื•ืŸ 12 (ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 13 1925 (ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ; ืืื ื™ืข 
ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™) 

107 . ืง ื• ืœ ื˜ ื• ืจโ€” ืฐืดื‘. ืืดืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœ. ืžื™ืœืขืจ. ืฉื™ืงืื ืโ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 
(ืงืœื™ื ื ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 (ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 18 1925 ึพ 1926 (ืœื™) 

108 . ืณืข ืจ ื™ ืค ื˜ ืข ืŸ โ€” ื ื–ืžืดื‘. ืจืจืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื’ื ืื˜ืืฐ. ืคืดื’ 

ืดืืžืขืจื™ืงืืด. ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 1925 ึพ 1926 (ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™; ืœื™) 

109 . 1926 โ€”^ืžืดื–ืณืค. ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 โ€” 2 / 3 / 4 โ€” 5 (ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ) 

110 . ื ื• ื™ ื ืง ื• ื, ืจืขืจ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืืืจ ืฆื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. 

ืจืจืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–. ืฐืดื ืคืขืจ. 1 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื . ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 1926 (ืฐืฒืก) 

111 . ื ื• ื  ืจ ื– ืข ืจ ื‘ ื• ืšโ€” ืฆืฐืฒ-ืžืดื–ืฉ. ืคืืจ ืฆื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. 

ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื™ื‘ืžืืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืคืดื’ ืดืื™ืจื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸืด. ื .-ื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 
1926 (ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ) 

112 . ื ื• ืง ืจ ื ื™ ื  ืข โ€” ืœื™ื˜.-ืงื™ื ืื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืœืžืื ืืš. ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: ืืืืฆื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ืงืืืคืขืจื- 
ื˜ื™ืฐืขืจ ืคืดื’ ืดืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืœื™ื’ืขืด. ืงื™ืขื•ื•. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 1926 (ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื; ื›ืืจืืœ; ื›ืขื ึพ 
ืงื™ืŸ; ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก; ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื ืืจืืงืื™ื) 

113 . ืื™ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื  ื’โ€” ืฆืฐืฒ-ืฐืดื–ืฉ. ืœืฒื˜ื•ื ื’: โ€” 

ื™. ืž. ืฐืฒืืขื ื‘ืขืจื’. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 6 (ืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 9 (ื—ื™ื”ึพื”ื™ื ื“ืข 
ืœืขื•ื•ื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 15 (ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 19 1926 (ืœืขืฐื™) 

114 . ื ื™ ืŸ ืฉ ืค ื ืŸ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ 

ืฐื™ืœื ืขึพื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 1926 (ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™) 

116 . ื‘ ื ื’ ื™ ื  ืข ืŸ, ืจืขืจ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื . ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคืข ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจ. 

ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืœืขื’ื™ื•ื. 2 -ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื . ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 1926 (ืขื“ืŸ) 

116 . ื” ื ืž ืข ืจ, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ืงืืžื•ื ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจืขื“.โ€”ืงืืœืขื’ื™ืข: 

ืž. ืืœื’ื™ืŸ, ื™. ืžื™ื ื“ืœ, ืง. ืžืจืžืจ, ืžืฆืš ืขืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืฉื›ื ื ืขืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ื˜. 
1 ืื•ืŸ 4 (ื•ื•ื™ื™ื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 (ืงื•ื“ืœื™); ื ื•ื˜โ€ข ืš 1926 (ื›ืืจืืœ; ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 

117 . ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ โ€” ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืจืขื“.โ€” 

ืžืฉื” ื–ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžืฒื–ื™ืœ. ืคืดื’ ื‘. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืฐืืจืฉืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 99 / 100 ืณ 
125 ืื•ืŸ 139 (ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืืงื™); ื ื•ืž. 113 (ื ืœืื–ืขืจ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 115 ืื•ืŸ 120 (ืฉื•ืžื™ืึพ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 128 1926 (ืจืื–ื ืœืืงืึพืคืจืฅ) 

118 . ืค ื™ ื ื  ืข ืจ ืŸ - ืค ืจ ื• ื™, ื“ื™ โ€” ื–ืฉ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืื ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจื?. ื . ื™. ื“ืขืฆ. 
1926 (ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืคืจืขืกึพืžืื ื™ืœ) 

119 . ืค ืข ื“ ืข ืจ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืฆืขื’ืฑื: ื. ืงืืจ^ื™ืŸ, ืœ. ื–ื™- 
ืืขืฆืžืืŸ, ื. ืฆื•ืฆืงื™. ื .-ื™. ^-ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื . ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 (ื ืœืื–ืขื•ื™; ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 7 (ืœื™); 
ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 ื™ 9 (ืœื™; ืงื•ื“ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข ืก 1 ึพ 11 1926 (ื•ื•ืฒืก; ืงื•ื“ืœื™; ืœื™) 

120 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืฆื™ืขืื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 

ืดืคืืจืฐืขืจื˜ืืด-ืืืืณืŸ. ื .-ื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 1926 (ืคืจืฒื“ืขืœ) 

121 . ืง ื ื  ื ืจ ืข ืจ ื• ื• ื ื› ื  ื‘ ืฆ ื ื˜ โ€” ืคืืจ ืงื•ืฆื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–. 
ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ืจืจืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืฆืขื’ื™ื•ื. ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 (ืžืื–ืขืŸ; ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 ืื•ืŸ 15 
(ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 (ืงืœื™ื ื ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 10 1926 (ืžืื–ืข) 

122 . ืจ ื• ื™ ื˜ ืข ื• ื• ืข ืฆ ื˜ โ€” ืคืืฆื™ื˜ื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื–., ืฆื™ื˜.ึพืฐื™ืื ืฉ. ื—ืดื–ืฉ. 


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ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜-ืจืขื“. โ€” ืž. ^ืขืฐื™ื˜ืืŸ. ืจืขื“ืงืืœืขื’ื™ืข: ื˜. ืฆืขืฐื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื”. ืงืื–ืืงืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, 
5 ืงืฐื™ื˜ืงื, ืž. ืงื™ืคืขืจ, ืค. ืฉืคืจืืš. ืžืขื™ืฆื•ื›ืขึพืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ื›ืืจืงืืฐ. 
ื ื•ืž* 4 ( 19 ) (ื›ืืจืืœ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 ึพ 6 ( 20 ึพ 21 ) (ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 9 ( 24 ) (ื›ืืจืืœ; ื›ืขื ึพ 

ืงื™ืŸ; ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 12 (ื– 2 ) 1926 (ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ) 

122 ื. ื• ื• ื ืš , ื“ื™ โ€” ืœื™ื˜., ืงื•ื ืื˜, ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืœื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ืง. 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืจื™ื’ืข. ื’ื•ืž. ืš (ืืืชืจ ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืืžื™ืจืืงื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 1927 (ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ืจึพ 
ืฐื™ืฅ) 

123 . ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ 1926 โ€” 1927 โ€” ื–ืžืดืค. 
ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขื“ืื˜ืŸึพืงืœื•ืค ืคืฒื ืคืืจืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืืจืฉืข. (ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืืงื™; ืจื”ืœ ื”โ€ข ืงืืจืŸ; ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ) 

124 . ื ื• ื™ ื ืง ื• ื โ€” ื”ืดื–ืฉ. ื .ึพื™. ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืจืขื“. โ€” ื–. 
ืฐื™ื™ื ืคืขืจ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 11 1927 (ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 

125 . ื ื• ื  ื“ ื– ืข ืจ ืค ื• ืšโ€” ืฆืฐืฒึพืžืดื–ืฉ. ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื . ืจื“ืดืง 
โ€”ื™ืฆื”ืง ืœื™ืคืžืืŸ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 ืื•ืŸ 5 / 1927 (ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ) 

126 . โ– ื ื™ ื  ื– ืข ืจ ื” ื ืค ืข ื  ื• ื  ื’ โ€” ืฆืฐืฒ-ืฐืดื–ืฉ. ืœืฒื˜ื•ื ื’: ื™. ืž- 
ืฐืฒืืขื ืคืขืจื’. ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 18 (ืฉืจื” ื˜ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 19 1927 (ืœืขืฐื™) 

127 . ื” ื ืž ืข ืจ, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ืงืืžื•ื . ื”ืดื–ืฉ. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 (ืฐืฒืก; ืื™ื˜ื 
ืฉื™ืงืžืืŸ) ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 (ื’ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœ; ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 7 ืื•ืŸ 12 / 1927 (ืฉื•ืžื™ืึพ 
ื˜ืฉืขืจ) 

128 . ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืคืœืขื˜ืขืจ โ€” ืฐืดืฉืจ. ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. 

ืจืขื“. โ€” ื ื”ืžืŸ ืžืฒื–ื™ืœ. ืคืดื’ ืค. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืฐืืจืฉืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 9 (ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉ;(ืจ); 
ื ื•ืž. 11 (ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 27 1927 (ืงืืจืŸ) 

129 . ืค ืขื™ื“ ืข ืจโ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจืขื“.โ€” ืื”ืจืŸ ืงืืจืœื™ืŸ. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 ึพ 2 

(ืœื™ืŸ; ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 ึพ 4 (ื•ื•ืฒืก; ืœื™); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 1927 (ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ; ืฐืฒื) 

130 . ืฆ ื• ืง ื• ื  ืค ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจื“ืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืœื™ืขืื™ืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืดืคืืจืฐืขืจื˜ืกืด-ืืืืณืŸ. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 (ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 ืื•ืŸ 12 1927 (ืคืจื™ื™ึพ 
ื“ืขืœ) 

131 . ืงืืœื™ืคืืจื ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืž ืข โ€” ืฐืดืฆ. 
6 -ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืจืขื“. โ€” ื“. ื’ื™ืื ืขื˜. ืœืืึพืื ื’ืขืœืขื, ืืืŸึพืคืจืื’ืฆื™ืกืงื, ืงืืœื™ืคโ€ข 
ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 ืื•ืŸ 4 7 ' 192 (ืขื˜ืœ ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’) 

132 . ืงืขื ืขื“ืขื“ ืื“ืœืข ืจืฑืคื™ืœืฒึพืื•ื™ืื’ืืคืข. 1907 โ€” 

1927 ืจื“ืดืง ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืงืืฆืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื—. ืฐืืœืืคืืงื™, ืค. ื’. ื–ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื™. ืจืืคื™ื ืึพ 
ืฐื™ื˜ืฉ. ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœโ€ข 30 ืื•ื™ื’โ€ข 1927 (ืžืื–ืข; ืื™ื’ืืœ) 

133 . ืจ ื• ื™ ื˜ ืข ื• ื• ืข ืœ ื˜ โ€” ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจืขื“. โ€” ืงืืœืขื’ื™ืข. ื›ืืจืงืืฐ. 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขึพืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 (ื›ืืจืืœ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 (ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื); 
ื ื•ืžโ€ข 4 (ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข ืš (ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื; ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 8 ึพ 9 (ืœื™ื•ื‘ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจึพ 
ื ื™ืืง) 

134 . ืจ ื• ื™ ืข ืจ ื“ โ€” ืœื™ื˜. ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืฉ. ืฉืงืืœื ื™ืงืืฐ. 
ืžืŸื–ื ื˜ืจืขืืœ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 1927 (ืื™ื’ืืœ) 

136 . ืฉ ื˜ ืข ืจ ืŸ โ€” ืœื™ื˜ื“ืงื™ื ืื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉึพืฐื™ืื ืฉ. 
ื—ืดื–ืฉ. ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. ืคืดื’ ืดืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืšืด. ืฐืฒืืจื•ืืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืืคื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’. 
ืžื™ื ืืงโ€ข ืžืื™ึพื™ื•ืŸ (ื™ื•ื ื™) ื ื•ืžโ€ข 6 ึพ 6 1927 (ืืื ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืงื™) 


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5 ืคืืจืฉืฒื“ืขื’ืข ืื•ื™ืื’ืื‘ืขืก 




(ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืดื‘) 

136 * ื ื‘ ืข ืณื  ื“ ึพ ื‘ ื™ 5 ื ื˜ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ื *"ื™โ™ฆ 1900 (ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพึพื‘ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื•ื˜ืฉ) 

137 * ืื•ื ื–ืขื“ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืข โ€” ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข (ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) 

138 * ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืณืคืืฆืงืกืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆโ™ฆ ืฐืืจืฉืข (ืงืืจืŸ) 

139 * ืื™ื“ื™ืณื˜ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขื“ ื•ื•ืขืฆื˜,ื“ื™ โ€” ืจืขื“* โ€” ืงโ™ฆ 
ืžืจืžื” ืฉื™ืงืื’ื (ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“) 

140 * ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื“ืืก โ€” ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืคืขื’* ืงืื ืื“ืขโ™ฆ 1918 
(ื˜ื™ืœืขืก) 

141 * ื ื™ ื“ ื™ ืฉ ืข ื• ื• ืข ื™ 5 ื˜ โ€” ืคื™ืœืื“ืขืœืคื™ื* (ืคืจืฒื“ืข ื‘ืขืœืื•ื•) 

142 . ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื–ื•ืณื™ื‘* ืฐึพื™* (ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ; ื‘ืขืœืืฐ; 
ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 1920 ; ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ืืœื™ืŸ 1924 ) 

143 * ื ื  ื” ื• ื™ ื‘ , ื“ืขืจโ€” ืฐึพึพึพื™* (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ) 

144 * ื ืค ืจ ื™ ืง ื ื  ืข ืจ , ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื•^ื‘* ื™ืื”ืื ืขืกื‘ื•ืจื’* ื“ืจื•ืึพืืคืจื™ืงืข 
ืจื—ืœึพืจื‘ืงื” ืคื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜ 1914 ืื•ืŸ 1923 ; ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜ 1917 ) 

145 * ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื’ื’, ื“ื™โ€” ืฐืณ'ืฆ* ืกึพื™* 1893 
(ืจืืคืคืืจื˜) 

146 * ื‘ ื™ ื™ ื ืค ื™ ื™ ืข ื“ ืดโ€” ื–ืžืดืฆ ื ืจื™* (ืงืœื™ื ื’) 

147 * ื’ ืข ืจ ืข ื› ื˜ ื™ ื’ ืง ื™ ื™ ื˜โ€” ืฐืดื‘* ื *ึพื™* (ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ; ืคืจืฒื“ืขืœ) 

148 * , ื“ืจื•ื-ืืคืจื™ืงืข โ€” ื™ืื”ืื ืขืื‘ื•ืจืฐ 1923 (ืคื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜) 

149 * ื™ื” ื™ ื™ ื  ื˜, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ืฐืืจืฉืข* (ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) 

150 * ื• ื• ื ื” ืจ ื” ื™ ื™ ื˜, ื“ื™ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ื *ึพื™* ื'ืณืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืœืœืขื” 

1916 (ืงืœื™ื ื’) 

151 * ื• ื• ื™ ื™ืฆ ื  ืข ืจ ื˜ ื ื’โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ืฐื™ืœื ืข* 1923 (ืคืจืฒื“ืขืœ) 

152 * ืฐ ื™ ื  ื˜ ืข ืจ โ€” ื–ืžืดื”* ื''ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื”ืฒืฆืคืขืจื™ืŸ (ื—ื ื” ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ) 

153 * ื• ื• ืข ื’ ืข ืŸโ€”ื *ึพึพึพื™* (ืงืœื™ื ื’) 

154 * ื• ื• ืข ืง ืข ืจ, ื“ืขืจโ€”ื˜''ืฆ* ืžื™ื ืกืง 1917 (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช); 13 ืื•ื™ืฐ 
1925 (ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ) 

155 * ื• ื• ืข ืง ืข ืจ, ื“ืขืจโ€”ืฐืดื‘* ื *ึพื™* (ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) 

156 * ื˜ ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ื *ึพื™* (ื‘ืขืœืื•ื•; ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ; 

ืœืื” ืงืืคื™ืœืืฐื™ื˜ืฉึพื”ืืคืžืืŸ; ืฉื˜ืืง) 

157 * ื˜ ื ื’ ืข ื‘ ืฆ ื ื˜, ื“ืืก โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ืœืขืžื‘ืขืจื’ (ืงืืจืŸ) 

158 * ื™ ื• ื  ืณื’ ืข ื’ ื• ื• ื ืจ ื“ ื™ ืข โ€” ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข* 1925 (ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื) 

159 * ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืื’ืขื‘ืฆืื˜,ื“ืืก โ€” ื *ึพื™* (ื‘ืขืœืืฐ) 

160 * ื™ ืข ืฆ ื˜ ื™ ื’ ืข ืฆ ื™ ื™ ื˜โ€” ื'ืณืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืืœื ื™ืง* ืงืืœื™ืฉ* ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ 
(ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) 

^*ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืคื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ* ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–* ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ืก 
ืดืœืขืงืกื™ืงืืŸืด ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก* 


369 



161 * ?ืื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืขื‘ื™ืฆืื˜ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆโ™ฆ 1920 (ื’ืขืจืกืืšืจืื ื™ื ืึพ 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ; ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื”ึพืคืื˜ืืฉ) 

162 * ื™ืฆื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ื‘ื™ืฆืื˜ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* (ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) 

163 * ื™ 5 ื™ ื˜ ืข ืจ ^ ืจ ื™ ืฉ ืข ื‘ ื™ ื™ ? ^ ืŸ; ืข โ€” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืดืฆ* ืดืงืืž- 
ืคืืŸืณ/ ืงื™ืขื•ื” 1923 (ื›ืืจืืœ)ึพ 

164 * ืžืืจื ืขืŸ-ื–ืฉื•ืจื ื ืโ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ื *-ื™* (ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื–) 

165 * ื  ื™ ื™ ืข ื• ื• ื ืจ ื˜ , ื“ืืโ€” ื™ืื”ืื ืขืกื‘ื•ืจืก 1916 (ืคืฒืคืขืจื˜) 

166 * ื  ื™ ื™ ืข ื• ื• ืข ื™ืฆ ื˜ โ€” ื โ™ฆ"'โ™ฆ 1917 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ืฐืขืคืขืจื™ื ืกืงื™; ืžืืจึพ 

ื’ืืœื™ืŸ) 

167 * ื  ื™ ื™ ืข ื™ 5 ืข ื‘ ืŸ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ืื“ืขืค* ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขโ™ฆ 1919 (ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜) 

168 * ื ื™ื™ืข ืคืื™ืฆืงืกื‘ืœื•ืข ื˜ึพ-ืœืื“ืฐ 1924 (ืคืื˜ืืฉ) 

169 * ื  ื™ ื™ ืข ืฆ ื™ ื™ ื˜ โ€” ื™ืื”ืื ืขืกื‘ื•ื“ื’^ 1912 (ื’ืืœื“ืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ) 

170 * ืค ื ืข ื– ื™ ืข, ื“ื™โ€” ื *-ื™โ™ฆ 1919 (ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ื•ื•ืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™) 

171 * ืคืขืŸืŸืขืžื™ืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืคืื™ืฆืงืžืฉื˜ื™ืžืข โ€” ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืขื™ 1919 

(ืงืืจืŸ) ^ ^ 

172 * ืคืืงืงืกื‘ืงืื• ื˜ โ€” ืœืื“ื–* (ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) 

173 * ืคืื™ืฆืงืกืคืจื™ื™ื  ื“ึพโ€”ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืฑื’ (ื‘ืขืœืื•ื•) 

174 * *ืค ืจ ื ื’ ืจ ืข ืก ึพโ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ืœืืกึพืื ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, ืงืืœื™ืคโ™ฆ 1915 (ื’ืืœื™ืŸ) 

175 * -ืค ื ืจ ื• ื• ืข ืจ ื˜ ืก, ื“ืขืจโ€” ื˜'ืณืฆ* ื *-ืฐ 1900 (ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพึพื‘ืขืจึพ 

ืงืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ) 

176 * ืค ืจ ื™ ื™ ื” ื™ ื™ ื˜ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆโ™ฆ ื *-ืฐ 1924 / 1925 ืณ 1926 ื™ 1927 (ืฉืจื“ื™ 
ื‘ืืจืงืืŸ; ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืขืงืขืจืžืืŸ; ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’; ื•ื•ืฒืก; ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™; ืจื—ืœ ื–ืืง; ื˜ื™ืœืขืก; 
ืฉืจื” ืคืขืœึพื™ืขืœื™ืŸ; ืงืœื™ื ื’; ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ; ืื™ื˜ื ืฉื™ืงืžืืŸ; ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ) 
177 * ื™ืค ืจ ื™ ื™ ื˜ ื ื’ โ€” ืฐ''ื‘โ™ฆ ืœืื“ื–โ™ฆ 1923 / 1924 (ืคืื˜ืืฉ) 

178 * ืค ื“ ื™ ื™ ื  ื“, ื“ืขืจโ€”^ืฐืดื‘* ื *-ืฐ (ื˜ื™ืœืขืก; ืžืœื›ื” ื—ืคืฅึพื˜ื•ื–ืžืืŸ) 

179 * ืค ืจ ื™ ื™ ื  ื“ , ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืขโ™ฆ (ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง; 
ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ) 

180 * ืค ืจ ื™ ื™ ืข ^ ืจ ื‘ ื™ ื™ ื˜ ืข ืจ ืฉ ื˜ ื™ ืž ืข^ืฐืดื‘. ืกึพื™* 1915 / 1910 / 
(ื’ืืœื™ืŸ); 1925 / 1926 / 1927 , (ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ; ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื“ืฐืืจืงื™ืŸ; ืฐืฒืก; ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™; 
ืœื™; ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ; ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื“ืŸ; ืงื•ื“ืœื™; ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ; ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ; ืฉื˜ืืง) 
181 * ืฆ ื™ ื• ื  ื™ ื ื˜ , ื“ืขืจโ€” ื™ืื”ืื ืขืื‘ื•ืจื’. 1914 (ืคื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜) 

182 * ืงืืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืืŸ โ€” ื˜ืณ^ืฆ. ืงื™ืขื•ื” 1922 (ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก) 

183 * ืง ื• ื• ื ื, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ (ืื™ื’ืืœ) 

184 * ืง ื• ื  ื“ ืก, ื“ืขืจโ€” ืฐืดื‘* ื .ึพื™* 1918 (ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“) 

185 * ืง ืข ื  ืข ื“ ืข ืจ ื ื“ ^ ืข ืจ, ื“ืขืจ โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ* ืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ. 1926 
(ืžืื–ืข) 


370 



ื’ โ€” ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 

1 ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจึพื’ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ืข 
(ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืดื‘) 

186 . 1 1 ื™ ื  ^ ^ , ืœืข^} โ€” 111 61:31111:6 ื– 1.1 ื’ 1181 >ยฃ> ยฃ1 ืจ ยฃืก ื–ืŸ 1 ืก:ื• 118 ึพ 1 116 '!' 
.^ 01 ^ โ‚ฌโ‚ฌ0 ื 1 ืด![ . 11 ืก 1.011ยฃ1 .: 161161 ^ื'' 1.60 ืฅื  1 !(โ€ข!ืด)!!^ืก 11 ) 6611 ) 111116 116 ) 

187 . ื  ื™ ื’ ืข ืจ, ืฉ.โ€” ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืขื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ื™ึพ 

ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื โ€” ื“ื™ ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ โ€” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ืขืจื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืดืคื ืกืืด ืชืจืขืดื‘. ื™ืื”ืจื‘ื•ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš, ืคืืจ ืคืืœืงืœืืจ, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ืขืจืฉึพ 
ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื’ืื ื’. ,ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ. .ืฐื™ืฆื ืข. ืชืจืขืดื’. 

188 . ืข ื“ ื™ ืง, ืžืืงืโ€” ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 1 โ€”ื“ืขืจ ืดื‘ืจืื ื˜ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืณ โ€” 
ื“ื™ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืืคืขื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 17 ึพื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืžืดื‘ ืดืฆืฒื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืด. ื‘ื•ืš 1 . ืžื™ื ืืง. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐื™ื™ืึพ 
ืจื•ืืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 1926 

189 . ืค ื™ ื  ืข ื, ืž. ื“ืจ.โ€” ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืณืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ 1890 . ืคืดื’ ื‘. ืฉื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืฐืืจืฉื. ืชืจืขืดื‘. 1911 

190 . ืค ^ ื™ ^ ื ืš, ืืืœืืžืืŸ โ€” โ€”ยฃืก 1-6611 ? . 8 111011 ืก 1 ืก 5 

. 1 ืก^\ ,:;!ืกืกืœื–ืกืก^ืจ ยฃ 1:0111 61 ) 1:111 ื’ืŸ 116 116 ) 111 31:6 ) 61:3 ) 1.1 101131 ) 06110 

1923 . 18 ื  1 < 31 ? 1 10311 ) 1116 ^ 1 ยฃืก 11ยฃ61:61166 ืก 0 1:31 ) 0611 

191 . ^ ^ ืž ื™ , ื ืื”ื™ื“ื- ยฃ> 126 ) 110 ) 13 / . 1311 ื– 1 ืก/ื ื™ 1811 ) 61 ^ 116 '!' 

. 38 ) 1.323 .) 0 .ยฃืก)? 7 ืœ 6ยฃ306 )ืง 3 11 ) 1 >*( ) 33311611116 ^>ยฃ 1.03186 7 ( 1 1011 ) 311813 )) 
- 1 ( 61 ^ 1 ". 3 ) 306 ืก 0 ) 1 ืกืก 6 11811 ( 61 ^ 116 ' 1 '" .ืก 0 11811138 ( 31 ? 11 ืกืก 61 . 103 ) 8111 11 )) 03 ? 

1923 ,) 1 ) ยฅ0 

192 . ืฉ ื• ืœ ืž ื ืŸ, ืืฆืขื–ืจ โ€” ืฉืคืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ื•ืืคืจื•ืชื”. 

ืžืงืฅ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื˜ืดื• ืขื“ ืงืฅ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื” ื”ื™ืดื—. ื™ืฆื ?ืื•ืจ ืขืดื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• 
ืฉ^ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื™. ื—. ื˜ื‘ืฑื‘. ื“ื™ื’ื. ื‘ื“ืคื•ื ืืœื™ืณ ืืขืฐื™ืŸ. ืชืจืขืดื’. 

2 ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฆืขื ื–ื™ืขืก 
(ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืดื‘) 

193 . ื ืฉ ืจ โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ืด. ืžืดื–ืฉ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคึพ 

ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืฒืฉืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. 2 ึพื˜ืขืจ ื™ืืจื’. 
ื .-ื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 14 1925 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉืโ€”ืณืดืžืฒื ืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸืด) 

194 . ื’ ื“ ื ื‘ ื ื“ ื“, ื‘.โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืด. ื -ึพื™โ€ข ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 1925 
(ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจื ืดื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืื•ืฆืจืด) 

195 . ื“ ื ื‘ ื“ ื• ืฉ ื™ ืŸ, ื™.โ€” ื“ืื ื ืฒืข ืœื™ื“ (ื–ืขืงื ื™ืืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’) 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืดื‘ ืดื ืฒืขืจื“ืด. ืžืืืงืฐืขืจ ืงืืœืขืงื˜ืฑื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืจึพืฉืจืฒ- 
ื‘ืขืจ. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 ืžืืกืงืฐืขโ€ข 1925 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ืืจืืœื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 


371 



196 . ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืกื™, ืžืืจื™ื โ€” ื”ืงื“ื˜ื” ืฆื• ?ืื” ืก. ื”ืืึพ 

ืžืื ื ื‘ื•ืš ืดืงืืฒื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืขืจ ืฐืขื™ืฆื˜ืณ'. ื .ึพื™โ€ข 1922 

197 . ื• ื• ื™ ื™ ื  ืค ืข ืจ, ื–. โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืงื•ืืด. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 1927 
(ืœื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ืก ืดืงืืจืขืœืŸืณ') 

198 . ื– ื ืจ ื ืž ื‘, ืฉ.โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืณ?ื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืขื˜ืขืจืด. ืฐืืจืฉืข. 

ื ื•ืžโ€ข 31 1927 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™ืก ืดื—ืฉืฐื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขื›ื˜ืด) 

199 . ื˜ ืฉ ื ืจ ื  ื™, ื“ื ื™ืืœ โ€” ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื˜ืŸึพ 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืด^ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืขืจืด. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 1927 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ึพ 
ืงืื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 

200 . ื™ ื ื  ื ื• ื• ื ืง ื™, ืฉ. โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืจืฒืข ืืจื‘. ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืด. 1924 

(ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง) 

201 . ื™. ื‘. โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืœื™ื˜. ื‘^ืขื˜ืขืจืด. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 124 1920 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉึพ 

ืคืขืœื“ืก ืดืงืืจืขืœืŸืด) 

202 โ€ข ื™โ€ข ืก . โ€” ืื™ื– ืดื ืฒ-ืื™ื“ื™ืฉืด. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 11 ึพ 12 1923 (ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ 
ืฑื“ื™ืงืืก ืดื ื™ื™ืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืด) 

203 . ืœ ืข ื™ ืข ื ืข ื, ื. โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืจืด. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 3 1922 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ื ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 

204 ื. ืž ืœ ื ืš, ืœ. โ€” ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ื™ ืคืจืขืืขืด, ื˜ืดืฆ. 
ืคืขืœื“ื ืดืงืืจืขืœืŸืด) 

204 ื. ืž ืœ ื ืš, ืœ. โ€” ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืดืจื™ ืคืจืขืืขืด, ื˜ืดืฆ. 
ื‘ื•ืขื ืืึพืื™ื™ืจืขื (ืืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืข). 18 ื“ืขืฆโ€ข 1927 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืื–ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืื ืก ื‘ื•ืš ืดืคืืจ 
ื’ืืจ ื“ืขื ื ืืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸืด) 

205 . ืž ืจ โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดื ืฒืข ืคืืœืงืืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ืด โ€” ื˜ืดืฆ. ืฐืืจืฉืข. ื™ืŸื™ื˜ืขืจืึพ 

ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฒืœืื’ืข, ื ื•ืžโ€ข 174 1927 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™ื ืดื—ืฉื•ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขื›ื˜ืด) 

206 . ืž ืจ ืž ืจ, ืง.โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืจืฒื”ืฒื˜ืด. 26 ื“ืขืฆโ€ข 1926 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉึพ 
ืคืขืœื“ื ืงืืจืขืœืŸืด) 

207 . ื  ื• ื ื™ ื  ื ื• ื•, ื™. โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืด. ื›ืืจืงืืฐ. ื ื•ืž. 9 
1926 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ืื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 

208 . ื  ื™ ื’ ืข ืจ, ืฉ. โ€” ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืœื™ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืดื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื’ืดโ€ข ื -ึพื™โ€ข 24 ืคืขื‘. 

1924 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฑื“ื™ืงืืก ืดื ืฒืข ืฑื’ื ื˜ืด ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืื ื ืดืคืืจ ื’ืืจ ื“ืขื ื ืืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸืด) 

209 . ื  ื™ ื’ ืข ืจ, ืฉ.โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ืด. ื .ึพื™. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 5 1926 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื” ืœื™ืณื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 

210 . ืข ื ื™ ื ืฉ, ืข ื• ื•, ืืืชืจ, ื“ืจ.โ€” ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฆื• ืฑืจื™ืงืื ื‘ื•ืš 
ืดืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ืด. ืงืืฐื ืขโ€ข 1925 

211 . ืค ืจ ื™ ืœ ื• ืฆ ืง ื™, ื ื— โ€” ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืดื” ืดื“ืขืจ ืฑื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืฒืื˜ืด. ืฐืืจโ–  

ืฉืข. (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ.) 

212 . ืค ืจืฅ, ื™. ื™ืœโ€ข โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืจืืžืื ึพืฆืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ืด. ืฐืืจืฉืขโ€ข (ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืึพ 

ืื•ืœื ืจ.) 


372 



213 . ืค ื™ ื™ ื’ ื™ ื–, ื–.โ€” ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืดื‘ ืดืฐื™ืืคืขืด. ืงืืฐื ืขโ€ข 2 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคึพ 

ืœืื’ืข. ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. 1923 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฑื“ื™ืงืื ืดื ืฒืข ืฑื’ื ื˜ืด) 

214 . ืค ืจ ื™ ืฉ ืž ื ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ โ€” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ืดื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืื•ืฆืจืด. ืฐืืจืฉืข. ื—ืจืคืดื‘. 

215 . ืง ื ืจ ืž ื ืŸ, ืข. โ€” ืื—^ืดื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืฐืขืœื˜ืด. ืฐืืจืฉืข. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 1 1922 
(ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจื ืดื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขื ืื•ืฆืจืด); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 6 1922 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืœืื–ืขืจึพืื ื“ืจื•ื 
ืดืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ึพืฉืื˜ืŸืด, ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 

216 . ืง ื ืจ ืŸ, ืจื”^ ื”โ€ขโ€” ืื™ื– ืดืœื™ื˜. ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืด. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 6 1924 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉื ืดืžืฒื ืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸืด); ื ื•ืžโ€ข 48 1925 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืื ืก ืดืคืืจ ื’ืืจ 
ื“ืขื ื ืืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸืด) 

217 . ืจ ื ื• ื• ื™ ื˜ ืฉ, ืžืœืš โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืด. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 2 1923 (ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืง) 

218 . ืจ ื ื• ื• ื™ ื˜ ืฉ, ืžืœืš โ€” ืžืดื•ื“ืœืขืš, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒื‘ืขืจ โ€” ืฑืฃื•ืณืŸืŸืข 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ื. ืื™ืŸ ืดืœื™ื˜. ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืด. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 21 1927 

219 . ืจ ื™ ื™ ื– ืข ืŸ, ื. โ€” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ืœืื” ืง. ,ื”ืืคืžืื ื ื‘ื•ืš ืดืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืื ื“ืด. ื .ึพื™โ€ข 1921 

220 . ืฉ . ื–.โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืœื™ื˜. ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจืด. ื ื•ืžโ€ข 6 1927 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงื™ื 
ืดืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืด) 

221 . ืฉ ื˜ ื ืง, ืคืจืื“ืขืœ โ€” ืฐืื ืื™ื– ืคืืขื–ื™ืข? ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืดื‘ ืคืืจ ืคืึพ 

ืขื–ื™ืข ืดืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ ืฆื• ืžืขื ืฉืด. ืจืขื“. โ€” ืž. ืœ. ื”ืืœืคืขืจืŸ. ืคืดื’ ืดื ืฑ-ื™ืืจืงืด. 
ื .ึพื™. (ื™ืืจ?) 

222 . โ–  ( ื ื  ื ื  ื™ ื) โ€” ืื™ืŸ ืดืคืจืฒืข ืืจื‘. ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืดโ€ข ื .ึพื™. 31 ื“ืขืฆ. 

1920 (ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™ื ืดืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืœืด) 


3 ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืขื 

223 . ื‘ืืจืื›ืื•ื•, ื‘. โ€” ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืื™ืื˜ืฒืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฒืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœืืœืื’ 
ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคืจืื›ืคืืจืฉื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืดืคื ืงืืด ืชืจืขืดื‘. ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ 
ืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘. ื. ืงืœืขืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืฐื™ืœื ืข. ืชืจืขืดื’. 

223 . ื‘ืืจืื›ืื•ื•, ื‘. โ€” ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืฒืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฒืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœืืœืื’. 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืืณ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืื™ื ื ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข. ื .-ื™. ื‘ืึพ 
ืื™ื ื ืื ื˜ืืœืื’ื™ืข. 2 ึพื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืื’ืขโ€ข 1917 

225 . ืจ ื™ ื™ ื– ืข ืŸ, ื–ืœืžืŸ โ€” ืœืขืงืื™ืงืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฑืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึพ 

ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืืข. ืจื“ืดืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ. ื ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืืจื•ื™ืื’. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืดื’ืึพื’ืขื–. ืดืฆืขื ึพ 
ื˜ืจืืœืด. ืฐืืจืฉื•ื™. ื—ืจืขืดื“ืณ 1914 

226 . ืจ ื™ ื™ ื– ืข ืŸ, ื–ืœืžืŸ โ€” ืœืขืงืื™ืงืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜., ืคืจืขึพ 

ืืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืืœืื’ื™ืข. ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืข ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ืข ืคืืจืžืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 


373 



ืคืืจืคื•ืฆืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืื ืื‘ืข. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืื ื“ (ื โ€” ื™) ืฐื™ืื ืขืจ ืคืดื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘. ื”ืฆืขืฆืงื™ื–. ืชืจืคืดื•. 1926 ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ (ื›โ€” 0 ) 1927 

227 . ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืืจื™ืณ{ โ€” 2 } 1:1 ืก 1 ื™ืŸ,โ–  ยฃ61 > 161 ื  11 ืก 8161118 

. 6 ^) 5 2 , 1613113 ^>ืก 6 ^ 1101:1160 ( 511 111 1 ื• 111 ึพ 3.601 ึพ 1 ( 161 ึพ 1 ื‘ื• 1.11 ึพ 01 ึพ 1 ื  111 118 ยงืก 1 ^^. โ‚ฌ3 - 

.ืงืงโ‚ฌ -|- (. 1 ืกืก) 3104 -|- . 1852-60 . 1111 ึพ 561 

228 * ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืž^ืœื™ืฅ โ€” 11:2 ึพ 1 ืก^ 1 ,: ยฃ61 > 111161 ืก 51:61118 

ึพ 11 ืœ 51 : ยฃ1161 :! 111:1ยฃ ืก 8 ึพ 2611 !- 1 ื• 6111 ื› 31 ึพ 861 : 111 -- : 1:111 ^ึพ 61 :ืŸ 51 80116 :> ยฃ611 >- 318011 ) 116 ^- 

.ยง 21 ืง 1.61 .: ยฃ111 61:3 :}! 5 61:6 :) 61 ื’ 3 > 1111 36 > 1111 ^ 6111 :) 1ยฃ ึพ 111 ืก 38 > 1311 ึพ 1 ,:) 113ยฃ ืก 1886118 ^\ 8 ^ 61 ) 0 

. 1848-9 


4 ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคืจืื›ืŸ 


ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉ 

229 โ™ฆ ื—ืขื•ืฆืž โ€” ื™ืืจื โ™ฆ 15 ืชืจืคืดื— ื ื•ืžโ™ฆ 15 1927 (ืืืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 
โ€” ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ึพึพึพื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–โ™ฆ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ) 

ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ 

230 โ™ฆ 51116 511:1:16 .ยง: 61 ื  11 > 1 ืก 0 13830 ^ื ! 1 ) 11:6 ^)ยฃ โ€” 061:1:7 ? 31811 > 3 > 1 ^ืจ : 01:631 

1923 . 311838 ^! . 1 ): 011:31 . 337 ืง 1 ืžืก 0 31135 ][- 36111311 ) 131 ึพ! . 448 .ืก^ืค 8 :> 1 ืกืก 5 
)ืคืจืื“ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืง โ€” ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืšโ€” 111116 ^ 1 .^< :): 61 ื  ยฃ 11 ) 

231 โ™ฆ 8301361 7 ^ 1 3 > 311:6 > 5 โ€ข 7 ยงืก 1 ืก 11 ; 3111 - 061:1:7 ? 31811 ) 3 ) 1 ^^ืจ 11 * 361 > 0 ^ 1 

1927 . 01:5 ^ 1 ืจ-ื–\\ 6 ^ 1 .ืก 0 ยง 11511111 ื  31 ? :) 68 ^\ 3 > 311 : ยฃ381 116 ^ .: 61 ( 1011 
(ืฆื™ืœื™ืข ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ; ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ; ืจื—ืœ ื”โ™ฆ ืงืืจืŸ; ืคืจืื“ืœ ืฉื˜ืืง) 
ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ 

232 * - 11:82 !ึพ! . 8 31 ึพ! 265 1 271 ืก 1:261 ืง-( 78516 \\ 0 ^> 27 1 ( 062 ? 13 ยงืก 1 ืก:) 11 ^. 

1921 . 3 ื–\\ 823 ึพ 731 (\ \* 53 ึพ 8 1 6111 :) 5 ืงยฃึพ 111 ^\\ 56 5-013 " . 101 : 11 ! 

(ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ; ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ*; ืฉืจื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ โ€” ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš-ึพึพึพืฉ* ืฐืื’ึพ 
ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉโ™ฆ ื”ื™ืจืฉื”ืืจืŸ) 


374 





ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ- 106 ึพ* 107 

ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ, ืžืจื™ื -- 134 ึพ 146 

ื‘ 

ื‘ืืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืฒื ืข -- 119 

^ืŸืฃืšืŸ-^) 2 ^ 

ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืข- 204 ึพ 208 

ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืžืืœื™ืข- 121 

ื‘ืœืืš ,ืื ื ื- 131 ึพ 132 

ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜, ื‘ืขืจื˜ื -- 180 

ื’ 

ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’, ืขื˜ืœ -- 281 

ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืจืื–ื- 41 ึพ 40 

ื’ืืœื™ืŸ^ ืจื‘ืงื”- 149 ึพ 54 ื• 

ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ, ืจืื–ื- 242 ึพ 216 

ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ, ืื™ื“ื-- 175 ึพ 178 

-- 

ื’ืขืจืืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืœื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื—ื ื” โ€” 109 ึพ 111 

ื“ 

ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ืœื™ืข โ€”- 162 ึพ 168 

ื” 

ื”ืืคืžืืŸ, ืงโ™ฆ, ืœืื”-- โ€” 123 ึพ 127 

ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“, ืคืขืกื™- 179 ึพ 184 

ื• 

ืฐืื”ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง, ืžืจื™ื โ€” 118 

ืฐืืœืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ^ ืคืขืจืœ- 209 ึพ 211 

ืฐื™ื™ื, ืฉืคืจื”- 238 * 241 

ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืืงืฐ ืจืืฉืขืœ- 169 ึพ 174 

ื– 

ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืจ, ^ืŸืกื•ืฅืฃ- 

ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื‘ืขืจื’, ืฉืจื”ืณื˜ืฉืข- 122 


ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืงืฐ ืืื ื™ืข- 315 * 318 

ื˜ื™ืœืขื, ืื™ื™ื“ื- 185 ึพ 188 

ื˜ืฉ 

ื˜ืฉืืจื ืฐ ืโ™ฆ, ืคืจืฒื“ืœ- 260 * 265 

ื˜ืฉืขื ืื˜ืื›ืื•ื•ืืงื, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ~ึพึพ 112 * 115 

ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืง, ืœื™ื•ื‘ื- 334 

ื™ 

ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืจืื–ื- 84 * 88 

ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืกืืŸ, ืจืื–ืืœื™ื- 71 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช- 62 * 70 

ื™ื•ื“ื™ืงื ึพ- 231 * 237 

ื› 

ื›ืดืฅ, ื—ื ื” โ€” -- 20 * 38 

ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื^ ืฉื™ืคืจืข โ€” ึพึพึพึพึพ 300 * 302 

ื›ืืกื™ื, ืขืกื˜ืขืจ- 303 * 304 

ื›ืืจืืœ/ ื“ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืจืข- 291 * 299 

ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืจืข-โ€” 310 * 314 

ืœ 

ืœืืงืกึพืคืจืฅ, ืจืื–ืข- 282 * 284 

ืœืฐ ืžืœื›ื”- 247 * 254 

ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก, ื“ื™ื ืข- 305 * 809 

ืœืฒื‘, ืžืจื™ื- 23 ^ 

ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ, ื›ืื ืข- 319 * 324 

ืž 

ืžืื–ืข^ ืืฒื“ื- 271 * 275 

ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืกืงื™/ ืงืื“ื™ืข- 190 * 198 

ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ, ืื ื- 212 * 218 

ืžืฒื–ืœ, ื’ื™ื˜ืœ โ€”- 285 * 288 

ืก 

ืกื™ื’ืืœ/ ืืืชืจ- 219 * 224 



ืข 


ืจ 


ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’/ ืžื™ืจืขืœ- 116 

3 

ืคืืื•ืœื ืก- 59 ึพึพ 61 

ืคืื˜ืืฉึพึพืคื•ืงืก, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื”- 255 * 259 

ืคืืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื” โ€” โ€” โ€” โ€” โ€” 7 
ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื ืืจืกืงืื™ื, ืื ื™ื•ื˜ื โ€” 325 * 330 
ืคืขื•ื•ื–ื ืขืจ, ืืกืชืจ โ€” -- 189 

ืง 

ืงืืจืŸ ื”., ืจื—ืœ- 199 * 203 

ืงื•ื“ืœื™, ื‘ืจื›ื”- 266 * 270 

ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ; ื›ืืกื™ืข- 276 * 278 

ืงืœื™ื ื’, ื‘ืขืจื˜ื- 155 * 161 


ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง, ื–ืขืœื“ืข- 51 * 57 


ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœ, ืจื‘ืงื”- 102 

ืจืื˜ื ืขืจ-ื‘ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ# ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื™ 128 * 130 

ืจืืคืคืืจื˜^ ืื ื ื- 47 * 50 

ืจื•ื™ื–ืœ ืคื™ืฉืœืก-,ืŸ 

ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜, ืจื‘ืงื”- 279 * 280 

ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜, ื”ื™ื ื“ืข- 331 * 333 

ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ,- 

ืฉ 

ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ, ืืกืชืจ โ€” โ€” 225 * 230 

ืฉื˜ืืง, ืคืจืื“ืขืœ- 93 * 101 

ืฉืžืดืจึพืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ, ืžืจื™ื- 104 

ืฉืขื ืคืขืœื” ื•ื•ื›ื‘ืš -- 


ืคืืฒื“ืื ื™ืžืขืŸ 


ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืกื™ื™ื“ืื ื™ืžืขืŸ 

ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจืข --ืžื™ืจืข ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ 

ื‘ืœืืš, ืกื˜ืขืœื ---ืขื˜ืœ ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ 

ื‘ืขืจื ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ืจื—^ -ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช 

ื’ืจืื”ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืจืืฉืขืœ---ืจืืฉืขืœ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™ 

ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ/ ืื™ื“^-ืื™ื“ื ื’ืœืื–ืขืจึพืื ื“ืจื•ืก 

ื”ืืืฉื˜ืฒื–, ืฉื™ืคืจืข -ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื 

ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืกืชืจ ---ืืกืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ 

ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™, ืคืจืฒื“ืœ ืก,- 2 ืฃ,,ืš^ 

ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืจืื–ื--ืฃ^ืฅ^ 

^ืขื‘ืขื ืื‘ื•ื™ื, ืจืื–ืข --- โ€” ืื ื ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ 

?ืขืฐื™ืŸ, ื›ืื ืข ---ื”ืื ืขืœืข ? 

ืžื™ืฉืงืืฐืืงื™, ืจื‘ืงื” ---ืจื‘ืงื” ื’ืืœื™ื– 

ืคืื˜ืืณืข-ืคื•ืงื, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ---ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื” ืคืื˜ืืฉ 

ืคืืžืขืจืื ืฅ, ืคืขืกื™ โ€”-ืคืขืื™ ื”ืขืจืณื˜ืคืขืœื“ 

ืคืจื™^ื•ืฆื”ื™ืณ ืคืขืจ^--ืคืืื™ืœื ืจ. 

ืฆื™ืง, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช -ืฑื“ื™ืงื 

ืงืืคื™^ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ^ืื” -ืœืื” ืงโ€ข ื“ื•ืืคืžืืŸ 

ืจืืืงื™ืŸ, ืจืขื™ -ืจื‘ืงื”ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜ 

ืจืืคืืคืืจื˜, ืžืื›ื”-โ€”-ืžืœื›ื— ืœ, 

ืจืืคืคืืจื˜, ืื ื ื-ืื ืื–ื™ืŸืŸ 

ืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง, ืžืจื™ื ---โ€”-ืžืจื™ื ืฐืื”ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง 

ืฉืืคื™ืจื, ื“ื™ื ืข -โ€” ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื‘ืงืขื 

ืฉืื˜ืืŸ, ืžื™ืจืขื™?--โ€”----ืžื™ืจืขืœ ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’ 

ืฉืงืืื ื™ืงืืฐ, ืืืชืจ -ืืืชืจ ืื™ื’ืืœ 


378 







ื 

ื# ื”ืฒืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื, ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง---,ืŸืŸืŸ 

ื ื–ื™ื ื’ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ืœืขืš, ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™ -- 816 

ื, ื˜ืขื’, ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜- 331 

ื, ืœืืณืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืขืกืขืŸ^ ืจืืคืคืืจื˜- 49 

ื ืžืืžืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืื–ืข- 274 

ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืจืืš^ ื•ื•ืข&ืจื™ื ืกืงื™- 172 

ืื•ื™, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื ืฉืคืืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ, ื›ืืจืืœ- 297 

ืื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ/ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืืจืืœ--- 296 

ืื•ื™/ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืœืขืš, ื›ืืจืืœ- 299 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืฉืขืจื ื™ืืง--- 334 

ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืฒืณ ืœื™- 253 

ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, ืœืืงืกึพ&ืจืฅ- 282 

ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจืฉืฒืŸ, ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ- 

ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจืื ื” ื’ืืœื™ืŸ- 449 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืืก, ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง- 55 

ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคื ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื” ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ โ€”-- 214 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง- 58 

ืื•ืŸโ€”ืขืก ืงืืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ/ืงืœื™ื ื’- 155 

ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ/ ื›ืืจืืœ--- 295 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืขืŸ/ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ-โ€” 77 

ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืงืœื™ื ื’- 159 

ืื– ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ/ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื- 302 - 

ืื˜ืฐืืฆืง, ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™- 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืขื ื™ื•, ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ โ€” -- 2 ^ 2 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข/ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ-โ€”-- 314 

ืื™ืš ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื” ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืงื- 235 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข, ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ- 


379 







ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืกึพึพื“ืืžืข, ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ- 163 

ืื™ืšื‘ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืฒืŸ ืงืœืฒื“^ ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™- 169 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ- 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื ื™^ื–ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืกืืŸ- 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜- 279 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘, ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 244 

ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื“ื™ืš ื ืืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ/ ื“ืจืื™ืคืงื™ืŸ- 

ืื™ืš ืฐืืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ/ ืงืœื™ื ื’- 160 

ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก/ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™- 263 

ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก, ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™- 171 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ืืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื™ื™ืฅ- 30 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ/ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ- 168 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืืงืกืœ, ื•ื•ืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™- 

ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืœืก ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ^ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ- 81 

ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื/ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ -- 244 

ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืืง, ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ- 164 

ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืœืก ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ, ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ--- -- 

ืื™ืšืขื ื“ื™ื’ืžืฒืŸ ืฐืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช--- 65 

ืื™ืš ืฆืขืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 2 ^ 2 

ืื™ืš ืจื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ--- 80 

ืื™ืš ืฉืœืืŸืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’^ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-- 65 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ/ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช- 2 ^ 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ/ ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก- 309 

ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขื ืง/ ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ- 3 ^ 2 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 223 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœืืกืข/ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 244 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืงื•ื“ืœื•-^ 23 

ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื–ืื ื˜, ืจืื˜ื ืขืจืดื‘ืขืจืงืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ- 128 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืฑื“ื™ืงื- 232 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืืœื“ ืฆืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ/ ืœื™- 252 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื“, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก โ€” โ€”- 307 

ืื™ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜, ื’ืœืื–ืขืจ--- 

ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸึพืฐืืœื“, ื’ืขืจืกืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 110 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื’ืขืŸึพื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ/ ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’- 116 

ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืžืข, ื›ืืจืืœ- 233 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืš, ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืกืงื™- 194 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืื ื™ื ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ื•ืฆืคืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸืณ ืœืขืฑื™ืŸ- 322 

ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคืข^ ืžืืจื’ืืœื•ืŸ -- 3 ^ 2 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืขืŸ, ื’ืืœื™ืŸ- 150 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœืŸ ืฐืขื’,-- ^^ 2 


380 








ืื™ื ืณื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ึพืฐื™ื ื“,- ^ 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืœืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคืข, ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ--- 213 

ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืฒื, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืŸ- 230 

ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื•ืžื” ื•ื•ืฒื‘ืจืŸ,-^ 2 

ืื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจึพืงืจืื ืฅ, ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ-- 2 ^ 

ืืฒื ื–ืื, ื‘ืœืืš-^- 131 

ืืฒื ืฉ ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืื›ื˜,- โ€” 25 

ืืฒื– ื”ื™ืคืฉื” ื“ืจืฉื”, ื›ื™ืณืฅ- 21 

ืืฒืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื ืฒื ื’ื™ืžืื›ื˜/ ืคืืŸ- 7 

ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืื, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขื•- โ€” 225 

ืืœื˜ืข ื–ืื’, ื“ืฐ ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ- 139 

ืืœื™ืขืกืงื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืืœื/ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“- โ€” 181 

ืืœืขื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื- 800 

ืืžืืœ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืค, ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™--โ€” ึพโ€” 192 

ืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืœืขืš, ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ- 134 

ืืŸ ื ืื˜ืืฆื™ืข, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-- 

ืืคื’ืขืฉื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืืงื™- 195 

ืืจื•ืฃ ืืš ืคืขืœื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืจืืœ- 293 

ืืจืขืžืก, ื•ื•ืืก ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื ืงืขืจ, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ- 229 

ื‘ 

ื‘ื ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืื•ื™ืœืข, ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ- 323 

ื‘ื ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก-^^ 2 

ื‘ืืœืื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคืœ, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืืงืื™ื- โ€” 329 

ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜,- โ€” ^^ 2 

ื‘ืืืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื™ืื, ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜ -- 332 

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืฑื•ืขืŸ, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ-,ืŸ^ 2 

ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืŸึพืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’, ื‘ืืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ- 119 

ื‘ืื ื™ืื, ื›ืืจืืœ- 296 

ื‘ื™ื™^ืŸ- 5 ^ 

ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืื“ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ- โ€” 229 

ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง- 52 

ื‘ื™ื™ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืงื-^--โ€” 234 

ื‘ืœื•ื, ื, ื˜ื™ืœืขืก-- 186 

ื‘ืขืจื’ึพืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒื˜^ ื’ืืœื™ื–- 150 

ื‘ืจืื“ื•ื•ืขื™ ืื•ื•ื ื˜, ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ-โ€” 215 

ื‘ืจื™ืฐืขืœ, ื, ืคืืื•ืœื ืจโ™ฆ- 61 

ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช- 63 

ื‘ืจื™ืง/ ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ืืขืจืžืืŸ- 277 


381 







ื’ 


ื’ืื˜ืณืก ืฉืคื™ืขืœืฆืฒื’, ื”ืืคืžืืŸ- 128 

ื’ืืก, ืฐืืœืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ- 209 

ื’ืืกื ืงื™ื ื“ืขื” ืœืขืฐื™ืŸึพ- 822 

ื’ื•ืจืœ, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ --โ€” 

ื’ื™ื—ื•ืŸ, ื’ืขืจืกืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ--- 

ื’ืฒื˜ืฉืœืืคืŸืณ ืœื™โ€”:ึพ- 250 

ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 328 

ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืฉื˜ ื– ืฒ! ื‘ื• ื™ ื- 120 

ื’ืขื” ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ืขื ื“ืขืœ, ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืืฐืกืงื- 112 

ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ืฒื‘ืขืœืข, ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืื•ื•ืกืงื- 

ื’ืขื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ, ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ- 215 

ื’ืขืกื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก--- 806 

ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื•- 

ื’ืจืืฐืข ื›ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœืขืš, ื›ืืจืืœ -- 294 

ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืงืฐืขืœื ื“ืข ื›ืฐืืœื™ืขืก, ื›ืืจืืœ- 296 

ื“ 

ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ- 

ื“ื• ื‘ืขื˜ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš, ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 242 

ื“ื• ื”ืืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืงืœื™ื ื’- 160 

ื“ื• ื“ืขืจืžืื ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืงืœื™ื ื’-- 424 

ื“ื• ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืฒื ื˜, ื“ืจืืคืงื•ืŸ- 165 

ื“ื• ื–ืื’ืกื˜^ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœ- 288 

ื“ื• ื˜ืจืื’ืกื˜ ื“ืืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื˜ืืง--โ€” 

ื“ื• ืงืฐืขืœืกื˜/ืื™ืš ืงื•ื•ืขืœ, ื“ืจืืคืงื•ืŸ- 166 

ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืฒืก- 238 

ื“ื•ืจืš ืืœืข ืžืฒื ืข ื˜ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ/ ื’ืืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’- 224 

ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืจืืคืคืืจื˜- 

ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื•ื --โ€” 336 

ื“ืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืžืฒื–ืœ- ^ 22 

ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื™ื–ืข, ืคืื˜ืืฉืดืคื•ืงืก -- 255 

ื“ืฒืŸืงืืค/ืžืฒื–ืœ- 285 

ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžืฒื“ืœ/ื“ืืก, ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงืก- 257 

ื“ื™ื— ืงืืจืŸ---โ€”-- 199 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื‘ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื•ื ื’/ ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ-- 136 

ื“ืขืจืฐืื›ื•ื ื’ืณ ืœื™- 253 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื/ ืฉื˜^ืง-^ 40 


382 












ื” 


ื”ืื˜ืฐื™ื“ืขืจื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื ืงื•ืŸ- 2 ^ 3 

ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขืจื™ืืŸ, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ- 228 

ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, ื›ืขื ืงื•ืŸ- 12 ืž 

ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ- 216 

ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื, ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ- 82 

ื”ื’ืจ, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ- 90 

ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ- 209 

ื”ื™ื™ื, ื›ืืจืืœ-^^ 2 

ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื›ื˜/ ืœื•- 247 

ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืก ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 330 

ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ืฑืŸ- 320 

ื”ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืืžื“ืŸ, ื›ืืจืืœ- 292 

ื”ื™ืžืœ โ€” ืงืืจื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืจืื™ืขืฅ, ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ- 321 

ื”ืขืฐ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืœืข, ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™- 315 

ื”ืขืฐ ืœื™ื‘ืขื” ื–ืื’, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืงื--- 231 

ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืณ ืฐื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ื™ืฅ- 22 

ื• 

ืฐืื•ื”ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื–- 208 

ืฐืื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ- 206 

ืฐืืœืงืขื ืก, ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง- 55 

ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ืš ื–ืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฐ ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ- 165 

ื•ื•ืืก ืืจื˜ ืžื™ื” ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ- 92 

ืฐืืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•? ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 242 

ื•ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™- 265 

ื•ื•ื™ ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืง ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืข, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 326 

ื•ื•ื™ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜- 230 

ื•ื•ื™ ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ื’ืขื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื ื’- 161 

ื•ื•ื™ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœืขื•- 105 

ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื˜ืืง- 98 

ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ื’ืจืื–, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™-^- 231 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขื” ืงืืจืŸ- 202 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขื” ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง- 53 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจึพืขื›ื/ื/ ืฉื˜ืืง-- 94 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืœืืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื” ื/ ืจืื˜ื ืขืจึพื‘ืขืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ โ€” 129 

ื•ื•ื™ืงืืŸืขืกื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 01 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜, ืžืื–ืข- 273 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืืขื’ืขื ื–/ ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“- 181 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ-ืฃ 22 


383 














ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืฐืก- 240 

ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื–ืœ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ^-:- 

ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื, ืจืฐื–ื ื‘ืœืื˜- 

ืฐืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืจืฐื™ืกืข,-- ^^ 2 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒื ืฉืœืืคืŸ, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™--- 262 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืข&ืจื™ื ืกื›ืŸื™- 173 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื’ืืœื™ืŸ- 152 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 

ืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืืค, ืคืื˜ืืฉึพืคื•ืงืก- 256 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•? ืคืืื•ืœื ืจโ™ฆ--- 60 

ืฐืขืจืขื˜ืขื ืขืก/ ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™---โ€ข 315 

ื– 

ื–ืื’ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคืขืก, ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 245 

ื–ืืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืฒืก, ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 227 

ืฅืŸ^ืŸ^ืฃืšืŸืง^ืฃ ืฃ^^ืŸ^ ืง^ืฃืŸ- 202 

ื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืกื˜ ื“ื ืฆืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™-^^ 2 

ื–ืฒื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขื” ื”ืืคืžืืŸ- 124 

ื–ืฒื“ืขืฉื™, ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืข!- 145 

ื–ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™ - 263 

ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ--- 

ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ- 226 

ื— 

ื—ื•ืžืฉึพื ืื›ื˜,ื, ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืŸ- 143 

ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื”ึพืฆืขืค^ ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ- 227 

ื—ืฉื•ืŸ, ืงืืจืŸ- 202 

ื˜ 

ื˜ืื’^ ื/ ื•ื•ืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™---โ€” 0 ^^ 

ื˜ืื’, ื˜ื™ืœืขืก 188 

ื˜ืืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ^ ืงืœื™ื ื’ ึพโ€”- 158 

ื˜ืืคืืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข, ื“ื™, ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ- 79 

ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“-โ€”-- 180 

ื˜ื•ื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืืจ, ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 245 

ื˜ืขื’, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก- 305 

ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืฒืŸ, ื’ืœืื–ืขื•----- โ€” ---โ€” 176 

ื˜ืฉ 

ื˜ืฉืื“ืจืข, ื›ืืจืืœ- 291 


384 





ื™ 

ื™ืืจืŸ, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™- 261 

ื™ืืจืŸ^ ืžืืจื’ืืœื•ืŸ- ^^ 2 

ืฑื’ื ื˜, ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ-^^ 2 

ืฑื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ืข/ ื“ื™ื, ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ-^-- 

ืฑื ื’ ื™ืืจ, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ- 204 

ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ- 207 

ื™ื—ื•ืกึพื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข, ื“ืืก, ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ- 134 

ื› 

---- -- 

ื›ืณื’ื™ื™ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ื˜, ืœืืงืกึพืคืจืฅ- 284 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ- 106 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’.ื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ- 

ื›ืณื”ืื‘ ื’ืขืžืฒื ื˜, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ โ€”---- 85 

ืœ 

ืœื™ื” ื, ืกื™ื’ืืœ--- 223 

ืœื™ื” ื“ืืก, ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื•--- 

ืœื™ื“ืขืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื” ื’ื•ื˜ืžืืŸ- 244 

ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜, ืžืื–; 5 -;- 5 ^ 2 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืฐืŸ, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื•-^^ 2 

ืœืขื‘ืŸืžื™ื•ื ืก, ื•ื•ื•ื™ืก--- 241 

ืœืขื‘ืขื ืกืคืจืฒื” ื“ืฑ ืจืื–ืขื ื˜ืื”ืœ- 102 

ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ื’ืขืจืกืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ โ€” -- 

ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื” ื“ืขืจ/ ื’ืœืื–ืขื•--- 

ืœืขืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืšืฉืฒื˜ืขืจืก, ื›ืืจืืœ- 2 ^ 2 

ืž 

ืžืื™ืกืข, ื, ื›ืืจืืœ-^^ 2 

ืžืื ื‘ืœื•ื, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ-^- 207 

ืžืืจืื ืฆืŸ, ืงื•ื“ืœื™- 267 

ืžืืจื’ืขื ืคืจืฑ ืœืืงืกึพืคืจืฅ- 283 

ืžืืจื’ืขื” ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง- 56 

ืžื•ืื‘-ื‘ืขืจื” ื“ืฑ ื’ืขืจืกืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ- 109 

ืžื•ื˜ืขืจึพืœื™ื” ืžืื–ืข- 273 

ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื” ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ--- 216 

ืžื–ืจื—, ื’ืขืจืกืืŸึพืจืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 109 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืืคืกื˜ืฐ ืฉื˜ืืง --- 99 


385 










ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืœืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ืฉ ื™ืšืŸ/ ืฃืŸื•ืŸ^-ืŸืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืื›ื˜, ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ- 2 ^ 2 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืืื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืืžืคืŸ, ืžืืจื ืืœื™ืŸ- 214 

ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคืื ืขืŸ, ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜- 332 

ืžืฒื ืข ืืจืขืžืก, ื‘ื•ื™ื----- 120 

ืžืฒื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ--- 163 

ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื’, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก -- 240 

ืžืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜- 331 

ืžืฒืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื- 301 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, ืกื™ื’ืืœ- 220 

ืžืฒืŸ ื’ืขืฉืื ืง, ืžืฒื–ืœ- 285 

ืžืฒืŸ ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ,--- 

, ืŸ ืŸ ืŸืŸ ืŸ ืŸ-^^ 2 

ืžืฒืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ# ืฑื“ื™ืงื-- 233 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืžืื–ืข- 2 ,^ 2 

ืžืฒืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืงืœื™ื ื’โ€”---^- 158 

^ืฒ^ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜,- 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืข, ื“ืจืืคืงื™ืŸ- 162 

ืžืฒืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืืขืจื™ืงืข, ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง- 57 

ืžืฒืŸ ืžืฒื“ืขืœืข, ื ืืœื™ืŸ- 153 

ืžืฒืŸ ืคืจื™ื ืฅ โ€” ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืขื— ืกื™ื ืืœ- 222 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’, ืฐืื”ืœืžืืŸึพืฉืขืจืื˜ืฉืขืง- 118 

ืžืฒืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืงื‘ืจ, ืžืื–ืข- 275 

ืžืฒืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“- 184 

ืžืฆื‘ื”, ื^ ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™- 198 

ื  

ื ืื›ื˜ืณ ื“ืฑ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช- 64 

ื ืื›ื˜ึพึพื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืจื™ืŸ, ื“ื™, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 

ื ืืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“- 179 

ื ื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ-^- 311 

ื ื•ืจ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ, ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-^ 

ื ื™ื˜ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื’, ื›ืืจืืœ----โ€” 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื--โ€” 223 

ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื– ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื^ึพ^ืšืืŸืŸ^ืŸืงืŸ- 


ืก 

ืกืื ืขื˜, ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ - 278 

ืกืื ืขื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืืง-^ 


386 











ืกืณืื™ื– ื’ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืค ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื•- 

ืกืณืื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืข ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื, ืžืืœืื“ื™^ืฐืกืงื•- 193 

ืกืณื”ืื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ 1 .ืฒื ื˜- 

ืกืณื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ืกึพื˜ืื’, ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ- 

ืกื ื™ื˜ืงืื•ืฐ ืจื•ื™ื˜ื‘ืœืื˜- 

ืืข ืžืจื•ืงืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข, ื›ืืกื™ื-- โ€” 303 

ืกืขืจืขื ืื“ืข, ืฉื˜ืืง- 

ืข 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืžืืจื’ืืœื•ืŸ- 2 ^ 2 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื ืฒ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขื” ืจืฒื–ืขืŸ- 78 

ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืกืืœื“ืื˜ืขืœ, ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ืฉื˜ืื“ื˜- 108 

ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ, ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื- 300 

ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™- 190 

ืขื ืคืืœื˜ ืืจืืค, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™- 262 

ืขืก ืคืœืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™- 264 

ืขืš, ื–ืืœ ื–ืฒืŸ, ืื– ืืœืฒืŸ/ ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืงื™- 318 

ืขืงืจื”, ื“ืฐ ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 37 

ืขืจื‘, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก--- 306 

ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ- 311 

ืขืจื“ ื”ืื˜ ืืคื’ืขืื˜ืขืžื˜, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 328 

ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืืฐ ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ- 2 ^ 2 

ืค 

ืคืืขืžืข ืคืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฑื’ืขื ื“, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช- 

ืค 

ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜, ืžืฒื–ืœ- 286 

ืคืืจื‘ืฒ ืื•ื–ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืืจืืœ- 295 

ืคืืจื˜ืื’, ืœื™- 248 

ืคืืจ ื›ืœื•ืช ืืจื™ืžืข, ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืกืงื™ --- 2 ^^ 

ืคืืจืœืื–ื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ^ ืžื™ื™ื–ืœ--- 288 

ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืืง- 96 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒื˜ ืฐืื ื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขื- 307 

ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืœื”ึพืกื“ื•ืจ, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ- 

ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒื ืข ืฉืœืื ืงืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืคืจื™ื ืกืงื™- 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸึพื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœ, ืฉืžืดืจึพืฆื•ื ื–ืขืจ- 104 

ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ--- 107 

ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืขืฐืขื ื™ื• ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜/ ืžืืจื’ืืœื™ืŸ- 212 


387 








ืคื™ื, ืฐืืœืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ 210 

ืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ, ืฉื˜ืืง---โ€” 

ืคืœื™ื”ืกื˜-^ 2 

ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืื, ื ืœืื–ืขืจ-- 175 

ืคืขืจื‘ืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ืข, ื“ื™, ื”ืืคืžืืŸ- 123 

ืคืขืจื“ืขืœืข, ื“ืื, ื”ืืคืžื ืŸ-- 125 

ืคืจืืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืคืื˜ืืฉืดืคื•ืงืก- 258 

ืคืจื•ื™/ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžืืŸ ื“ืฒืŸ ืจื•ืฃ, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืŸ- 227 

ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸึพืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืืœืื“ืื•ื•ืกืงื™- 190 

ืคืจื™, ืœื™ื‘ืงืขืก- 305 

ืคืจื™ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, ืกื™ื’ืืœ- 221 

ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืงื•ื“ืœื™- 266 

ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ, ืฑื“ื™ืงื--- 237 

ืคืจื™ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ, ืงืืจืŸ- 200 

ืคืจืขื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืด- 121 


ืฆ 

ืฆืฐืฒื’ืœืขืš ื ืืš ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข, ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“-. 180 

ืฆื•ืื”, ื“ืฑ ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ-- 140 

ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžืืœืื“ืืฐืืงื™-^ 2 ^ 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืขืจื“ื‘ืขืจื’- 116 

ืฆื•ืžื™ื™ืŸื˜ืื˜ืขืŸ, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 

, ืŸ ืŸ -- 

ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืœืขืฐื™ืŸ- 2 ^ 2 

ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ืื˜ืขึพืžืืžืข,-^; 27 

ืฆื•ืžืืจื’ืขื ืก, ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ--โ€” 144 

ืฆื•ืื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ, ืกื™ื›ืืœ- 2 ^ 2 

ืฆื•ื ืดื‘ืขืฉื•ื™ืด, ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขื•- 138 

ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช--- 

ืฆื•ื ืฐืื’ืื‘ื•ื ื“, ื˜ื™ืœืขืก- 2 ^^ 

ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืงื- 236 

ืฆื•ื ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกโ€” -- 239 

ืฆื•ื ื ื–ื™ืจ, ืงื•ื“ืœื™ โ€”- 269 

ืฆื™ื’ืฒื ืขืจื™ืš, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 325 

ืฆื™ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืจืงืขื, ื”ืขืจืฉืคืขืœื“ โ€”โ€”-- 2 ^^ 

ืฆื™ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืืจื’ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืืง- 100 

ืฆื™ื™ื˜ึพืžืื˜ื™ืฐ/ ืฉื˜ืืง----โ€” 27 

ืฆืขืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื ืืืคืขืŸ/ ื›ืืœืื“ืขื ืงื--- 322 


383 











ืง 


ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืืœ, ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ืคืขืจืžืืŸ - 276 

ืงืืจืฉืขืœืข, ื“ืืก, ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ- 135 

ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืืคื™ืจืืกืŸ^- ^ 25 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ, ื˜ืฉืืจื ื™- 260 

ืงื•ื! ื–ื™ืœื‘^ืŸืจ^ื“^ืฃ^-^ 

ืงื•ื! ืคืืื•ืœื ืจ*-^- 59 

ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืงืœื™ื ื’- 158 

ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžืื–ื–ืŸ- 3 ,^ 2 

ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจึพึพืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืืคืžืืŸ- 124 

ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒื ืข/ ืœื™- 249 

ืงืœืืค ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 76 

ืงืขืžืœืขืŸ 31 / ืงืืจืŸ โ€”-- 203 

ืจ 

ืจื•ืฃ, ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ- 206 

ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ/ ืœื™- 252 

ืจื—ืœ, ื™ืืงื•ื‘ืืฐื™ื˜ืฉ- 89 

ืฉ 

ืฉื‘ืช, ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ- 141 

ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืงืขื ื“ืขืœ, ื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™- 316 

ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข, ืงืœื™ื ื’-^- 159 

ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ, ืžืื–ืข-โ€” 272 

ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื’ืืกืŸ, ื›ืขื ืงื™ืŸ- 312 

ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืงื•ื“ืœื™-:- 267 

ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืš, ื˜ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืื›ืืฐืกืงื-:- 113 

ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืขื” ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืš/ ื›ืืจืืœ โ€” -- 294 

ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ื ืืฐืขืจ- 142 

ืฉื™ื›ืคื•ืฆืขืจื ื—ืœื•ื^ ื, ื”ืืคืžืืŸ- 

ืฉืœืืคืขื ื“ืข ืงื™ื ื” ื“ืืก, ื’ืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-^ 

ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช,ื, ืื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืจ- 145 

ืฉืœื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื™ื ืข, ื“ื™/ ืคืขื•ื•ื–ื ืขืจึพ- 189 

ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’, ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื’ืืจืกืงืื™ื- 328 

ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืกื™ื ืืœ- 224 

ืฉื ืฒ, ื•ื•ืข 3 ?ืจื™ื ืกืงื™- 170 

ืฉื ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืค ื“ืืก ืคืขืœื” ืจืฒื–ืขื–- 

ืฉืขื”ืณืŸ, ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ- 203 


389 



ืฉืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฉื•ืžื™ืื˜ืฉืขืจ- 

ืฉืคืขื˜ื™ื ืข ืจื•ื™ื–, ื, ืงื ื™ื–ืฉื ื™ืง--- 

ืฉืจืฒืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš, ืฉืขื ืคืขืœื“-- 


ืช 

ืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืจืืคืคืืจื˜ โ€” --- 

ืชืคืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืดืฅ----โ€” 



ื™ื•ืกืŸืŸ^ืŸืŸื›ืŸื’ื–ืงื™ 



510111 . 1 /ืโ–  


1 ื–ืก! 01111 11 ! 1 ืŸืก 3 426 
013 ^ 1111 , 0 ^ 01103 


1 .. 


ึพึพ 228 
ึพึพึพ 64 
ึพึพ 117 


ึพึพ 48 
ึพึพ 18 

ึพึพ 20 


590